A silverhalide is one of the Chemical compound compounds formed between silver and one of the halogen s &mdash silver bromide AgBr , silver chloride chloride AgCl , silver iodide iodide AgI , and three forms of silver fluoride s. As a group, they are often referred to as the silver halides, and are often given the pseudo chemical notation AgX. Although most silver halides involve silver atoms with oxidation state s of 1 Ag sup sup , silver halides in which the silver atoms have oxidation states of 2 Ag sup 2 sup are known, of which silver II fluoride is the only known stable one. The light sensitive chemicals used in photographic film and paper are silver halides. Applications Light sensitivity Silver halides are used in photographic film and photographic paper , including graphic art film and paper, where silverhalide crystals in gelatin are coated on to a film base , glass or paper Substrate ... a silverhalide crystal is exposed to light, a sensitivity speck on the surface of the crystal is turned into a small speck of metallic silver these comprise the invisible or latent image . If the speck of silver contains approximately four or more atoms, it is rendered developable meaning that it can undergo film developing development which turns the entire crystal into metallic silver. Areas of the emulsion ... from Tel Aviv University are experimenting with silverhalide optical fiber s for transmitting ... be a crystalline defect or a cluster of silver sulfide, gold, other trace elements dopant , or combination thereof, and then combined with an interstitial silver ion to form silver metal speck. ref cite ... undergo the greatest development and therefore results in the highest optical density. Silver bromide and silver chloride may be used separately or combined, depending on the sensitivity and tonal qualities desired in the product. Silver iodide is always combined with silver bromide or silver ... to mercury fumes . Silver fluoride is not used in photography. Silver halides are also used ... more details
halideSilverhalide References reflist Category Salts Category Halides ar bg ...dablink For the name, see Halide name . A halide is a binary compound , of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an chemical element element or radical chemistry radical that is less electronegative or more electropositive than the halogen, to make a fluoride , chloride , bromide , iodide , or astatide compound. Many salt chemistry salt s are halides. All Group 1 element Group 1 metals form halides which are white solids at room temperature. A halide ion is a halogen atom bearing a negative charge. The halide anion s are fluoride F sup sup , chloride Cl sup sup , bromide Br sup sup , iodide I sup sup and astatide At sup sup . Such ions are present in all ionic bonding ionic halide salts. See chloride , bromide , fluoride , and iodide Tests Halide compounds such as Potassium chloride KCl , Potassium bromide KBr and Potassium iodide KI can be tested with silver nitrate solution, AgNO sub 3 sub . The halogen will react with Ag sup sup and form a precipitate , with varying colour depending on the halogen Silver I fluoride AgF No Precipitate Silver chloride AgCl White Silver bromide AgBr Creamy Pale Yellow Silver iodide AgI Green Yellow For organic compounds containing halides, the Beilstein test is used. Uses Category Metal halides Metal halides are used in high intensity discharge lamp s called metal halide lamp s, such as those used in modern street light s. These are more Energy conversion efficiency energy efficient than mercury vapor lamp s, and have much better ... halide lamps are also commonly used in greenhouse s or in rainy climates to supplement natural sunlight ... Examples of halide compounds are sodium chloride NaCl potassium chloride KCl potassium iodide KI lithium chloride LiCl copper II chloride CuCl sub 2 sub silver chloride AgCl chlorine fluoride ClF ... Halide sk Halogenid sr Halid fi Halidi sv Halid uk zh ... more details
Halide is a feminine Turkish language Turkish given name, it may refer to People Halide Edip Ad var 1884 1964 , Turkish novelist and feminist political leader Halide Nusret Zorlutuna 1901 1984 , Turkish poet and novelist See also Halide , a binary compound given name Category Turkish feminine given names ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Image vinyl halide.png thumb right 100px General structure of a vinyl halide, where X is a halogen and R is a side chain radical group In organic chemistry , a vinyl halide is any alkene with at least one halide substituent bonded directly on one of the unsaturated carbons. Vinyl chloride is one such substance. Vinyl halides are very useful synthetic intermediates due to the vast number of reactions that make use of them. These include conversion to vinyl Grignard reaction Grignard reagents , elimination to give the corresponding alkyne , and most importantly their use in coupling reaction cross coupling reactions e.g. Suzuki reaction Suzuki Miyaura coupling , Stille reaction Stille coupling , Heck reaction Heck coupling , etc. . As a result, there is a large number of reactions to form vinyl halides, which includes the reaction of vinyl organometallic species with halogens, and the Takai olefination Takai and Wittig reaction Wittig olefination reactions. these are the compounds in which halogen is bonded to a sp2 hybridised carbon atom DEFAULTSORT Vinyl Halide Category Organohalides Organohalide stub ... more details
Image Acyl Halide.PNG right thumb Acyl Halide Image Acetyl Chloride.PNG right thumb Acetyl chloride is an acyl halide. An acyl halide also known as an acid halide is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid ref GoldBookRef title acyl groups file A00123 ref by replacing a hydroxyl group with a halide group. ref name IUPAC GoldBookRef title acyl halides file A00124 ref If the acid is a carboxylic acid , the compound contains a COX functional group , which consists of a carbonyl group singly bonded to a halogen atom. The general formula for such an acyl halide can be written RCOX , where R may be, for example, an alkyl group, CO is the carbonyl group, and X represents the halide, such as chloride . Acyl chloride s are the most commonly encountered acyl halides, but acetyl iodide is the one produced transiently on the largest scale. Billions of kilograms are generated annually in the production of acetic acid. ref Hosea Cheung, Robin S. Tanke, G. Paul Torrence Acetic Acid in Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley VCH, Weinheim. DOI 10.1002 14356007.a01 045 ref The hydroxyl group of a sulfonic acid may also be replaced by a halogen to produce the corresponding sulfonyl halide. In practical terms this is almost always chloride to give the sulfonyl chloride . Preparation A common laboratory method for the synthesis of acyl halides entails reaction of carboxylic acid ... halide can chemical reaction react with water molecule water , to form a carboxylic acid . This hydrolysis ... Halide plus Alcohol.PNG 450px an amine to form an amide Image Acyl Halide plus Amine.PNG 450px an aromatic ... . See Friedel Crafts acylation . In the above reactions, HX hydrogen halide or hydrohalic acid is also formed. For example, if the acyl halide is an acyl chloride, HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric ... right A molecule can have more than one acyl halide functional group. For example, adipoyl dichloride ... to the eye. Similar problems can result if one inhales acyl halide vapors. In general, acyl halides ... more details
Sulfonyl halide groups occur when a sulfonyl functional group is Single bond singly bonded to a halogen atom . They have the general formula R SO sub 2 sub X where X is a halogen. The stability of sulfonyl halides decreases in the order fluorides chlorides bromides iodides, all four types being well known. ref cite book author Drabowicz, J Kie basi ski, P y wa, P Zaj c, A Miko ajczyk, M editor Kambe, N year 2008 title Alkanesulfonyl Halides series Science of Synthesis volume 39 pages 19 38 isbn 9781588905307 ref Sulfonyl fluorides Sulfonyl fluorides have the general formula R SO sub 2 sub F and can be important sulfonyl halide synthetic precursor chemistry precursor s. For example, most, if not all industrially synthesized perfluorooctanesulfonyl derivatives, such as PFOS , have the sulfonyl fluoride as their precursor. ref name Leh cite journal author Lehmler HJ title Synthesis of environmentally relevant fluorinated surfactants a review journal Chemosphere volume 58 issue 11 pages 1471 96 year 2005 month pmid 15694468 pmc 2587313 doi 10.1016 j.chemosphere.2004.11.078 ref Sulfonyl chlorides Image Sulfonyl chloride.png thumb right 120px General structure of a sulfonic acid chloride Sulfonic acid chlorides, or sulfonyl chlorides, are a sulfonyl halide with the general formula R SO sub 2 sub Cl. These compounds react readily with nucleophiles like alcohol s and amine s see Hinsberg reaction . If the nucleophile is an alcohol the product is a sulfonic ester, if it is an amine the product is a sulfonamide. Treatment of alkanesulfonyl chlorides having hydrogens with amine bases can give sulfene s as trappable intermediates. Important sulfonic acid chlorides are tosyl chloride, brosylate brosyl chloride, nosylate nosyl chloride and mesylate mesyl chloride. One synthetic procedure to synthesize sulfonic acid chlorides is the Reed reaction . Sulfonyl chlorides are very prone ... silver perfluoroalkanesulfinates and iodine in dichloromethane at 30 C, react with olefins to form ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Orphan date February 2009 A cyanogen halide is a molecule consisting of cyanide and a halogen . Cyanogen halides are chemically classified as pseudohalogen s. The cyanogen halides are a group of chemically reactive compounds which contain a cyano group CN attached to a halogen element, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Cyanogen halides are colorless, volatile, lacrimatory tear producing and highly poisonous compounds.2 Cyanogen fluoride is a gas produced by heating cyanuric fluoride. Cyanogen chloride is a liquid produced by reacting chlorine with hydrocyanic acid. It has been suggested that cyanogen chloride be used by the military as poison gas. Cyanogen bromide is a solid that is prepared by reacting bromine with hydrocyanic acid salts it has been used as a chemical pesticide against insects and rodents and as a reagent for the study of protein structure. ref cite encyclopedia title Cyanogen halide encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica year 2012 url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 147758 cyanogen halide accessdate 2012 04 27 ref Cyanogen halides have been found to act as electrolytes in liquid solvents, sulfur dioxide, arsenious chloride and sulfuryl chloride. Biomedical Effects and Metabolism of cyanogen halides Cyanide is naturally present in human tissues in very small quantities. It is metabolized by rhodanese, a live enzyme at a rate of approximately 17 g kg min. Rhodanese catalyzes the irreversible reaction forming thiocyanate from cyanide and sulfane which is non toxic and can be excreted through the urine. Under normal conditions, availability of sulfane is the limiting factor which acts as a substrate for rhodanese. Sulfur can be administered therapeutically as sodium thiosulfate to accelerate the reaction. A lethal dose of cyanide is time dependent because of the body s ability to detoxify and excrete small ... cyanogen iodide References reflist DEFAULTSORT Cyanogen Halide Category Halides Category Cyanides ... more details
Sulfinyl halide File Methanesulfinyl chloride3.png thumb right 150px Methanesulfinyl chloride Sulfinyl halide groups occur when a sulfinyl functional group is singly bonded to a halogen atom. They have the general formula R S O X, where X is a halogen, and are intermediate in oxidation level between sulfenyl halide s, R S X, and sulfonyl halide s, R SO sub 2 sub X. The best known examples are sulfinyl chlorides, thermolabile, moisture sensitive compounds, which are useful intermediates for preparation of other sufinyl derivatives such as sulfinamides, sulfinates, sulfoxides and thiosulfinates. ref cite journal last Braverman first S coauthors Cherkinsky, M. Levinger, S. title Alkanesulfinyl Halides journal Sci. Synth. year 2008 volume 39 pages 188 196 isbn 9781588905307 ref Unlike the sulfur atom in sulfonyl halide s and sulfenyl halide s, the sulfur atom in sulfinyl halides is chiral , as shown for methanesulfinyl chloride. Sulfinyl chlorides Sulfinic acid chlorides, or sulfinyl chlorides, are sulfinyl halides with the general formula R S O Cl. Methanesulfinyl chloride, CH sub 3 sub S O Cl, is prepared by chlorination of dimethyl disulfide in acetic anhydride at 10 to 0 C. ref cite journal author1 Douglass, I.B. author2 Norton, R.V. title Methanesulfinyl chloride journal Organic Syntheses volume Coll. Vol. 5 pages 709 http www.orgsyn.org orgsyn prep.asp?prep cv5p0709 Article year 1973 ref These compounds react readily with nucleophiles like water, alcohols, amines, thiols, and Grignard reaction Grignard reagents. If the nucleophile is water the product is a sulfinic acid , if it is an alcohol the product is a sulfinic ester, if it is a primary or secondary amine the product is a sulfinamide , if it is a thiol the product is a thiosulfinate , while if it is a Grignard reagent the product is a sulfoxide . Because of their reactivity and instability, alkanesulfinyl chlorides are generally used without purification immediately after their synthesis. Storage is not recommended ... more details
The halide mineral class include those mineral s with a dominant halide anion F sup sup , Cl sup sup , Br sup sup and I sup sup . Complex halide minerals may also have Polyatomic ion polyatomic anions in addition to or that include halides. ref http webmineral.com strunz strunz.php?class 03 Webmineral Halide Class ref File ImgSalt.jpg thumb Halite File Fluorite.GIF thumb Fluorite structure Examples include the following ref Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius Hurlbut, Jr., Manual of Mineralogy , Wiley, 20th ed., 1985 pp. 320 325 ISBN 0 471 80580 7 ref ref Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. 1997 Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume III Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson. http www.handbookofmineralogy.org pdfs BARARITE.pdf link to bararite http www.handbookofmineralogy.org pdfs CRYPTOHALITE.pdf link to cryptohalite ref Halite NaCl Sylvite KCl Chlorargyrite AgCl and bromargyrite AgBr Fluorite CaF sub 2 sub Atacamite Cu sub 2 sub Cl OH sub 3 sub Bischofite MgCl sub 2 sub 6H sub 2 sub O Carnallite KMgCl sub 3 sub 6H sub 2 sub O Cryolite Na sub 3 sub AlF sub 6 sub Cryptohalite NH sub 4 sub sub 2 sub SiF sub 6 sub Bararite NH sub 4 sub sub 2 sub SiF sub 6 sub Commercially significant halide minerals Two commercially important halide minerals are halite and fluorite. The former is a major source of sodium chloride, in parallel with sodium chloride extracted from sea water or brine wells. Fluorite is a major source of hydrogen fluoride , complementing the supply obtained as a byproduct of the production of fertilizer. Carnallite and bischofite are important sources of magnesium. Natural cryolite was historically required for the production of aluminium , however, currently most cryolite used is produced synthetically. Many of the halide ... Halide mineral exhibit, Museum of Geology, South Dakota.jpg thumb Halide specimens at Museum of Geology ... http www.handbookofmineralogy.org Handbook of Mineralogy Strunz Category Halide minerals es Minerales ... more details
of halide salts with sulfuric acid. Hydrogen bromide arises when hydrogen and bromine are combined at high temperatures in the presence of a platinum catalyst . The least stable hydrogen halide, HI ... ru sv V tehalid zh simple Hydrogen halide ... more details
In organic chemistry , an aryl halide also known as haloarene or halogenoarene is an aromatic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms directly bonded to an aromatic ring are replaced by a halide. The haloarene are distinguished from haloalkane s because they exhibit many differences in methods of preparation and properties. The most important members are the aryl chlorides, but the class of compounds is so broad that many derivatives enjoy niche applications. Preparation The two main preparatory routes to aryl halides are direct halogenation and via diazonium salts. ref name morrison cite book author Boyd, Robert W. Morrison, Robert title Organic chemistry publisher Prentice Hall location Englewood Cliffs, N.J year 1992 pages 947 isbn 0 13 643669 2 ref Direct halogenation In the Friedel Crafts halogenation , a Lewis acid serve as catalysts. Many metal chlorides are used, examples include iron III chloride or aluminium chloride . The most important aryl halide, chlorobenzene is produced by this route. Monochlorination of benzene is always accompanied by formation of the dichlorobenzene derivatives. ref name Ullmann Arenes with electron donating groups react with halogens even in the absence of Lewis acids. For example, phenols and anilines react quickly with chlorine and bromine water to give multiply halogenated products. ref Ilustrative procedure for chlorination of an aromatic compound OrgSynth author Edward R. Atkinson, Donald M. Murphy, and James E. Lufkin year 1951 title dl 4,4 ,6,6 Tetrachlorodiphenic Acid collvol 4 collvolpages 872 prep CV4P0872 ref The decolouration of bromine water by electron rich arenes is used in the bromine test . Direct halogenation of arenes are possible in the presence of light or at high temperature. For alkylbenzene derivatives, the alkyl positions tend to be halogenated first in the free radical halogenation. To halogenate the ring, Lewis acids are required, and light should be excluded to avoid the competing reaction. ref name ... more details
Geminal halide hydrolysis is an organic reaction . The reactants are a geminal halide dihalide and water or a hydroxide . The reaction product is a ketone or an aldehyde . The first part of the reaction mechanism consists of an ordinary nucleophilic aliphatic substitution to produce a gem halohydrin . The remaining halide is a good leaving group and this enables the newly created Hydroxyl hydroxy group to revert to a carbonyl group expelling the halide. Similar reactions involving any strong electronegative functional group , such as a nitrile , in place of the halide also occur. In a similar fashion 1,1,1 trihalides are hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid s in the haloform reaction . External links Benzophenone synthesis from benzene through benzophenone dichloride in Organic Syntheses Coll. Vol. 1, p.95 Vol. 8, p.26 http www.orgsyn.org orgsyn prep.asp?prep cv1p0095 Article Category Substitution reactions organic chemistry stub ... more details
author Edwards, H.W. Petersen, R.P. year 1936 title Reflectivity of evaporated silver films journal Phys. Rev. volume 9 page 871 ref Aluminium slightly outdoes silver in parts of the visible spectrum, and silver is a poor reflector of ultraviolet light . Silver also has the lowest contact resistance of any metal. Silverhalide s are Photosensitive Interpretation in chemistry photosensitive and are remarkable ... silverhalide s used in the manufacture of photographic emulsion s are made in the same ... in silverhalide crystals are developed by treatment with alkali ne solutions of reducing agent ... halide to silver metal. Alkaline solutions of silver nitrate can be reduced to silver metal by reducing ... S 2 O 3 which is used as a photographic fixer , to remove excess silverhalide from photographic emulsions after image development. ref name photo cite book pages 156 166 title Silverhalide recording ...pp move indef Two other uses the chemical element the color Silver color Infobox silverSilver IPAc en ... thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form native silver ... silver is produced as a byproduct of copper , gold , lead , and zinc refining . Silver has long ..., utensils hence the term Silver household silverware , and currency coin s. Today, silver metal is also ... reactions. Its compounds are used in photographic film , and dilute silver nitrate solutions and other silver compounds are used as disinfectant s and microbiocides. While many medical antimicrobial uses of silver have been supplanted by antibiotics , further research into clinical potential continues. Characteristics File 1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.underneath.jpg thumb left Silver 1000 troy ounce oz t 31 kg bullion bar Silver is a very Ductility ductile , Malleability malleable ... to this is in radio frequency engineering, particularly at VHF and higher frequencies, where silver ... by 6 achieves slightly better results. Citation needed date February 2011 Among metals, pure silver ... more details
Category unsourced Kuva yi Milliye Infobox writer name Halide Edip Ad var image imagesize 200px alt caption ... Ni an signature website portaldisp Halide Edip Ad var or Halide Edib Adivar Ottoman Turkish language ... left Early photo of Halide Edip Cite check date June 2010 Unreliable sources date June 2010 Halide Edip Her name was Halide Edip. She didn t acquire the surname Ad var until after her 2nd husband Adnan ... www.rense.com general64 zzzio.htm ref Halide Edip was educated at home by private tutors from whom ... activity in Constantinople and even as a child Halide Edip participated in the intellectual life of the city ... of Women Taali i Nisvan organization. ref Erol, page ix. ref During World War I File Halide ...? date October 2011 cn date October 2011 In 1916 1917, Halide Edip acted as Ottoman inspector for schools ... who worked briefly under her, Halide Edip was at the head of an orphanage of 1,000 children in the mountains ... ref According to Halide Edip, these children were given Muslim names under orders from Ahmed ... in 1916.K vorkian, page 843. Halide Edip s account of her inspectorship emphasizes her humanitarian ... nationalists like Halide Edip she advocated assimilation of Armenians, but she very strongly opposed ... , March 22, 2009. ref During the War of Independence Image Halide edip nov 1922.jpg thumb 100px Halide ... Atat rk Mustafa Kemal later Atat rk began organizing resistance to the occupation. Halide Edip gained ... first as a corporal and then as a sergeant in the nationalist military. In 1926, Halide Edip and many .... Halide Edip traveled widely, teaching and lecturing repeatedly in the United States and in British ... held. Literature Common themes in Halide Edip s novels were strong, independent female characters .... Death Halide Edip died on January 9, 1964 in Istanbul. She was laid to rest at the Merkezefendi ... title Halide Edip Ad var language Turkish accessdate 2011 10 14 ref Major works Seviye Talip 1910 ... The Memoirs of Halide Edib , New York London The Century, 1926 published in English ... more details
Halide Nusret Zorlutuna 1901, Istanbul &ndash 10 June 1984 was a Turkish people Turkish poet and novelist. Biography Zorlutuna was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire as the daughter of Mehmet Selim Bey, a journalist and political prisoner. She married an army officer. A teacher of Turkish literature in schools, she took part in movements for the rights of women and children. Works Poetry Geceden Ta an Dertler Sorrow Flooding Off Night, 1930 Yayla T rk s Song of the Plateau, 1943 Yurdumun D rt Buca Every Place of My Country, 1950 Ellerim Bombo My Eyes Are Empty, 1967 . Novels K ller Ashes, 1921 Sisli Geceler Misty Nights, 1922 G l n Babas Kim Who is the Father of Rose, 1933 B y kanne Grandmother, 1971 Ayd nl k Kap The Bright Gate, 1974 A k ve Zafer The Love and the Victory, 1978 Bir Devrin Roman Novel of an Age, 2004 . Short stories Beyaz Selvi The White Cypress, 1945 . Letters Han m Mektuplar Lady Letters, 1923 . Autobiography Benim K k Dostlar m My Little Friends, 1977 . Further reading Bloomsbury Guide to Women s Literature References Biyografi.net http www.biyografi.net kisiayrinti.asp?kisiid 3174 Biography of Halide Nusret Zorlutuna tr icon External links http www.kultur.gov.tr EN BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3138007620E7D5602E88CF4BCAC4E99512E Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism OL author OL1768798A Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Zorlutuna, Halide Nusret ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Turkish writer DATE OF BIRTH 1901 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 10 June 1984 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Zorlutuna, Halide Nusret Category 1901 births Category 1984 deaths Category Turkish writers Turkey writer stub tr Halide Nusret Zorlutuna diq Halide Nusret Zorlutuna ... more details
multiple image direction vertical image1 Metaalhalidelamp.JPG caption1 Metal halide lamp bulb width1 300 image2 Olsen field lighting crop.jpg caption2 A metal halide light array provides illumination for a college ... colors of the lights as they warm up. width2 300 A metal halide lamp is an electric light that produces ... url http books.google.com books?id 52CIYwgmmqYC&pg PA175&dq 22metal halide lamp 22 gas discharge mercury&hl ... USA pages 555 556 url http books.google.com books?id EL4nt2VFTZIC&pg PA555&dq 22metal halide lamp 22 .... Metal halide lamps have high luminous efficacy of around 75 100 lumens per watt, ref name ... 19 20 url http books.google.com books?id ZoLC0vgtewwC&pg PA19&dq 22metal halide lamp 22 gas discharge ... of several minutes to reach full light output. ref name Grondzik Uses Metal halide lamps are used ... source for their corals. Metal halide lamps are used in automobile lighting, where are high intensity ... and Digital Light Processing DLP video projector s use metal halide lamps as their light source. File ..., violet on the right, with wavelengths labelled Spectrum of a metal halide lamp. Operation Like other gas discharge lamp s such as the very similar mercury vapor lamp s, metal halide lamps produce light by making an electric arc in a mixture of gases. In a metal halide lamp, the compact arc tube ... halide s, such as sodium iodide and scandium iodide, ref name Flesch cite book last Flesch first ... halide lamp 22 gas discharge mercury&hl en&sa X&ei S251T4vWDo7OiALQxKSnDg&ved 0CIQBEOgBMAk v onepage&q ... title Metallic halide electric discharge lamps ref Like all other gas discharge lamps, metal halide lamps require ballast electrical auxiliary equipment to provide proper starting and operating voltages and regulate the current flow in the lamp. About 24 of the energy used by metal halide lamps ... more efficient than incandescent bulbs. Components Metal halide lamps consist of an arc .... In the mid 1980s a new type of metal halide lamp was developed, which, instead of a quartz fused ... more details
The ceramic discharge metal halide CDM lamp , mostly referred to as Ceramic Metal Halide lamp CMH , is a relatively new source of light that is a variation of the metal halide lamp , which itself is a variation of the old high pressure mercury vapour lamp . The discharge is contained in a ceramic tube, usually made of sintered alumina , similar to what has been used in the high pressure sodium lamp . During operation, the temperature of this ceramic tube can exceed 1200 kelvin s. The ceramic tube is filled with mercury element mercury , argon and metal halide metal halide salt s. Because of the high wall temperature, the metal halide salts are partly vaporized. Inside the hot plasma physics plasma , these salts are dissociated into metallic atoms and iodine. The metallic atoms are the main source of light in these lamps, creating a bluish light that is close to daylight with a color rendering index CRI color rendering index of up to 96. The exact correlated color temperature and CRI depend on the specific mixture of metal halide salts. There are also warm white CDM lamps, with somewhat lower CRI 78 82 which still give a more clear and natural looking light than the old mercury vapour and sodium vapour lamps when used as street lights, besides being more economical to use. The ceramic tube is an advantage in comparison to earlier fused quartz . During operation, at high temperature and radiant flux, metal ions tend to penetrate the silica, depleting the inside of the tube. Alumina is not prone to this effect. CDM lamps use one fifth of the power of comparable tungsten incandescent light bulb s for the same light output 80 117 lm W and retain colour stability better than most other gas discharge lamps. Applications for these lamps include television and film making as well as shop lighting, digital photography , street and architectural lighting . See also List of light sources External links http www.lamptech.co.uk MBI 20Ceramic.htm Ceramic Metal Halide Lamps Artificial ... more details
about the fluorophosphate the phosphate Silver phosphate chembox verifiedrevid 440685712 ImageFile Silver hexafluorophosphate.png ImageSize 180px IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 147361 InChI 1 Ag.F6P c 1 7 2,3,4,5 6 q 1 1 InChIKey SCQBROMTFBBDHF UHFFFAOYAC StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S Ag.F6P c 1 7 2,3,4,5 6 q 1 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey SCQBROMTFBBDHF UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 26042 63 7 PubChem 168464 SMILES Ag .F P F F F F F Section2 Chembox Properties Formula AgPF sub 6 sub MolarMass 252.83 g mol Appearance Off white powder Density MeltingPtC 102 BoilingPt Solubility organic solvents Section3 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS https fscimage.fishersci.com msds 84927.htm External MSDS EUClass Corrosive C NFPA H 3 NFPA F 0 NFPA R 0 NFPA O FlashPt Autoignition RPhrases R34 Silver hexafluorophosphate , sometimes referred to silver PF 6, is an inorganic compound with the formula AgPF sub 6 sub . Uses and reactions Silver hexafluorophospate is a commonly encountered reagent in inorganic chemistry inorganic and organometallic chemistry . It is commonly used to replace halide ligands with the non coordinating anion weakly coordinating hexafluorophosphate anion the abstraction of the halide is driven by the precipitation of the appropriate silverhalide ... silver metal as a by product. For example, in solution in dichloromethane, ferrocene is oxidised ... and applications, silver tetrafluoroborate AgBF sub 4 sub and the hexafluoroantimonate AgSbF sub 6 sub are similar to AgPF sub 6 sub . Comparison with silver nitrate Silver nitrate is a traditional and less expensive halide abstraction reagent, as indicated by its widespread use in qualitative tests for halides. Relative to AgPF sub 6 sub , however, silver nitrate is poorly soluble ... its use in stringent applications. References reflist Silver compounds Category Silver compounds ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 397310604 ImageFile silver triflate.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName silver trifluoromethanesulfonate OtherNames Silver triflate Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref changed CASNo 2923 28 6 PubChem 76223 SMILES C F F F S O O O . Ag Section2 Chembox Properties Formula CF sub 3 sub SO sub 3 sub Ag MolarMass 256.937 g mol Appearance Odor odorless Density MeltingPtC 286 BoilingPtC Solubility soluble Section3 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS http msds.chem.ox.ac.uk SI silver trifluoromethanesulfonate.html Oxford MSDS EUClass Harmful Xn NFPA H 1 NFPA F 0 NFPA R 0 FlashPt Autoignition Silver trifluoromethanesulfonate , or silver triflate is the triflate salt of silver . Since the triflate anion is weakly coordinating anion weakly coordinating , it is useful as a halide abstraction reagent. This is similar to other silver salts, e.g. silver tetrafluoroborate the tetrafluoroborate and silver hexafluorophosphate the hexafluorophosphate . Category Silver compounds Category Triflates fa zh ... more details
pmid 11848774 ref Similar to silver hexafluorophosphate , it is commonly used to replace halide anions ... of the halide is driven by the precipitation of the appropriate silverhalide . References references Silver compounds Category Tetrafluoroborates Category Silver compounds inorganic compound ...chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 464391582 ImageFile Silver tetrafluoroborate.png ImageSize ImageFile1 Silver tetrafluoroborate xtal 3D SF.png ImageSize1 IUPACName Silver tetrafluoridoborate 1 OtherNames Borate 1 , tetrafluoro , silver 1 Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 140438 InChI 1 Ag.BF4 c 2 1 3,4 5 q 1 1 InChIKey CCAVYRRHZLAMDJ UHFFFAOYAH StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S Ag.BF4 c 2 1 3,4 5 q 1 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey CCAVYRRHZLAMDJ UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 14104 20 2 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS PubChem 159722 SMILES Ag .F B F F F RTECS ED2875000 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula AgBF sub 4 sub MolarMass 194.673 g mol Appearance Off white powder Density MeltingPtC 71.5 BoilingPtC Solubility soluble Section3 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS https fscimage.fishersci.com msds 55776.htm External MSDS EUClass Corrosive C NFPA H 3 NFPA F 0 NFPA R 0 NFPA O FlashPt Autoignition RPhrases Silver tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with formula AgBF sub 4 sub . It is a white solid that dissolves in polar organic solvents as well as water. In solid, the Ag sup sup centers are bound to fluoride. ref Evgeny Goreshnik, Zoran Mazej, X ray single crystal structure and vibrational spectra of AgBF sub 4 sub Solid State Sciences 2005, Volume 7, pp. 1225 1229. doi 10.1016 j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.007 ref Laboratory uses In the inorganic chemistry inorganic and organometallic chemistry laboratory, silver tetrafluoroborate, sometimes referred to silver BF 4 , is a useful reagent . In dichloromethane, silver tetrafluoroborate is a moderately strong oxidant ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 397294077 ImageFile silver perchlorate.png ImageSize 120px IUPACName Silver perchlorate OtherNames Perchloric acid, silver 1 salt Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 22968 InChI 1 Ag.ClHO4 c 2 1 3,4 5 h H,2,3,4,5 q 1 p 1 InChIKey YDHABVNRCBNRNZ REWHXWOFAI StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S Ag.ClHO4 c 2 1 3,4 5 h H,2,3,4,5 q 1 p 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey YDHABVNRCBNRNZ UHFFFAOYSA M CASNo 7783 93 9 CASNo Ref cascite changed ?? CASOther br 14242 05 8 hydrate EINECS 232 035 4 PubChem 24562 SMILES Ag . O Cl O O O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula AgClO sub 4 sub MolarMass 207.319 g mol Appearance Colorless hygroscopic crystals Density 2.806 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPt 486 C decomp. BoilingPt Solubility 5570 g L Section3 Chembox Structure CrystalStruct Cubic crystal ... R 2 NFPA O ox RPhrases R8 R34 R50 SPhrases S15 S17 S26 S36 37 39 S45 FlashPt Autoignition Silver perchlorate ... of perchlorate presents risks. Solubility Silver perchlorate is noteworthy for its solubility in aromatic ... compounds . SNTL, 1986. ref In these solvents, the silver cation binds to the arene, as has been demonstrated ... silver perchlorate Tetrahydrate J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, Volume 96, p. 743 749 ... Diffraction Study of the Silver Perchlorate Benzene Complex Acta Crystallographica Section B ... soluble in water, up to 500 g per 100 ml of water. Related reagents Similar to silver nitrate , silver perchlorate is an effective reagent for replacing halide s ligands with perchlorate, which is a weakly or non coordinating anion . The use of silver perchlorate in chemical synthesis has declined due to concerns about explosiveness of perchlorate salts. Other silver reagents are silver tetrafluoroborate , and the related silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and silver hexafluorophosphate . References reflist Silver compounds Category Perchlorates Category Silver compounds Category Deliquescent substances ... more details
of SilverHalide Microcrystals journal Photographic Science and Engineering year 1974 volume ... forming an emulsion of silverhalide crystals in a gelatine, which is then coated on a film ... 1em auto Silverhalide lattice properties style background efefef Compound Crystal Structure Lattice ... Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland. ref class wikitable style margin 1em auto Silverhalide solubilities ... in silverhalide photosensitivity phenomena. ref name Greenwood Earnshaw1984 Moreover, further ... is incident on the silverhalide grain surface, a photoelectron is generated when a halide loses ...chembox verifiedrevid 448588803 ImageFileL1 Bromid st brn .PNG ImageSizeL1 130px ImageFileR1 Silver bromide 3D vdW.png ImageSizeR1 130px OtherNames bromargyrite br bromyrite br silver I bromide Section1 ... name b1 Section8 Chembox Related OtherAnions Silver I fluoride br Silver chloride br Silver iodide OtherCations Copper I bromide br Mercury I bromide Silver bromide AgBr , a soft, pale yellow, water insoluble salt well known along with other silver halides for its unusual photosensitive sensitivity to light . This property has allowed silver halides to become the basis of modern photographic materials ... of silver nitrate with an alkali bromide, typically potassium bromide ref name Greenwood Earnshaw1984 .... ref name Greenwood Earnshaw1984 Reactions Silver bromide reacts readily with liquid ammonia to generate ... of Silver Chloride and Silver Bromide in Aqueous Ammonia and the Formation of Mixed Silver Ammonia Halide Complexes. ref AgBr nNH sub 3 sub Ag NH sub 3 sub sub 2 sub sup 1 sup AgBr NH sub ... 2 sub NH sub 3 sub sup 1 sup Silver bromide reacts with triphenylphosphine to give a tris triphenylphosphine ... 11 Metal I Compounds. XXX. 3 1 Complexes of Triphenylphosphine With Silver I Halides journal Aust. J ... tris triphenylphosphino silver bromide Physical properties Crystal structure AgF, AgCl, and AgBr ... of the silver halides AgF, AgCl, and AgBr A comparative study journal Photochem. Photobiol ... more details
of AgX X Cl, Br, I . When making photographic film , silver nitrate is treated with halide salts of sodium or potassium to form insoluble silverhalide in situ in photographic gelatin , which is then applied ... abstraction The silver cation, chem Ag , reacts quickly with halide sources to produce the insoluble silverhalide, which is a cream precipitate if Br is used, a white precipitate if Cl is used and a yellow ... with that of silver halides. The color of precipitate varies with the halide white silver chloride ...chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 464362299 Name Silver nitrate ImageFile1 Silver nitrate 2D.svg ImageName1 Silver nitrate ImageFile2 Silver nitrate crystals.jpg ImageName2 Silver nitrate ImageSize2 120px OtherNames Nitric acid silver 1 salt Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite ... R8 , R34 , R50 53 SPhrases S1 2 , S26 , S45 , S60 , S61 Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula chem AgNO 3 . This compound is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography . It is far less sensitive to light than the silverhalide halides . It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists, because they believed that silver was associated with the moon. ref cite web url http dictionary.die.net lunar 20caustic title Definition of Lunar Caustic ref In solid silver nitrate , the silver ions ... of nitric acid to separate gold and silver by dissolving the silver. ref cite book last Szabadv ry ... solution of silver nitrate could blacken skin. Its common name at the time was nitric acid silver. Synthesis Silver nitrate can be prepared by reacting silver, such as a silver bullion or silver foil, with nitric acid , resulting in silver nitrate, water, and oxides of nitrogen. 3 Ag 4 chem .... ref cite web title Making silver nitrate youtube url http www.youtube.com watch?v d6hPgGV qAg&feature channel page ref Reactions A typical reaction with silver nitrate is to suspend a rod of copper ... more details
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