The SingleUNIXSpecification SUS is the collective name of a family of standards for computer operating ... in the wake of the Unix wars . This specification became more popular because it was available at no cost, whereas the IEEE charged a substantial fee for access to the POSIX specification. 1997 SingleUNIXSpecification version 2 In 1997, the Open Group released the SingleUNIXSpecification Version ... version2 pr.html title The Open Group Announces Enhanced SingleUNIXSpecification accessdate 2009 ... to develop the combined standard that would be known as the SingleUNIXSpecification Version 3 and as POSIX ... revision to POSIX and the SingleUNIXSpecification accessdate 2009 07 26 date January 30, 2002 publisher ... This is the core of the SingleUNIXSpecification, Version 4. ref http www.unix.org version4 SingleUNIXSpecification Version 4 ref This standard consists of the Base Definitions, Issue 7, the System ... on, and also extends in several areas, the POSIX specifications, the SingleUNIXSpecification ... Open system computing Open standard POSIX Notes cite paper title SingleUNIXSpecification Frequently ... singleunix specification.html The SingleUNIXSpecificationSingleUNIX Specifications http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 7990989775 Text of the SingleUNIXSpecification, version 2 http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 009695399 Text of the SingleUNIXSpecification, version 3 POSIX 2001 , 2004 edition ... state uncollapsed IEEE standards DEFAULTSORT SingleUnixSpecification Category POSIX Category IEEE standards ar cs SingleUNIXSpecification de SingleUnixSpecification es SingleUnixSpecification fr SingleUNIXSpecification ko it SingleUNIXSpecification ja SingleUNIXSpecification pl SingleUNIXSpecification pt SingleUNIXSpecification ru SingleUNIXSpecification sk SingleUNIXSpecification zh UNIX ... 98 brand. ref http www.opengroup.org openbrand register xxm0.htm ref 2001 POSIX 2001, SingleUNIX ... more details
COSE initiative, which eventually became the SingleUNIXSpecification administered by The Open Group ... of POSIX and the SingleUNIXSpecification. In an effort towards compatibility, in 1999 several ... consortium. Only systems fully compliant with and certified to the SingleUNIXSpecification ... system those operating systems which meet The Open Group s SingleUNIXSpecification should be able ..., owns the UNIX trademark. Only systems fully compliant with and certified according to the SingleUNIXSpecification are qualified to use the trademark others might be called Unix system like or Unix ... Group now define what is and what is not a UNIX operating system, notably the post 1998 SingleUNIXSpecification . In 1995, the business of administering and supporting the existing UNIX licenses ...Infobox OS name Unix logo screenshot Image Unix history simple.svg 250px caption Evolution of Unix and Unix ... model Historically Closed source software closed source , now some Unix projects Berkeley Software ... Command line interface & Graphical user interface Graphical X Window System family Unix released 1969 license Proprietary software Proprietary working state Active Unix officially trademarked as UNIX , sometimes also written as span style font variant small caps Unix span is a Computer multitasking ... Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie , Brian Kernighan , Douglas McIlroy , and Joe Ossanna . The Unix operating ... porting to other hardware. Today s Unix system evolution is split into various branches, developed ... is a Unix like operating system? Unix.org FAQ ref of this term. However, the term Unix is often used ... 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large scale adoption of Unix particularly of the Berkeley Software Distribution BSD variant, originating from the University ... all variants of Unix, the most widely used are Linux Citation needed date January 2012 , which is used ... or e book readers. Today, in addition to certified Unix systems such as those already mentioned ... more details
notability date September 2011 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Expert subject Telecommunications date November 2008 infobox software name As latest release version latest release date platform website as is a generic name for an assembly language Assembler assembler on Unix . The GNU Project s assembler is named GNU assembler Gas . Category Assemblers Category Unix programming tools Unix stub fr As Unix ru As ... more details
lowercase In Unix like computer operating system s, the code at code command is used to schedule command computing command s to be executed once, at a particular system time time in the future. More precisely, it reads a series of commands from standard input and collects them into one at job which is carried out at a later date. The at job inherits the current environment, so that it is executed in the same working directory and with the same environment variable s set as when it was scheduled. It differs from code cron code which is used for recurring executions e.g. once an hour, every Tuesday, January 1 every year . As with code cron code , many Unix systems allow the administrator to restrict access to the code at code command. code at code can be made to mail a user when done carrying out a scheduled job of theirs, can use more than one job queue, and can read a list of jobs to carry out from a file instead of standard input. A sample command to compile a C programming language C program at 11 45 a. m. on January 31st and e mail the results Standard streams STDOUT and STDERR to your user ID would be source lang bash echo cc o foo foo.c at 1145 at 1145 jan 31 at cc o foo foo.c at D press Control D while at the beginning of a line atq 1234 2011 08 12 11 45 cc o foo foo.c user atrm 1234 atq source In some Unix like computer operating system s it uses a Daemon computer software daemon , code atd code , which waits in the background periodically checking the list of jobs to do ... s replacement for at. List of Unix programs External links man cu at SUS execute commands at a later time man 1 at queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution unix commands unix stub Category Standard Unix programs At Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software ca At Unix cs At Unix de At Unix el At Unix es At Unix fr At Unix it At Unix hu At Unix ja At UNIX pl At Unix pt At Unix ro At Unix ru At uk At ... more details
saved book title Unix subtitle cover image Poundexclam.svg cover color Black Unix Introduction UnixUnix wars Historically significant corporations AT&T Bell Labs Hewlett Packard IBM Novell SCO Group Sun Microsystems Unix standards and organizations The Open Group X Open POSIX SingleUNIXSpecificationUnix operating systems Berkeley Software Distribution 1977 Berkeley Software Distribution Version 7 Unix 1979 Version 7 Unix SunOS 1982 SunOS UNIX System V 1983 UNIX System V HP UX 1984 HP UX IBM AIX 1986 AIX IRIX 1988 IRIX SCO OpenServer 1989 SCO OpenServer Solaris operating system 1992 Solaris Tru64 UNIX 1992 Tru64 UNIX UnixWare 1992 UnixWare OS X 2001 Mac OS X Unix like operating environments Unix like Cygwin DragonFly BSD FreeBSD GNU Interix Linux NetBSD NeXTSTEP OpenBSD OpenSolaris Plan 9 from Bell Labs Legal battles and controversies SCO Linux controversies SCO v. IBM SCO v. Novell SCO and SGI Red Hat v. SCO USL v. BSDi Category Wikipedia books on computing ... more details
lowercase The link utility is a Unix command line program that creates a hard link from an existing directory entry to a new directory entry. It does no more than call the link system function. It does not perform error checking before attempting to create the link. It returns an exit status that indicates whether the link was created 0 if successful, 0 if an error occurred . Creating a link to a directory entry that is itself a directory requires elevated privileges. The ln Unix ln command is more commonly used as it provides more features it can create both hard links and symbolic link s, and has error checking. Synopsis link file1 file2 file1 The pathname of an existing file. file2 The pathname of the new directory entry to be created. Note that file1 must specify an existing file, and file2 must specify a nonexistent entry in an existing directory. Standards The link command is part of the SingleUNIXSpecification SUS , specified in the Shell and Utilities volume of the IEEE 1003.1 2001 standard. See also List of Unix utilities Unlink Unix unlink command External links http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 000095399 idx utilities.html IEEE Std 1003.1 2004 Shell & Utilities volume list of SingleUNIXSpecification SUS utilities. http www.gnu.org software coreutils manual coreutils.html link invocation GNU Coreutils link documentation. unix commands Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Unix stub ... more details
unreferenced date July 2011 lowercase title strip Unix In Unix and Unix like operating systems, the code strip code program removes unnecessary information from executable binary programs and object files, thus potentially resulting in better performance and sometimes significantly less disk space usage. This information may consist of debugging and symbol information however the standard leaves the scope of changes up to the implementer. The effect of code strip code can be achieved directly by the compiler . For instance, in GNU Compiler Collection this option is code s code . The GNU Project ships an implementation of code strip code as part of the GNU Binutils package. code strip code has been ported to other operating systems including Microsoft Windows . See also Portal Free software Executable compression List of Unix programs Strings Unix Debug symbol Symbol table References citation publisher The Open Group url http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 007908799 xcu strip.html contribution strip title The SingleUNIXSpecification, Version 2 date 1997 External links man 1 strip Discard symbols from object files Unix stub Unix commands Category Unix programming tools Category Unix SUS2008 utilities el Strip Unix ko Strip ... more details
specification. Types of software development specifications Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture Bit specification disambiguation Design specification Diagnostic design specification Multiboot Specification Product design specification Real time specification for Java Software Requirements Specification See also Benchmarking Benchmark specification Extensible Firmware Interface Software development process Specification technical standard SingleUNIXSpecification Verification and Validation ...Refimprove date October 2008 Image Specification and Levels of Development.jpg thumb 360px Systems engineering model of Specification and Levels of Development. During system development a series of specifications are generated to describe the system at different levels of detail. These program unique specifications form the core of the configuration baselines. As shown here, in addition to referring ... A functional specification also, functional spec , specs , functional specifications document FSD , functional requirements specification , or Program specification , or Product Requirement Document ... In systems engineering a specification is a document that clearly and accurately describes the essential ... specification does not define the inner workings of the proposed system it does not include the specification ... when interacting with the system. A typical functional specification might state the following When ... or user manual from a developer point of view, or Formal specification formal , in which case ... stable. Functional specification topics Purpose There are many purposes for functional specifications ... industrial software engineering life cycle waterfall model , functional specification describes what ... agrees that functional specification consensus is reached, the functional spec is typically declared ... source code and test cases using the functional specification as the reference. While testing is performed ... DEFAULTSORT Functional Specification Category Software engineering Category Systems engineering Category ... more details
POSIX and the SingleUNIXSpecification . Meanwhile, the GNU Project was launched in 1983 with the goal ... running on Intel Macs are certified under the SingleUNIXSpecification. ref http www.opengroup.org ... as compliant with the SingleUNIXSpecification except for Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and Mac OS X 10.6 ... Group to meet the SingleUNIXSpecification and are allowed to carry the UNIX name. Most such systems ... consistent with the UNIXspecification more specifically, this can refer to systems such as Linux ...Image Unix history simple.svg thumb Diagram of the relationships between the major Unix like systems A Unix like sometimes referred to as UN X or nix operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the SingleUNIXSpecification . There is no Technical standard standard for defining the term, and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given OS is Unix like . The term can include free and open source software free and open source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs Unix ... on the software license licensed UNIX source code which may be sufficiently Unix like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark . Definition The Open Group owns the UNIX trademark and administers the SingleUNIXSpecification, with the UNIX name being used as a certification mark . They do not approve of the construction Unix like , and consider it a misuse of their trademark. Their guidelines require UNIX to be presented in uppercase or otherwise distinguished from the surrounding ... The Open Group. ref Other parties frequently treat Unix as a genericized trademark . Some add ... S. Raymond coauthors Guy L. Steele Jr. work The Jargon File ref or nix , since Unix like systems often have Unix like names such as AIX operating system AIX , HP UX , IRIX , Linux , Minix , Ultrix ... to refer to any UNIX descendant or work alike system, even those with completely dissimilar names ... more details
differs considerably among Unix implementations. See also List of Unix programs External links http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 009695399 utilities who.html who specification from the SingleUnixSpecification ...lowercase title who Unix The standard Unix command tt who tt displays a list of users who are currently logged into a computer. The tt who tt command is related to the command tt W Unix w tt , which provides the same information but also displays additional data and statistics. Specification The SingleUnixSpecification SUS specifies that tt who tt should list information about accessible users. The X Open System Interfaces Extension XSI extension also specifies that the data of the username, terminal, login time, process ID, and time since last activity occurred on the terminal, furthermore, an alternate system database used for user information can be specified as an optional argument to tt who tt . The command can be invoked with the arguments tt am i tt or tt am I tt so it is invoked as tt who am i tt or tt who am I tt , showing information about the current terminal only see the command tt tty Unix tty tt and the tt m tt option below, of which this invocation is equivalent . Usage The SUS without extensions only specifies the following tt m tt , tt T tt , and tt u tt options, all other options are specified in the XSI extension. tt a tt , process the system database used for user ... runlevel of the init Unix init process. tt s tt , default show only name, terminal, and time details ... information whether the terminal has been used recently or not Other Unix and Unix like operating ... from GNU coreutils http www.openbsd.org cgi bin man.cgi?query who who manual page from OpenBSD unix commands Category Unix user management and support related utilities Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities cs Who Unix de Who Unix el Who Unix es Who Unix fr Who Unix ko Who hu Who Unix ja Who UNIX pl Who Unix ro Who Unix ru Who wuu WHO ... more details
options. On operating system s that support the SingleUNIXSpecification SUS and POSIX standards, ps ...lowercase In most Unix like operating systems , the code ps code program short for p rocess s tatus displays the currently running process computing processes . A related Unix utility named Top Unix top provides a real time view of the running processes. The code ps code command is analogous to the Microsoft Windows code tasklist code command. In Windows PowerShell , code ps code is a predefined Alias command command alias for the code Get Process code cmdlet which basically serves the same purpose. Examples For example source lang bash ps PID TTY TIME CMD 7431 pts 0 00 00 00 su 7434 pts 0 00 00 00 bash 18585 pts 0 00 00 00 ps source Users can also utilize the tt ps tt command in conjunction with the code grep code see the tt pgrep tt and tt pkill tt commands command to find information about one process, such as its process id source lang bash Trying to find the PID of firefox bin which is 2701 ps A grep firefox bin 2701 ? 22 16 04 firefox bin source and the easier version with tt pgrep tt source lang bash pgrep l firefox bin 2701 firefox bin source To see every process running as root ... kill code List of Unix programs code nmon code &mdash a system monitor tool for the AIX and Linux operating systems. code pgrep code code pstree Unix pstree code code top Unix top code External links http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 009695399 utilities ps.html ps Specification from the SingleUnixSpecification http www.cyberciti.biz faq show all running processes in linux Show all running processes in Linux using ps command man 1 ps report a snapshot of the current processes unix commands Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software bg Ps Unix ca Ps UNIX cs Ps Unix de Ps Unix el Ps Unix es Ps Unix fa Ps fr Ps Unix ko Ps it Ps Unix ka Ps hu Ps Unix nl Ps Unix ja Ps UNIX pl Ps Unix pt Ps Unix ro Ps Unix ru Ps uk Ps ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Image Unix history.svg thumb 450px Unix genealogy tree The Unix wars were the struggles between vendor s of the Unix computer operating system in the late 1980s and early 1990s to set the standard for Unix thenceforth. Origins In the mid 1980s, the two common versions of Unix were BSD , from the University of California, Berkeley , and UNIX System V System V , from AT&T . Both were derived from the earlier Version 7 Unix , but had diverged considerably. Further, each vendor s version of Unix was different to some degree. A group of vendors formed the X Open open standard ... s. They chose to base their system on Unix. X Open caught AT&T s attention. To increase the uniformity of Unix, AT&T and leading BSD Unix vendor Sun Microsystems started work in 1987 on a unified system ... Laboratory s System V environment for BSD Unix. This was eventually released as System V Release 4 SVR4 . While this decision was applauded by customers and the trade press, certain other Unix licensees .... The same year, AT&T and another group of licensees responded by forming UNIX International . Technical ... versions of Unix, with X Open holding the middle ground. The move towards open source code In March ..., effectively marking the end of the most significant era of the Unix wars. In June, AT&T sold its UNIX assets to Novell , and in October Novell transferred the Unix brand to X Open. In 1996, X Open and the new OSF merged to form the Open Group . COSE work such as the SingleUNIXSpecification , the current standard for branded Unix, is now the responsibility of the Open Group. However, the damage to Unix s market reputation had been done. Since then, occasional bursts of Unix factionalism have broken ... Caldera . The Berkeley Software Distribution emerged as an independent Unix like operating system, with the purging ... based on this combination. Linux derivatives are not compatible enough to qualify for the Unix trademark. On the other hand, BSD systems can at least claim direct ancestry to Version 7 Unix . Or, according ... more details
lowercase tt truss tt is a system tool available on some Unix like operating systems. When invoked with an additional executable command line argument , tt truss tt makes it possible to print out the system calls made by and the signals received by this executable command line argument. As of version POSIX POSIX 2008 IEEE Std 1003.1 2008 , tt truss tt is not part of the SingleUNIXSpecification POSIX . External links http download.oracle.com docs cd E19082 01 819 2239 truss 1 index.html Solaris man page for tt truss tt http www.freebsd.org cgi man.cgi?query truss FreeBSD man page for tt truss tt See also strace Category Unix programming tools programming software stub ... more details
lowercase Image Du unix output.png thumb example screenshot of du in a terminal code du code abbreviated from d isk u sage is a standard Unix computer program program used to estimate file space usage space used under a particular Folder computing directory or computer file files on a file system . History The code du code utility first appeared in version 1 of Unix 1970s AT&T UNIX . Specification By default, the SingleUnixSpecification SUS specifies that code du code is to display the file space allocated to each file and directory contained in the current directory. Links will be displayed as the size of the link file, not what is being linked to the size of the content of directories is displayed, as expected. As code du code reports allocation space and not absolute file space, the amount of space on a file system shown by code du code may vary from that shown by code df Unix df code if files have been deleted but their blocks not yet freed. Also the minfree setting that allocates datablocks for the filesystem and the super user processes creates a discrepancy between total blocks and the sum of used and available blocks. The minfree setting is usually set to about 5 of the total filesystem size. For more info see http www.gnu.org software coreutils faq coreutils faq.html df Size and Used and Available do not add up core utils faq . Usage code du code takes a single argument, specifying a pathname for tt du tt to work if it is not specified, the current directory is used ... the pathname argument is specified. Other Unix and Unix like operating systems may add extra ... The weight of directories source lang bash du d 1 c h source See also List of Unix programs Filelight ... unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Disk usage analysis software cs Du Unix de Du Unix es Du fr Du Unix it Du Unix no Du Unix pl Du Unix pt Du Unix ro Du Unix ru Du uk Du zh Du ... more details
archive.html The ntouch dtouch page See also System time List of Unix programs External links http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 009695399 utilities touch.html touch specification from the SingleUnixSpecification http www.bellevuelinux.org touch.html examples showing how to use touch Dead link ...lowercase title touch Unix touch is a standard Unix computer program program used to change a computer file file s access and modification system time timestamps . It is also used to create a new empty file. History A touch utility appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. The version of tt touch tt bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Paul Rubin , Arnold Robbins , Jim Kingdon , David MacKenzie programmer David MacKenzie Specification The SingleUnixSpecification SUS specifies that tt touch tt should change the access times, modification times, or both, for a file. The file is identified by a pathname supplied as a single argument. It also specifies that if the file identified does not exist, the file is created and the access and modification times are set as specified. If no new timestamps are specified, tt touch tt uses the current time. Usage The SUS mandates the following options tt a tt , change the access time only tt c tt , if the file does not exist, do not create it and do not report this condition tt m tt , change the modification time only tt r file tt , use the access and modification times of tt file tt tt t time tt , use the time specified in the format below to update the access ... Unix and Unix like operating systems may add extra options. For example, GNU tt touch tt adds a tt ... touch source Other operating systems Programs that perform similar operations as the Unix code touch ... page from OpenBSD unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities cs Touch Unix de Touch Unix es Touch Unix fa Touch fr Touch Unix ko Touch it Touch Unix ka Touch hu Touch Unix ja Touch UNIX pl Touch Unix pt Touch inform tica ro Touch Unix ... more details
Refimprove date July 2008 A Unix architecture is a computer operating system system architecture that embodies the Unix philosophy . It may adhere to standards such as the SingleUNIXSpecification SUS or similar POSIX Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE standard. No single published standard describes all Unix architecture computer operating systems this is in part a legacy of the Unix wars . Description There are many systems which are Unix like in their architecture. Notable among these are the Linux GNU Linux distributions. The distinctions between Unix and Unix like systems ... of the UNIX brand, The Open Group , object to Unix like and similar terms. For distinctions between SUS branded UNIX architectures and other similar architectures, see Unix like . Kernel A Unix kernel ... Concurrency computer science Concurrency As Unix is a multiprocessing OS, many processes run concurrently ... of the Unix architecture concept are Unix systems use a centralized operating system Kernel ... into separate, kernel managed processes. Unix systems are preemptively multitasking multiple processes ... science thread management. Files are stored on disk in a hierarchical file system , with a single ... signalfd v2 signalfd core url http yarchive.net comp linux everything is file.html ref The UNIX operating ... library bb496993.aspx Functional Comparison of UNIX and Windows ref Multitasking and multiuser. Kernel ... unconventional to new users. This is mainly rooted in the fact that UNIX grew continually. ref cite web last Ritchie first Dennis M. title The Evolution of the Unix Time sharing System url http cm.bell labs.com cm cs who dmr hist.html ref The UNIX HATERS Handbook covers some of these design failures ..., while others were resolved. Raymond concludes that not all concepts behind Unix can be deemed as non functional even though the book s intention may have been to portray Unix as inferior without encouraging ... S. title The Unix Hater s Handbook, Reconsidered url http esr.ibiblio.org ?p 538 ref See also Architecture ... more details
refimprove date December 2011 No footnotes date February 2008 lowercase title cat Unix The cat program is a standard Unix utility that Concatenation concatenates and lists files. The name is an abbreviation of wikt catenate catenate , a synonym of concatenate. Specification The SingleUnixSpecification ... system do this by default and ignore the flag. If one of the input filenames is specified as a single ... tt Unix culture Jargon File definition The Jargon File version 4.4.7 lists this as the definition ... of browsing it carefully. Usage considered silly. Rare outside Unix sites. See also tt dd Unix dd tt , Block transfer instruction BLT . Among Unix fans, tt cat 1 tt is considered an excellent example ... of lines of text, but works with any sort of data. Among Unix critics, tt cat 1 tt is considered the canonical ... more often used to blast a single file to standard output than to concatenate two or more files. The name ... era unix award.html ref In British English British Hacker culture hackerdom the activity of fixing ... file1.txt and file2.txt in binary mode to one file, file3.txt. See also List of Unix utilities code Split Unix split code , a command that splits a file into pieces which cat can then rejoin. zcat ... Mrsi paste Unix References Reflist External links man cu cat SUS concatenate and print files http harmful.cat v.org cat v UNIX Style, or cat v Considered Harmful A paper by Rob Pike on proper Unix command design using cat as an example. Manual pages http man.cat v.org unix 1st 1 cat cat 1 original manual page in the First Edition of Unix . man format 1 cat http www.gnu.org software coreutils ... 1 cat catenate files Plan 9 from Bell Labs manual Other http www.iki.fi era unix award.html Useless Use Of Cat Award Unix commands Category Unix text processing utilities Category Standard Unix programs Cat Category Unix SUS2008 utilities ar ca Cat Unix cs Cat de Cat Unix el Cat Unix es Cat Unix fa Cat fr Cat Unix ko Cat it Cat Unix hu Cat Unix ms Cat UNIX ro Cat Unix nl Cat ... more details
no footnotes date December 2011 lowercase code df code abbreviation for d isk f ree is a standard Unix computer program used to display the amount of available disk space for filesystems on which the invoking user has appropriate read access. tt df tt is usually implemented by reading the mtab file or using statfs . tt df tt first appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX . Usage The SingleUNIXSpecification specifications for tt df tt are source lang bash df k P t del file... source tt k tt Use 1024 byte units, instead of the default 512 byte units, when writing space figures. tt P tt Use a standard, portable, output format tt t tt If X Open System Interfaces Extension XSI compliant, show allocated space as well Dubious date May 2010 tt h tt Display in Kb, Mb, or Gb tt file tt Write the amount of free space of the file system containing the specified file Most Unix and Unix like operating systems add extra options. The BSD and GNU coreutils versions include tt h tt , where free space is listed in human readable format, adding units with the appropriate SI prefix e.g. 10MB , tt i tt , listing inode usage, and tt l tt , restricting display to only local filesystems. GNU tt df tt includes tt T tt as well, listing filesystem type information, but the GNU tt df tt shows the sizes in 1K blocks by default. Specification The SingleUnixSpecification SUS specifies by default space is reported in blocks of 512 bytes, and that at a minimum, the file system names and the amount of free space. The use ... compromise. Users who prefer the more logical 1024 byte quantity can easily tt Alias Unix shell ... dev hd10opt 65536 26004 61 654 4 opt source See also List of Unix programs External links man cu df ... df.html The df Command by The Linux Information Project LINFO unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities cs Df Unix de Df Unix fr Df Unix it Df Unix ka Df hu Df Unix pl Df Unix pt Df Unix ro Df Unix ru Df uk Df es Df unix ... more details
SingleUNIXSpecification . ref cite newsgroup title Re OSF vs. Digital Unix author Steve Lionel date ...Infobox OS name Tru64 UNIX logo screenshot caption developer Digital Equipment Corporation DEC , Hewlett ... DEC Alpha ui Command line interface family Unix released release date and age 1992 1 latest release ... Proprietary website http h30097.www3.hp.com Tru64 UNIX Software Tru64 UNIX is a 64 bit UNIX operating ... HP . Previously, Tru64 UNIX was a product of Compaq , and before that, Digital Equipment Corporation DEC , where it was known as Digital UNIX formerly DEC OSF 1 AXP . As its original name suggests, Tru64 UNIX is based on the OSF 1 operating system. DEC s previous UNIX product was known as Ultrix and was based on BSD . It is unusual among commercial UNIX implementations, as it is built on top of the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University . Other UNIX implementations built on top of the Mach kernel are NeXTSTEP , MkLinux , and Mac OS X . Tru64 UNIX requires the System Reference ... UNIX key chain. The other side says, CALIFORNIA Y W8 4 HP The Migration State In 1988, during the so called Unix wars , DEC joined with IBM , Hewlett Packard , and others to form the Open Software Foundation OSF to develop a version of Unix. Dubbed OSF 1, the aim was to compete with UNIX System ... H. title A Quarter Century of UNIX publisher Addison Wesley Pub. Co location Reading, Mass year ... 2008 , and with traditional UNIX implementations at the time providing poor real time support at best ... Unix compatibility. OSF 1 was envisaged to be the third major branch of the Unix family tree ... operating system and the native UNIX implementation for the Alpha architecture. From OSF 1 AXP V2.0 onwards, UNIX System V compatibility was also integrated into the system. Other vendors HP also released ... version of Unix accessdate 2008 03 28 date 1992 04 01 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20060224133234 ... used in the KSR1 supercomputer . In 1994, after AT&T had sold UNIX System V to Novell and the rival ... more details
Refimprove date August 2011 Spell is the standard English language spell checker for Unix . Spell was originally written by Stephen C. Johnson of Bell Labs in 1975. Douglas McIlroy later improved its accuracy, performance, and memory use, and described his work and spell in general in his 1982 paper http cm.bell labs.com cm cs who doug spell.ps.gz Development of a Spelling list . Spell has a simple command line interface It goes over all the words in a given text file, and prints a sorted list of unique misspelled words in that file. It does not provide any interface for looking for those words in the file, or helping to correct the mistakes. In 1983, a different spell checker, ispell the interactive spell checker was ported to Unix. ispell had a user interface for showing the spelling mistakes in context, and suggest how to correct them. Since then, the original Spell tool has been mostly considered obsolete. Another reason why Spell is considered obsolete is that it only supports the English language. Modern spell checkers for Unix and Linux systems, such as aspell , MySpell and hunspell all support a multitude of different languages and character sets. The SingleUnixSpecification has officially declared Spell a legacy application , stating that this was done because there is no known technology that can be used to make it recognise general language for user specified input without providing a complete dictionary along with the input file. ref http pubs.opengroup.org onlinepubs 007908799 xcu spell.html ref Nevertheless, the SingleUnixSpecification does not standardize any other spell checking utility to take Spell s place. Because of Spell s problems and the superiority of its alternatives, a free software version of McIlroy s spell has never been written. Instead ... p unix spell Original unix spell source code References reflist Unix commands Category 1975 software Category Standard Unix programs ... more details
Requirements specification in systems engineering and software engineering is the direct result of a requirement analysis and can refer to Software Requirements Specification Hardware Requirements Specification or both. See also Design specificationSpecification technical standard Formal specification disambiguation ... more details
The Multiboot Specification is an open standard originally created in 1995 and developed by the Free Software Foundation . The specification describes a method of loading various multiboot Kernel computer science kernels using a single compliant boot loader . GNU Hurd , VMware ESXi, Xen , and L4 microkernel family L4 microkernels all need to be Booting booted using this method. GNU GRUB is the reference implementation used in the GNU operating system . The latest version is 0.7. See also Multi boot Functional specification External links http www.gnu.org software grub manual multiboot multiboot.html Multiboot specification http www.osdcom.info content view 33 39 Writing a Multiboot compliant kernel http www.gnu.org software grub GRUB Home page http www.onlamp.com pub a bsd 2007 03 01 inside multiboot.html Article Making NetBSD Multiboot compatible http mail index.netbsd.org source changes 2006 10 25 0015.html A post committing implementation of Multiboot in NetBSD i386 4.x 10 2006 http julipedia.blogspot.com 2006 10 improved multiboot support in.html More information about Multiboot in NetBSD http grub.enbug.org MultibootSystems GrubWiki list of operating systems known to support Multiboot http kb.vmware.com selfservice microsites search.do?language en US&cmd displayKC&externalId 1008971 Booting VMware via PXELINUX with Multiboot standard stub Category Booting Category Computer standards ru Multiboot Specification pt Multiboot Specification ... more details
wiktionary specificationSpecification may refer to several different concepts Specification technical standard , an explicit set of requirements Specification legal concept , from Roman Law Specification regression , the practice of translating theory into a model for regression analysis Specification language , for describing a computer software design at a high level Regional specification , identifying different areas of the early embryo in biology Patent application Patent specification Patent specification , part of a patent application disambig ... more details
. Examples as a single source of truth A key aspect of specification by example is creating a single ...Specification by example is a collaborative approach to defining requirements and business oriented functional ... Specification by example How successful teams deliver the right software publisher Manning year 2011 isbn 978 0 321 27865 4 ref Specification by example is also known as Example driven development, Executable ... the Communication Gap Specification by Example and Agile Acceptance Testing publisher Neuri year 2009 isbn 0 9556836 1 0 ref Advantages Successful application of Specification by example is documented ... is often required on weekly or two weekly basis. With Specification by example, different roles participate in creating a single source of truth that captures everyone s understanding ... as a specification and a business oriented functional test. Any additional information discovered during ... or additional tests, is added to this single source of truth. As there is only one source of truth ... a specification and a business oriented Acceptance testing test for acceptance of software functionality. After the change is implemented, specification with examples becomes a document explaining ... Documentation. ref name Adzic11 Key practices Teams that apply Specification by example successfully ... collaboratively through all team specification workshops, smaller meetings or teleconference reviews ... from specifications with examples to support future development Software teams that apply specification ... examples. ref name Larman10 Applicability Specification by example applies to projects with sufficient ... tests . History The earliest documented usage of realistic examples as a single source of truth, requirements ... ref name Cunningham06 2 http c2.com ppr episodes.html ref in 1996. The name Specification by Example ... Specification by Example is an evolution of the Customer Test ref name Beck99 cite book last Beck ... of Specification by example on large scale projects requires frequent validation of software functionality ... more details
lowercase which which is a Unix command used to identify the location of executable s. The command takes one or more arguments for each of these arguments, it prints the full path of the executable to stdout that would have been executed if this argument had been entered into the Unix shell shell . It does this by searching for an executable or script in the directories listed in the environment variable PATH variable PATH . ref http unixhelp.ed.ac.uk CGI man cgi?which code which code man page ref The which command is part of most Unix like computers and is also available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows . ref http gnuwin32.sourceforge.net packages which.htm code which code for Windows from the GnuWin32 project ref The functionality of the which command is similar to some implementations of the type Unix type command. Posix specifies a command named command shell builtin command that also covers this functionality. ref cite url http pubs.opengroup.org onlinepubs 9699919799 utilities command.html title Command work The Open group base specification, Issue 7 id IEEE std 1003.1 2008 ref References references External links http savannah.gnu.org projects which GNU Which official page Unix commands Category Unix user management and support related utilities fr Which hu Which Unix ru Which tr Which Unix ... more details
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