Due to Einstein s prolific output, the term Einstein effect may refer to any one of a large number of possible effects in different fields of physics. These may include Gravitational redshift Gravitational lensing and more specifically, The Bose Einstein effect The Einstein de Haas effect See also List of things named after Albert Einstein disambig ... more details
Seealso Resonance chemistry File Mesomeric effect M V.1.png thumb right 600px M effect of a methoxy group in an ether File Mesomeric effect M V.1.png thumb right 420px M effect of a carbonyl group in acroleine The mesomeric effect or resonance effect in chemistry is a property of substituent s or functional group s in a chemical compound . The effect is used in a qualitative way and describes the electron withdrawing or releasing properties of substituents based on relevant resonance structure s and is symbolized by the letter M . The mesomeric effect is negative M when the substituent is an electron withdrawing group and the effect is positive M when based on resonance and the substituent is an electron releasing group. Examples of M substituents acetyl IUPAC ethanoyl nitrile Nitro compound nitro Examples of M substituents alcohol amine benzene The net electron flow from or to the substituent is determined also by the inductive effect . The mesomeric effect as a result of p Atomic orbital orbital overlap resonance has absolutely no effect on this inductive effect, as the inductive effect is purely to do with the electronegativity of the atoms and their topology in the molecule which atoms are connected to which . The concepts of mesomeric effect, mesomerism and mesomer were introduced by Christopher Kelk Ingold Ingold in 1938 as an alternative to the Linus Pauling Pauling s synonymous concept of resonance effect resonance . ref If It s Resonance, What Is Resonating? Kerber, Robert C. . J. Chem. Educ. 2006 83 223. http www.jce.divched.org Journal Issues 2006 Feb abs223.html Abstract ref Mesomerism in this context is often encountered in German and French literature but in English literature the term resonance dominates. Mesomerism in conjugated systems Mesomeric effect can be transmitted along any number of carbon atoms in a conjugated system . This accounts for the resonance stabilization of the molecule due to delocalization of charge. See also List of publications ... more details
Island effect may refer to any of the following Urban heat island , also known as the Heat island effect, in which metropolitan areas are warmer than the surrounding environment Nut Island effect , a management principle when teams become isolated and decrease efficiency Foster s rule , also known as the Island rule or the Island effect, where island populations of animals change in size disambig ... more details
orphan date January 2010 In non linear physics , the accordion effect occurs when fluctuations in the motion of a travelling body causes disruptions in the flow of elements following it. This can happen in traffic road traffic , foot march ing, bicycle racing , and, in general, to processes in a pipeline transport pipeline . This effect generally decreases the throughput of the system in which it occurs. The accordion effect is known by various aliases such as the slinky effect or the Concertina effect , and the string instability. See also Wavelength Doppler effect References reflist SA Nobe, FY Wang PROC IEEE INT CONF SYST MAN CYBERN, 2001 ieeexplore.ieee.org External links Category Waves physics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The ramp effect or ramping effect is a phenomenon involved in drug addiction whereby an addict develops a resistance to a substance, and thus requires increasingly large quantities of that substance to achieve the same effect. This can lead the addict to exponential growth rapidly increase their dosages, which can lead to a variety of health maladies. After the ramp effect has begun, it may be very difficult to deprive an addict of their substance, or even to reduce the dosage. Much of drug rehabilitation consists of resisting and reversing the ramping effect. See also Drug tolerance DEFAULTSORT Ramp Effect Category Drug addiction Category Drug rehabilitation ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 An ionotropic effect is a special kind of effect of a hormone on its target. The hormone activates or deactivates ionotropic receptor s ligand gated ion channels . The effect can be either positive or negative, whether the effect is a depolarization or a hyperpolarization respectively. Examples Noradrenaline aka. Norepinephrine has a positive ionotropic effect on heart muscle , when binding to beta 1 adrenergic receptor s on this tissue. ref name purves Neuroscience Purves , Third Edition, table 20 2 ref The result is an increased cardiac output . References references DEFAULTSORT Ionotropic Effect Category Membrane biology Category Electrophysiology Category Neurochemistry Category Molecular neuroscience ar ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 merge In camera effect date November 2010 Image Black Dahlia Film Shoot 3.jpg thumb right 250 px A Filming location location shot for The Black Dahlia film The Black Dahlia with a rainmaking rig, a sprinkler system used to create the appearance of rain a common practical effect A practical effect is a special effect in which a Theatrical property prop appears to work in a situation where it obviously could not in real life such as a ringing telephone on stage . They do not use trick photography or post production artifice. This type of effect is normally found in live theatre . In film , practical effect denotes an effect produced on set, without computer generated imagery . Special effect is often synonym ous with practical effect . In contrast, visual effects are created in post production through photographic manipulation or computer generation. Many of the staples of action movies are practical effects. Gunfire, bullet wounds, rain, wind, fire, and explosions can all be produced on a movie set by someone skilled in practical effects. DEFAULTSORT Practical Effect Category Special effects Filmmaking stub ... more details
The Voigt effect is one of a class of effects, resulting in what is called magnetic birefringence or magnetic double refraction . It is a magneto optical phenomenon with a similar origin to the Faraday effect . In the Faraday effect, the polarization waves polarization of light can be rotated when passed through a transparent medium to which an external magnetic field is applied. The Voigt effect is similar, but while the Faraday effect is linear in the applied field, the Voigt effect is quadratic. This quadratic scaling stems from an arrangement whereby the external magnetic field is applied at right angles to the direction of propagation. In this case, all the effects that are proportional to the magnetic field vanish. The Voigt effect was discovered in 1902 by Woldemar Voigt . The term Voigt effect is usually reserved for the observation of the aforementioned polarization shift when a vapor plays the role of the transparent medium. When a liquid plays this role, the effect is much stronger i.e. the proportionality to the square of the magnetic field is greater , and is known as the Cotton Mouton effect . This effect is utilized in Atomic line filter Voigt filter Voigt filter s, a type of atomic line filter . In this circumstance, the Voigt effect makes a vapor cell act as a wave plate half wave plate . See also Faraday effect Atomic line filter Cotton Mouton effect References Zhao, Zhong Quan. http www.freshpatents.com Excited state atomic line filters dt20050414ptan20050078729.php?type description Excited state atomic line filters . Retrieved March 26, 2006. Category Optics Category Magnetism Category Polarization de Voigt Effekt sl Voigtov pojav ar ... more details
Indirect effect describes a situation where national courts are required to interpret national law in line with an unimplemented or badly implemented directive, as opposed to ignoring national law in preference to the directive as occurs when direct effect is invoked. Indirect effect arises from the failure of a member state to implement a directive mdash either correctly or at all mdash but where direct effect cannot apply because the party against whom the directive is sought to be enforced is a private entity or otherwise fails to meet the conditions which would give the directive direct effect . In Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein Westfalen , the ECJ ruled that national courts should interpret national law in line with the directive, in so far as it is given discretion to do so under national law . ref Case 14 83 1984 ECR 1891 at para 28. ref While Von Colson dealt with a situation where a member state had failed to implement a directive correctly, in Marleasing v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion the ECJ extended indirect effect to situations where the member state concerned had not implemented the directive at all. ref Case C 106 89, 1990 ECR I 4135. ref See also EU law Direct effect Incidental effect Francovich v Italy Notes reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Indirect Effect Category European Union law ... more details
During induction of general anesthesia when a large volume of nitrous oxide is taken up from alveoli into pulmonary capillary blood, the concentration of gases remaining in the alveoli is altered. This results in effects known as the concentration effect and the second gas effect . The concentration effect is the effect on the alveolar concentration of the gas which is the one taken up in such large volumes. In practice almost the only non toxic gas capable of causing a measurable concentration effect is nitrous oxide . References cite journal author Korman B, Mapleson WW title Concentration and second gas effects can the accepted explanation be improved? journal Br J Anaesth volume 78 issue 5 pages 618 25 year 1997 month May pmid 9175984 url http bja.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 9175984 Anesthesia Category Anesthesia ... more details
No footnotes date September 2010 An effect system is a formal system which describes the computational effects of computer programs, such as side effect computer science side effect s. An effect system can be used to provide a compile time checking of the possible effects of the program. The effect system extends the notion of type to have an effect component, which comprises an effect kind and a region . The effect kind describes what is being done, and the region describes with what it is being done. An effect system is typically an extension of a type system . The term type and effect system is sometimes used in this case. Often, a type of a value is denoted together with its effect as type effect , where both the type component and the effect component mention certain regions for example, a type of a mutable memory cell is parameterized by the label of the memory region in which the cell resides . Some examples of the behaviors that can be described by effect systems include Reading, writing or allocating memory the effect kind is read , write , allocate or free , and the region is the point ... r2, write r1, write r2 . Working with resources, such as files for example, the effect kind may .... Control transfers with continuations and long jumps the effect kind may be goto i.e. the piece ... exception s are an example of an effect system the effect kind is throws and the region is the type of the exception being thrown. Effect systems may be used to prove the external purity of certain ... of memory, but the function s type does not mention the region, then the corresponding effect may be erased from the function s effect. References Cite book last1 Hankin first1 Chris last2 Nielson ... journal last1 Marino first1 Daniel first2 Todd last2 Millstein year 2008 title A Generic Type and Effect ... David K. last2 Gifford year 1988 title Polymorphic Effect Systems journal Proceedings of the 15th ... DEFAULTSORT Effect System Category Program analysis Category Type theory ... more details
In music, a chorus effect sometimes chorusing or chorused effect occurs when individual sounds with roughly ... processing device. Methods When the effect is produced successfully, none of the constituent sounds ... be absent if the sound came from a single source. The effect is more apparent when listening to sounds that sustain for longer periods of time. The chorus effect is especially easy to hear when .... When individual singers or violins play the same part, the chorus effect can be heard. Some instruments produce the effect all on their own. Examples include Piano Each hammer strikes multiple strings tuned to nearly the same pitch for all notes except the bass notes . The chorus effect is so ... of strings tuned in octaves and unisons create a chorus effect. Synthesizer . The effect is achieved ... and unisons on the 12 string guitar. Electronic effect File Electro Harmonix SmallClone Chorus GuitarEffect 1189.jpg thumb right 150px SmallClone chorus unit The chorus effect can be simulated by signal ... ROM encoded effect in a digital effect processor, or an analog effect processor. If the processor ... or an electric guitar amplifier . Some keyboard instruments have an electronic chorus effect built ..., the processor achieves the effect by taking an audio signal and mixing it with one or more delayed ... frequency oscillation LFO , which makes the overall effect similar to that of a flanging flanger , except with longer delays and without feedback. Stereo chorus effect processors produce the same effect .... The effect is thereby enhanced because sounds are produced from multiple locations in the stereo ... dreamy or ambient music ambient sounds. Commercial chorus effect devices often include controls that enable ... Phaser effect Shepard tone External links http www.pedalarea.com chorus ensemble.htm P.A.S. Boss Chorus ... http www.noiseon.com Results.aspx?catid 9 Chorus effect sound samples music technology Category Audio effects de Chorus Tontechnik es Chorus effect fr Chorus effet it Chorus nl Chorus geluidseffect ja ... more details
Citations missing date September 2007 In psychology , the negativity effect is the tendency of people, when evaluating the causes of the behaviors of a person they dislike, to attribute their positive behaviors to the environment and their negative behaviors to the person s inherent nature. The negativity effect is the inverse of the positivity effect , which is found when people evaluate the causes of the behaviors of a person they like . Both effects are attributional bias es. The negativity effect plays a role in producing the fundamental attribution error , a major contributor to prejudice . It s said in politics that the negativity effect is more influential with voters than the positivity effect. Citation needed date November 2011 The term negativity effect also refers to the tendency of some people to assign more weight to negative information in descriptions of others. Research has shown that the negativity effect in this sense is quite common, especially with younger people older adults, however, display less of this tendency and more of the opposite tendency the positivity effect . Citation needed date November 2011 See also Portal Psychology List of cognitive biases Social undermining Trait ascription bias Victim blaming References reflist cite web last Aragon s first Enriqueta title Negativity effect and the emergence of ideologies url http ideas.repec.org p upf upfgen 163.html publisher RePEc upf upfgen 163 accessdate 1 October 2011 Baumeister, R.R., Bratslavsky, E., Fickenauer, C., & Vohs, K.D. 2001 . Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology , 5, 323 370. Mather, M., & Carstensen, L.L. 2005 . Aging and motivated cognition The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 , 496 502. http people.ucsc.edu mather pdffiles MatherCarstensen2005.pdf PDF http dx.doi.org 10.1016 0022 1031 74 90034 1 Regan, D.T., Straus, E ... , 385 397. Vonk, R. 1993 . The negativity effect in trait ratings and in open ended descriptions of persons ... more details
about the episode of Stargate SG 1 Ripple Effect Stargate SG 1 the puzzle Ripple Effect puzzle the film 7 7 Ripple Effect File Ripple effect on water.jpg thumb right Ripple effect on water File Ripple in rail.jpg thumb right Ripples on water The ripple effect is a term used to describe a situation where, like the ever expanding ripples across water when an object is dropped into it, an effect from an initial state can be followed outwards incrementally. Examples can be found in economics where an individual s reduction in spending reduces the incomes of others and their ability to spend. ref http www.cbsnews.com stories 2008 05 27 eveningnews main4130453.shtml The Economic Ripple Effect Gone Awry . ref In sociology , it can be observed how social interactions can affect situations not directly related to the initial interaction, ref Development sociology By Norman Long, Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 23536 5 ref and in Charity practice charitable activities where information can be disseminated and passed from community to community to broaden its impact. ref http www.guardian.co.uk education 2004 sep 17 tefl3 Experience needed to make VSO s ripple effect work The Guardian 17 September 2004. ref The term has been applied in computer science within the field of software metrics as a complexity measure . ref name Black2001 cite journal last Black first Sue year 2001 title Computing ripple effect for software maintenance journal Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution Research and Practice volume 13 issue 4 pages 263 279 issn 1532 060X doi 10.1002 smr.233 authorlink Sue Black computer scientist ref See also Butterfly effect Domino effect References reflist Category Social phenomena Category Economics Category Software metrics ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The Okorokov effect Lang ru is the name given to resonant coherent excitation of heavy ion s moving in crystals under channeling conditions. V. Okorokov predicted this effect in 1965 and it was first observed by Sheldon Datz in 1978. Physics stub DEFAULTSORT Okorokov Effect Category Charge carriers Category Ions Category Physical chemistry Category Physics ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A calendar effect is any economic effect, particularly in markets, which appears to be related to the calendar. Such effects include the apparently different behaviour of stock markets on different days of the week, different times of the month, and different times of year seasonal tendencies . The term sometimes includes multi year effects, such as the 10 year decadal cycle, or the 4 year U.S. presidential election cycle. It also sometimes includes time of day effects. Examples include Halloween indicator or the Sell in May principle January effect January barometer Mark Twain effect Monday effect Weekend effect Turn of the Month effect Holiday effect In their 2001 paper Dangers of data mining The case of calendar effects in stock returns Journal of Econometrics , Sullivan et al. argue that there is no statistically significant evidence for calendar effects in the stock market , and that all such patterns are the result of data dredging . Market price s are often subject to seasonal tendencies because the availability and demand for an item is not constant throughout the year. For example, natural gas prices often rise in the winter because that commodity is in demand as a heating fuel. In the summer, when the demand for heat is lower, prices typically fall. Seasonal patterns are not confined to prices many other systems can exhibit the same kind of calendar effect. However, the term is most often used in an economic context. See also Market timing Eternal September July effect Halloween indicator Seasonal adjustment Economics DEFAULTSORT Calendar Effect Category Market trends Category Behavioral finance Category Calendar effect sv Kalendereffekter ... more details
The captodative effect in chemistry is the effect on the stability of a carbon centred radical chemistry radical determined by the combined action of a captor electron withdrawing group electron withdrawing and a dative electron releasing group electron releasing substituent , both attached to the radical centre ref IUPAC Gold Book http www.iupac.org goldbook C00795.pdf Link ref . The term is also used for certain unsaturated compounds. References div class references small references div DEFAULTSORT Captodative Effect Category Physical organic chemistry es Efecto captodativo ... more details
About the problem in experimental design carry over cooking Carry over cooking Dicdef The carryover effect occurs when two experimental conditions are applied to the same sample or participant, and the effect of the first condition carries over to the second. Examples include the effect of practice or fatigue in experimental subjects. References G Nahler, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2009. statistics stub science stub Category Experiments ... more details
In aeronautics, keel effect is the result of the sideforce generating surfaces being above or below the center of mass which coincides with the center of gravity aircraft center of gravity in any aircraft. Examples of such surfaces are the vertical stabilizer, rudder, and parts of the fuselage. When an aircraft is in a Angle of sideslip sideslip , these surfaces generate sidewards Lift force lift forces. If the surface is above or below the center of gravity aircraft center of gravity , the sidewards lift forces generate a rolling moment. This rolling moment caused by sideslip is Dihedral aircraft dihedral effect . Keel effect is the contribution of these side forces to rolling moment as sideslip increases , i.e. keel effect is the contribution of the side forces to Dihedral aircraft dihedral effect . Sideforce producing surfaces above the center of gravity will increase dihedral effect, while sideforce producing surfaces below the center of gravity will decrease dihedral effect. Increased dihedral effect helped or hindered by keel effect results in a greater tendency for the aircraft to return to level flight when the aircraft is put into a bank. Or, reduces the tendency to diverge to a greater bank angle when the aircraft starts wings level. Keel effect is also called Pendulum Effect because a lower center of gravity aircraft center of gravity increases the effect of sideways forces above the center of gravity in producing a rolling moment. This is because the moment arm is longer , not because of gravitational forces. A low center of gravity is like a pendulum which has a very low center of gravity . References Illman, Paul The Pilot s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Fig 2.34 Category Aerodynamics ... more details
The Matthew effect may refer to Matthew effect sociology , the phenomenon in sociology where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer Matthew effect education , the phenomenon in education that has been observed in research on how new readers acquire the skills to read Disambig ca Efecte Mateu de Matth us Effekt es Efecto Mateo fr Effet Matthieu it Effetto San Matteo nl Matte seffect sv Matteuseffekten tr Matthew etkisi zh ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 Context date October 2009 The Garshelis effect is the effect wherein a circumferentially magnetized rod of Ferromagnetism ferromagnetic , Magnetostriction magnetostrictive material generates a net axial magnetic field in response to an applied torque. Category Electric and magnetic fields in matter Category Magnetism physics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2007 The Bridgman effect named after Percy Williams Bridgman P. W. Bridgman , also called the internal Peltier effect , is a phenomenon that occurs when an electric current passes through an anisotropy anisotropic crystal there is an absorption or liberation of heat because of the non uniformity in current distribution. Category Electricity electromagnetism stub ... more details
Treatment effect may refer to Design of experiments Average treatment effect Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. disambiguation ... more details
The Matilda effect is the systematic repression and denial of the contribution of women scientists in research, whose work is often attributed to their male colleagues. This effect was first described in 1993 by science historian Margaret W. Rossiter . It is named after the U.S. women s rights activist Matilda Joslyn Gage , who first observed this phenomenon at the end of the 19th century. The Matilda effect is related to the Matthew effect sociology Matthew effect , which states that eminent scientists will often get more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is similar. Rossiter provides several examples of this effect Trotula , an Italian physician 11th 12th centuries , wrote books which were attributed to male authors after her death, and hostility towards women as teachers and healers led to her very existence being denied. Known cases from the 20th century are Rosalind Franklin , Lise Meitner and Marietta Blau . Sources Margaret W. Rossiter The del Matthew del Matilda Effect in Science. in Social Studies of Science. Sage Publ., London 23.1993, S. 325 341. ISSN 0306 3127 Category Sociology of scientific knowledge Category Feminism de Matilda Effekt pl Matilda effect ... more details
The Payne effect is a particular feature of the stress strain behaviour of rubber , especially rubber compounds containing filler s such as carbon black . It is named after the British rubber scientist A. R. Payne , who made extensive studies of the effect e.g. Payne 1962 . The effect is sometimes also known as the Fletcher Gent effect , after the authors of the first study of the phenomenon Fletcher & Gent 1953 . The effect is observed under cyclic loading conditions with small strain amplitudes, and is manifest as a dependence of the viscoelasticity viscoelastic storage modulus on the amplitude of the applied strain. Above approximately 0.1 strain amplitude, the storage modulus decreases rapidly with increasing amplitude. At sufficiently large strain amplitudes roughly 20 , the storage modulus approaches a lower bound. In that region where the storage modulus decreases the loss modulus shows a maximum. The Payne effect depends on the filler content of the material and vanishes for unfilled elastomers. Physically, the Payne effect can be attributed to deformation induced changes in the material s microstructure, i.e. to breakage and recovery of weak physical bonds linking adjacent filler clusters. Since the Payne effect is essential for the frequency and amplitude dependent dynamic stiffness and damping behaviour of rubber bushings, automotive tyres and other products, constitutive models to represent it have been developed in the past e.g. Lion et al. 2003 . Similar to the Payne effect under small deformations is the Mullins effect that is observed under large deformations. References Fletcher W. P. and Gent A. N. 1953 . Non Linearity in the Dynamic Properties of Vulcanised Rubber Compounds, Trans. Inst. Rubber Ind. 29 , pp 266&ndash 280 Payne A. R. 1962 . doi inline 10.1002 app.1962.070061906 The Dynamic Properties of Carbon Black Loaded Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ... and Amplitude Dependence of the Payne Effect Theory and Experiments, Rubber Chemistry and Technology ... more details
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