Sociology Socialstructure is a term used in the social sciences to refer to society patterned social ... actions of the individuals . The usage of the term socialstructure has changed over time and may ... stratification e.g., the class structure , social institutions , or, other patterned relations between large social groups. On the meso scale, it can refer to the structure of social network ties ... different meanings of socialstructure, though it has done so by simply treating the cultural aspects of socialstructure as epiphenomena of its economic ones. Since the 1930s, the term has been in general use in social science, ref Merton, Robert. 1938. SocialStructure and Anomie . American Sociological ... groups or sets of role s, with different functions, meanings or purposes. One example of socialstructure ... is an important issue for management . Socialstructure may be seen to influence important social ... in a population of actors Socialstructure variables pattern of relationships, size of institution .... Alexis de Tocqueville was apparently the first to use the term socialstructure later, Karl Marx ... and most comprehensive accounts of socialstructure was provided by Karl Marx, who related ... factors only in the last instance . ref name Calhoun Dictionary of the Social Science, SocialStructure ... Problems of SocialStructure in the U.S.A, ref The American Journal of Sociology , vol. 10, 1905 ... structure basing this approach on his concept of will sociology social will . mile Durkheim drawing ... be identical Crothers, 1996 . The notion of socialstructure was extensively developed in the 20th ... structure is intimately related to a variety of central topics in social science, including the relation of structure and agency . The most influential attempts to combine the concept of socialstructure ... . Bourdieu s practice theory also seeks a more supple account of socialstructure as embedded in, rather ..., socialstructure has been identified as the relationship of definite entities or groups to each other ... more details
Social Theory and SocialStructure STSS was a landmark publication in sociology by Robert K. Merton . It has been translated into close to 20 languages and is one of the most frequently cited texts in social science s. ref http books.google.com books?vid ISBN140510595X&id xYPMCNQxLzsC&pg PA29&lpg PA29&dq 22Social Theory and SocialStructure 22 frequently&sig 8KhmuNjHh8BkacQntgRe7VvV3ew Sztompka, 2003, http books.google.com books?vid ISBN140510595X&id xYPMCNQxLzsC&pg PA29&lpg PA29&dq 22Social Theory and SocialStructure 22 frequently&sig 8KhmuNjHh8BkacQntgRe7VvV3ew p.29 ref It was first published in 1949, although revised editions of 1957 and 1968 are often cited. The book introduced many important concepts in sociology, like manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions , obliteration by incorporation , reference groups , self fulfilling prophecy , middle range theory and others. ref Merton, 1980 ref Notes references References Piotr Sztompka , Robert K. Merton , in Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists , George Ritzer ed. , Blackwell Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1 4051 0595 X Robert K. Merton, http www.garfield.library.upenn.edu classics1980 A1980JS04600001.pdf This Week s Citation Classic Merton R K. Social theory and socialstructure. New York Free Press, 1949 , Current Contents , 21 12 12 1980 External links http www.mdx.ac.uk www study xmer.htm Extracts Further reading Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and SocialStructure , Free Press, 1968, ISBN 0 02 921130 1 Category 1949 books Category Sociology books sociology book stub fr Social Theory and SocialStructure ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Expert subject Sri Lanka date February 2009 The Social class socialstructure of Sri Lanka has clearly changed with the centuries and it is difficult to adequately discuss the topic in a single article. However, there are specific class names, castes, and categories that are helpful to define. Caste Main Caste system in Sri Lanka Much like other South Asian countries Sri Lanka has a complex caste system and as a result extensive caste discrimination, even though its constitution states that all men and women are equal. The history of the caste system in Sri Lanka ... forming a socialstructure, since occupation was hereditary and such persons of a common occupation formed a unique social culture . The Kings of the kingdom descended from the immediate relatives ... several changes to the socialstructure. By the 1940s when Ceylon gained Independence from the British in 1948 there were four social groups. Upper class made up primary of landowners, the Upper middle ... change in the socialstructure. 21st century The direct result of the changes of the 1970s and the 1980s was witnessed only at the late 20th century and start of the 21st century. Today, Sri Lanka s socialstructure is based purely on money and power. Upper class The upper class in Sri Lanka is statistically ... unupress unupbooks uu10we uu10we0i.htm The impact of macro events on socialstructure in Sri Lanka Kingdom of Kandy topics DEFAULTSORT SocialStructure Of Sri Lanka Category Sri Lankan society Category Social class by country Sri Lanka .... Social mobility was impossible Colonial rule With onset of the colonial rule in the country different castes emerged with new occupation. However social mobility was present since the colonial rulers ... that this is the point in which the caste began to be limited to a social culture rather than ... constitutes the largest of Sri Lanka s social groups. Typically they have not have had a university ... more details
of society there Horkheimer 1938 ix . The book Punishment and SocialStructure originated in an article ... notwithstanding, Punishment and SocialStructure remains at the forefront of theoretical and analytical ..., D. 1978 Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer Punishment and SocialStructure , Crime and Social Justice 9. Melossi, D. 2003 Introduction to the Transaction Edition of Punishment and SocialStructure ... of Criminal Justice. Rusche, G. and O. Kirchheimer 1939 Punishment and SocialStructure. Columbia ...orphan date October 2011 Please leave this line alone wikify date October 2011 Punishment and SocialStructure 1939 , a book co authored by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer, is the seminal Marxian analysis of punishment as a social institution. It represents the most sustained and comprehensive account ... German social scientists, many of whom had been associated with the International Institute of Social ... propound a structuralist analysis of punishment, arguing that modes of punishment are social phenomena ... domination. It must be viewed as part of an intricate matrix of social control and not an isolated phenomenon subject only to its own special laws. It is an integral part of the whole social system ... skewed punishment provides only the illusion of security by covering the symptoms of social ... is unable to solve its social problems, repression, the easy way out, will always be accepted ibid ... of social class and broader patterns of social domination and control. Its persuasive force lies in providing ... Press. Garland, D. and J. Young 1983 The Power to Punish Contemporary Penality and Social Analysis. Horkheimer, M. 1938 Preface to Punishment and SocialStructure . Innes, M. 2003 Understanding Social Control . Jacobs, J. 1977 Stateville The Penitentiary in Mass Society . Maguire, M., R. Morgan ..., L. 2009 Punishing the Poor The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity . Durham Duke University ... , Social Problems , 39 4 421 446. Garland, D. 1990 . Punishment and Modern Society . Chicago, IL University ... more details
program. ref http www.photius.com countries romania society romania society social structure.html Library ... and job insecurity. ref http family.jrank.org pages 1419 Romania Political Social Economic Setting.html Romania Political, Social and Economic Setting. Retrieved 2011 04 12. ref Social change in Romania ... Socialclass life in Romania Romanian topics Category Romanian society Category Social class by country ... more details
ref Socialstructure in modern China 1911 to 1949 After 1911, China entered the Warlord Era . During ... as 20 to 30 of the loan. See also Four occupations Further reading Ch u T ung tsu, Han SocialStructure Washington U. Press, 1972 Li Yi.The Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification ... The numbers of cadre in 2002 and 2003 are estimated. Note The chinese socialstructure was tied in with family ... SocialStructure Of China Category Society of the People s Republic of China Category Social history ... women and children working in cotton mills. Citation needed date July 2007 The main changes in socialstructure were military. Citation needed date May 2008 In 1924, the Soviet Union helped Sun Yat ... as a base in war against Japanese aggression, how Chiang isolated his social base and capitalists ..., and poorest social class. Citation needed date July 2007 After 1979 After the Gaige Kaifang policy ... more details
More footnotes date April 2009 Socialstructure in the Ottoman Empire sidebar There is considerable controversy regarding social status in the Ottoman Empire . Social scientists have developed class models on the socio economic stratification of Ottoman society which feature more or less congruent theories. We see the Ottoman Empire being described as a bureaucratic state, holding different regions within a single administrative and fiscal system harv Hourani 1991 p 207 . The Ottoman Empire lasted for over six hundred years 1299 1923 and encompassed what is modern day Turkey, the Balkans and all of the Arab speaking nation states. Thus the Ottoman Empire would be home to an extremely diverse population ranging from the Muslim majority to the minority population, specifically Christians and Jews who were referred to as the People of the Book . Aristocracy The Ottoman state was founded by the first Osman and was one of the Turkish principalities generated by the expansion of the Selcuks and of the Turkish immigrants westwards into Anatolia harv Hourani 1991 p 214 . These immigrants appeared as a new band of conquering people, the Ottoman Turks, who after a quick march through Asia Minor, were ready to project their power onto the European continent harv Janos 2000 p 35 . Ultimately the Empire would be ruled by the Sultan and his family. Power sharing For example there was the Vizier who was seen as the second most powerful figure in the Empire and was usually a slave. It was also possible for the Vizier to lose his position if he was not able to fulfill his responsibilities in a satisfactory manner according to the Sultan. Rather than having one of the Sultan s close relatives being granted the position of Vizier a slave was given this position, implying that the minority population of the Empire was successfully assimilated with little or no force required. Even more the minority population of the Empire were insured certain rights as long as those rights did not conflict ... more details
Expert subject Britain date February 2009 The socialstructure of the United Kingdom has historically been highly influenced by the concept of social class , with the concept still affecting British society in the early 21st century. ref http www.telegraph.co.uk news uknews 2712372 Harriet Harman Social class is still most important divide in Britain.html Harriet Harman Social class is still most important divide in Britain. www.telegraph.co.uk, 9 September 2008 ref Although definitions of social ... at the top of the social class structure. British society has experienced significant change ... SocialStructure Of Britain Category British society Category Feudalism Category Social class by country ... culture, and these changes have had a considerable impact on the social landscape. ref name savage cite web url http www.socresonline.org.uk 12 3 6.html title Changing Social Class Identities ... society is a myth ref Research has shown that social status in the United Kingdom is influenced by, although separate from, social class. ref cite journal last1 Chan first1 Tak Wing last2 Goldthorpe ... of social class in the United Kingdom is the Great British Class Survey. ref http bbc.co.uk labuk experiments ... social class, integrated itself with those with new wealth derived from commercial and industrial ... based social structures. Some basic categories covering most of the population of the UK around this time ... Merchant citizens are placed between Yeoman and Gentry in early modern social hierarchy. Gentry Gentleman ... or king. 20th century Main NRS social grade The social grade classification created by the National ... character Hyacinth Bucket is a satirical stereotype for this social group. Middle middle class ..., social workers, managers, businessmen, engineers, or civil servants. For certain of these fields, notably ... spaniels amongst the upper class. Accent and language and social class Received pronunciation Received ... 04 12 accessdate 2008 02 02 location London work Daily Mail ref Heraldry and social class Main Heraldry ... more details
wiktionary structure The structure of a thing is how the parts of it relate to each other, how it is assembled . Structure may also refer to Architectural structure , a man made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy Building , Non building structure & Building disambiguation Canopy ecology structure, organization or three dimensional geometry of a plant canopy Community ecology structure, ecological organization of a biological community Chemical structure , the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule Protein structure Crystal structure , structure of liquids and glasses , the spatial arrangement of ions, atoms, or molecules in condensed matter Data structure , a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently Mathematical structure on a set, additional mathematical objects that in some manner attach to the set, making it easier to visualize or work with, or endowing the collection with meaning or significance Structure mathematical logic Algebraic structureSocialstructure , a pattern of relations Structure and agency , two confronted theories about human behaviour Structural geology , the three dimensional distribution of rock bodies and their planar or folded surfaces, and their internal fabrics Deep structure logical language structure in linguistics The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , a book by Thomas Kuhn on the history of science Structure journal , a scientific journal describing protein structure s Large scale structure of the cosmos Capital structure Financial structure , a cocept within structured finance Structure, the former name for the Express Men clothing brand Structures Structures Boulez , composition Structures album , by John Digweed Structures from Silence , album by Steve Roach Structures of Death , album by Fleshcrawl See also Struct disambiguation disambig ar br Framm da Struktur flertydig fr Structure gl Estrutura it Struttura hu Strukt ra egy rtelm s t ... more details
Political structure is a term frequently used in political science . The term political structure, used in a general sense, refers to institutions or groups and their relations to each other, their patterns of interaction within political systems and to political regulation s, law s and the norms present in political systems in such a way that they constitute the political landscape of the political entity. In the social domain its counterpart is Socialstructure . External links http www.loc.gov law guide usconst.html Law Library of Congress website with links to Political structure articles http www.yale.edu lawweb avalon medieval athemain.htm Avalon project at Yale Law School on the Athenian Constitution by Aristotle in English Sir Frederic G. kenyon s translation of Aristotle on the political structure or constitution of the ancient city state of Athens , which is usually considered a prime inspiration for the form of government chosen for the United States http web.archive.org web 20080311063310 http www.2ontario.com welcome bcgo 803.asp Provincial political structure of Ontario, Canada http www43.statcan.ca 04 04a 04a 001 e.htm Political structure of Canada Category Social philosophy poli stub sociology stub ... more details
SocialstructureStructure , in contrast, refers to the recurrent patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available. ref name Barker, Chris 2005. p448 The structure ... such as Karl Marx , by contrast, emphasise that the socialstructure can act to the detriment of the majority ... social existence is largely determined by the overall socialstructurestructure of society . The perceived ... dispositions towards, and capacities for, action, and that this socialstructure should be taken ... are the central theoretical and ontological elements in social systems, and socialstructure ... of socialstructure and agency. His most famous works today include The Metropolis and Mental Life ... functionalism in sociology from the 1930s in the United States . His works analyze socialstructure ... to move beyond the dualism of structure and agency and argues for the duality of structure where socialstructure is both the medium and the outcome of social action . ref name dict2 For Giddens, an agents ... alter his or her place in the socialstructure thus globalization and the emergence of the post traditional ... to socialstructurestructure . In his work on false necessity or anti necessitarian social ... in the context of socialstructure and agency. However, this depends upon one s view of structure which ...? Expand section date July 2009 While the structure agency debate has been a central issue in social ... SocialstructureSocial relation Agency sociology Structural functionalism Structuration Theory of structuration ...Sociology The question over the primacy of either structure or agency in human behavior is a central debate in the social science s. In this context, agency sociology agency refers to the capacity of individuals ... be contrasted with the nature versus nurture debate. Structure, socialisation and autonomy The debate over the primacy of structure or agency relates to an issue at the heart of both classical and contemporary sociological theory the question of social ontology What is the social world made of? What ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Thematic structure is a term in linguistics . When people talk, there are purposes in three separable parts of utterances, the act of speech, the Proposition propositional content and the thematic structure. Because speaking is cooperative, in order that the speaking can be effective in the conversation , speakers have to pay attention to their listeners knowledge, state of mind and level of understanding. Speakers can assume that listeners know or do not know what speakers are talking about. According to Michael Halliday , the speakers judgements about the listeners current mental states are reflected in what is called the thematic structure used. Thematic structure has three main functions To convey given information and new information To subject and predicate To frame and insert DEFAULTSORT Thematic Structure Category Linguistics A thematic structure is a preoccupying conception of proposition which runs throughout a media text, usually around an initiating topic. It strategically ties together a number of more specific conception or statements on the basis of particular social forms of knowledge and social forms of perception and belief. A thematic structure helps to make a media text cohere it orients a text around a central theme of strand of related themes running through a story. reference David Deacon 2007 , Researching communications,p174 ... more details
other uses The term social refers to a characteristic of living organisms as applied to populations humans ... The word Social derives from the Latin word socii allies , it is particularly derived from the Italian ... against Rome in the Social War 91 88 BC Social War of 91 88 BC . Definition In the absence of agreement about its meaning, the term social is used in many different senses and regarded as a fuzzy concept ... take the interests, intentions, or needs of other people into account in contrast to Anti social behaviour anti social behaviour has played some role in defining the idea or the principle. For instance terms like social realism, social justice, social constructivism , social psychology and social capital imply that there is some social process involved or considered, a process that is not there in regular, non social realism, justice, constructivism, psychology, or capital. The adjective social ... that do not include the word social . An example is quasi empiricism in mathematics which is sometimes labelled social constructivism by those who see it as an unwarranted intrusion of social considerations in mathematical practice. Modern uses In contemporary society, social often refers to the Redistribution ... in the public interest , for example, social security . Policy concerns then include the problems of social exclusion and social cohesion . Here, social contrasts with Privacy private and to the distinction ... to resources and attention. The social domain is often also contrasted with that of physical nature ... in order to explain social behavior in terms of biology biological factors. The term social is also added in various other academic sub disciplines such as social geography , social psychology , social anthropology , social philosophy , social ontology , social statistics and social choice theory in mathematics. See also Phronetic social science Sociology Social neuroscience Social psychology Social support Social undermining References reflist External links Wiktionary http www.springerlink.com ... more details
about the academic journal the academic study of word structure Morphology linguistics italictitle Infobox journal title Word Structure cover File Word Structure cover.gif discipline Linguistics website http www.eupjournals.com journal word link1 http www.euppublishing.com loi word link1 name Archives publisher Edinburgh University Press country United Kingdom abbreviation history 2008 present frequency Twice yearly ISSN 1750 1245 eISSN 1755 2036 Jstor OCLC 276359739 LCCN Word Structure is an international academic journal covering linguistic morphology and all related disciplines. It is published twice yearly, in April and October, by Edinburgh University Press and was founded in 2008 under the editorship of Laurie Bauer Victoria University of Wellington , Heinz Giegerich University of Edinburgh , and Greg Stump University of Kentucky . The journal is both synchronic and diachronic and empirical and theoretical. Clarify date January 2010 It aims to understand the nature of words, particularly their morphology linguistics morphology , syntax and phonology , as well as the social and psychological aspects of language, amongst others goals. ref http www.euppublishing.com journal word Word Structure Journal description. Retrieved on 2010 01 21. ref References reflist External links Official http www.eupjournals.com journal word Category Linguistics journals Category Publications established in 2008 Category Biannual journals Category English language journals Category Edinburgh University Press academic journals ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 A character structure is a system of relatively permanent traits that are manifested in the specific ways that an individual relates and reacts to others, to various kinds of stimuli, and to the environment. On the other hand, a child whose nurture and or education are not ideal, living in a treacherous environment and interacting with adults who do not take the long ... to avoid the challenges put forth by a malign social environment. The means that the child ... or her own interests, when interacting with people in a more ideal social context. Major trauma that occurs ... within a given society and adapt to its mode of production and social norms, see social character ... structure from two associates students of Freud, S ndor Ferenczi and Wilhelm Reich . It is Reich who really developed the concept from Ferenczi, and added to it an exploration of character structure as it applies to body structure and development as well mental life. Reich For Wilhelm Reich , character ... specific needs The schizoid structure, which could result in full blown schizophrenia this is the result ... body and mind with this structure. The oral structure from deprivation of warmth and milk from the mother, around age 1. The oral structure adopts an attitude of you do it for me, because you didn t nurture ..., as if to say, I can t get it for myself. The psychopath or upwardly displaced structure this wound ... and attempts to overpower from above. This structure has variations, depending on the admixture with prior ..., with schizoid. The masochist structure this wound occurs when the parent refuses to allow the child ..., but instead shamed or denied. This structure seeks to prove to the parents and others that the child is worthy of love. The rigid structure is often beautifully harmonious, but there is a physical ... aware of their emotions, which are strong, yet buried. The rigid structure has many substructures ..., and these blocks to some degree resemble armour, it is only the rigid structure that truly has what ... more details
In sociology and especially the sociology of religion sociological study of religion , plausibility structures are the sociocultural contexts or bases of systems of meaning, action, or belief s which are basic and tend to remain unquestioned by individuals in a given society. The term seems to have been coined by Peter L. Berger , who says he draws his meaning of it from the ideas of Karl Marx , G. H. Mead , and Alfred Schutz The Sacred Canopy , 1967. 45, 192 . For Berger, the relation between plausibility structure and social world is dialectical, the one supporting the other which, in turn, can react back upon the first. Social arrangements may help, say, a certain religious world appear self evident. This religious outlook may then help to shape the arrangements that contributed to its rise. See also Lifeworld Base and superstructure Sociology of knowledge Episteme Belief revision References Peter L. Berger . The Sacred Canopy Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion . New York Doubleday, 1967. The Sacred Canopy published in the UK as The Social Reality of Religion . London Faber & Faber, 1969 Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann . The Social Construction of Reality A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge . New York Doubleday, 1966. James W. Sire, Naming the elephant worldview as a concept , InterVarsity Press, 2004, ISBN 083082779X, p.112 113 http hirr.hartsem.edu ency Plausibility.htm PLAUSIBILITY , Encyclopedia of Religion and Society socio stub Category Sociology of religion Category Belief ... more details
The Structure of Liberty is a book by legal theory legal theorist Randy Barnett which offers a Libertarianism libertarian theory of law and politics. Barnett calls his theory the liberal conception of justice , emphasizing the relationship between Libertarian theories of law legal libertarianism and classical liberalism . Barnett argues that private adjudication and enforcement of law, with market forces eliminating inefficiencies and inequities, is the only legal system that can provide adequate solutions to the problems of interest, power, and knowledge. Barnett uses the term polycentric law polycentric constitutional order for anarcho capitalism ref Hans Hermann Hoppe Hoppe, Hans Hermann , http www.lewrockwell.com hoppe hoppe5.html Anarcho Capitalism An Annotated Bibliography ref in his argument in favor of this philososphy. Problems in Human Interaction Barnett s argument for the liberal conception focuses on three problems of human interaction the problem of knowledge each individual has unique knowledge about his or her own interests and situation and about how resources can best be used. the problem of interest each individual has self interests which can be coordinated through the creation of decentralized property rights. the problem of power given that those with the power ... in order for individuals to be able to pursue their happiness under conditions of social peace ... can best be solved by a form of social organization that respects the liberal conception of justice ... mechanisms instead the state ones. References reflist Bibliography The Structure of Liberty . Oxford ... website of The Structure of Liberty http books.google.com.ec books?id 53 PAAAAMAAJ&q The Structure of Liberty&dq The Structure of Liberty&ei ju2 Sq76FI34Nanr0fIP The Structure of Liberty Justice and the Rule of Law , review in Google Books DEFAULTSORT Structure Of Liberty Category Libertarianism ... book stub es The Structure of Liberty ... more details
A complex structure may refer to Almost complex manifold Complex manifold Linear complex structure Complex data structure See also Real structure disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2010 File Cabana structure .jpg thumb 300px right A cabana in Ayampe, Manab Province, Ecuador . A cabana or caba a is a structure of either of these types an indigenous hut or a recreational structure . Indigenous hut A small Hut dwelling hut built with a thatched roof , most commonly built in tropical climate s near natural bodies of water. Recreational structure A temporary, seasonal, or permanent free standing shade structure with adjustable curtain s or shades and or decorative drapes or solid walls all on one or more sides. These are often adjacent to swimming pool s at resort s and hotel s, and in private garden s. Urban luxury hotel s, such as the Mondrian Hotel and Beverly Hills Hotel in Los Angeles, have semi permanent ensembles of cabanas on the grounds or on a Roof garden rooftop terrace that offer outdoor privacy, and can acquire some social cachet. Materials A cabana can be fabricated from a variety of materials and in sizes. Cabana frames can be made of aluminum or steel with a polyester powder coat paint or other durable finish treated wood or composite construction grade plastics. Roofs or top covers, side walls, and curtains can made of exterior grade fabrics, thatched materials, prefabricated panels of lumber, and or translucent glass lucite type plastic. Additional features More elaborate cabanas can include utilities such as power, communications and entertainment connections, potable water , and or natural gas. Accessories can include lighting, ceiling fan s, outdoor space heaters, entertainment equipment, cold hot food appliances, and partitions for dressing rooms and minor storage. Furnishings can range from simple patio furniture to more designed outdoor furnishings. br Citation needed date June 2010 See also Cabana boy Canopy building Canopy Gazebo Category Huts Category Pavilions Category Coastal construction Category Garden features Category Swimming pools Category Backyards it Cabana ... more details
structure ref name ComSocBio cite journal author M. Girvan and M. E. J. Newman year 2002 title Community structure in social and biological networks journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA pmid 12060727 ... structure. Why are we interested in it? Community structures are quite common in real networks. Social ...In the study of complex network s, a network is said to have community structure if the nodes of the network ... to each other. What is community structure? Image Network Community Structure.svg right thumb A sketch of a small Complex networks network displaying community structure , with three ... of Complex networks networks , such as computer and information networks, social networks or biological ... ref . In the context of networks, community structure refers to the occurrence of groups of nodes ... cases. Not all networks need display community structure. Many model networks, for example, such as the Erd s ... ideal for finding community structure in general networks since it will find communities regardless of whether they are implicit in the structure, and it will find only a fixed number of them. ref cite journal author M. E. J. Newman year 2004 title Detecting community structure in networks journal ... community structure in networks journal Phys. Rev. E volume 69 issue 6 pages 066133 doi 10.1103 ... and A. Arenas year 2005 title Comparing community structure identification journal J. Stat. Mech ... an overlapping community structure . One approach is to find the maximal cliques , that is find ... implemented in social network analysis software such as UCInet. The alternative approach to is to use ... or a structure which is a generalisation of the line graph Generalizations line graph the case ... structure of complex networks in nature and society journal Nature pmid 15944704 volume 435 issue ... approach to detecting community structure is the maximization of Surprise networks Surprise S ref ... network community structure by Surprise journal PLoS ONE volume 6 issue 9 pages e24195 url http www.plosone.org ... more details
Refimprove date July 2006 Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Sociologist s, economist s, and geographer s have developed several models, explaining where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting. Three models are described in this article. Urban structure can also refer to the Urban spatial structure urban spatial structure , which concerns the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility. Grid model main Grid plan The grid plan, grid street plan or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. In the context of the culture of Ancient Greece , the grid plan is called Hippodamian plan. Zonal model main Concentric ring model This model was the first to explain distribution of social groups within urban areas. Based on one single city, Chicago , it was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess ref Burgess E.W. 1924 The growth of the city an introduction to a research project Publications of the American Sociological .... Sectoral model main Sector model A second theory of urban structure was proposed in 1939 by an economist named Homer Hoyt . ref Hoyt H 1939 The structure and growth of residential neighborhoods in American ... Academy of Political and Social Science 242 7 17 ref According to this model, a city contains more ... defined as urban open space in land use planning. Road structure The arrangement of streets and large ... regions of the world. The structure of the roads themselves is usually representative of the dominant ... structure is typically found in List of metropolitan areas in Europe European cities . Medieval ... a hybrid of the central nucleus structure and the grid structure. In Southwestern cities such as Phoenix, Arizona Phoenix , this grid structure is astoundingly apparent in http maps.google.com maps ...&t k&z 12&om 0 aerial photographs of the urban area. References references DEFAULTSORT Urban Structure ... more details
Cell structure may refer to An organelle , or the layout of organelles of the biological cell itself The structure of a covert cell , often involved in underground resistance, organised crime, terrorism or any group requiring stealth in its operations In mathematics, the structure of a cell complex disambig ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 bot yes An abstract structure in mathematics is a formal object that is defined by a set of laws, properties, and relationships in a way that is logically if not always historically independent of the structure of contingent experiences, for example, those involving physical objects. Abstract structures are studied not only in logic and mathematics but in the fields that apply them, as computer science , and in the studies that reflect on them, as philosophy and especially the philosophy of mathematics . Indeed, modern mathematics has been defined in a very general sense as the study of abstract structures by the Nicolas Bourbaki Bourbaki group see discussion there, at algebraic structure and also structure category theory structure . An abstract structure may be represented perhaps with some degree of approximation by one or more physical objects this is called an implementation or instantiation of the abstract structure. But the abstract structure itself is defined in a way that is not dependent on the properties of any particular implementation. An abstract structure has a richer structure than a concept or an idea . An abstract structure must include precise rules of behaviour which can be used to determine whether a candidate implementation actually matches the abstract structure in question. Thus we may debate how well a particular government fits ... is or is not a valid game of chess. Examples A sorting algorithm is an abstract structure, but a recipe ... is an abstract structure, but an orchestration is not, because it depends on the properties of particular instruments. Euclidean geometry is an abstract structure, but the theory of continental drift is not, because it depends on the geology of the Earth . A formal language is an abstract structure ... Formal science s Mathematical structure math stub Category Abstraction Category Mathematical terminology Category Structure da Abstrakt begreb lt Abstrakti strukt ra th tr Soyut yap ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
