Somali can refer to Somali people , ethnic group who inhabit the Horn of Africa Somali Peninsula Somali language Somali clan , social grouping of the Somali people Somali Region , in Ethiopia Somali cat , breed of cat Republic of Somalia HMS Somali , the British destroyer disambig da Somali de Somali fr Somali homonymie hy id Somali it Somali nl Somali ja pl Somali ujednoznacznienie pt Somali ru sh Somali fi Somali sv Somali uk ... more details
Ministry of Irrigation may refer to Ministry of Irrigation Syria , the ministry of irrigation of Syria . Ministry of Water Resources Iraq , also called, Ministry of Irrigation , the ministry of irrigation of Iraq . disambig Template Longcomment added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. ... more details
In the United States an irrigation district is a cooperative, self governing public corporation set up as a subdivision of the State government, with definite geographic boundaries, organized, and having taxing power to obtain and distribute water for irrigation of lands within the district created under the authority of a State legislature with the consent of a designated fraction of the landowners or citizens. It is a Legal personality legal entity created by statute in order to develop large irrigation projects. ref http www.ext.colostate.edu pubs Crops 04717.html ref These districts have the power to tax, borrow, and condemn. ref http www.sphinxlegal.com glossary i 3.html?page 4&option com glossary&func display&letter 4&Itemid 2&catid 1 ref See also Canal Deficit irrigationIrrigation District Act of 1916 Smith Act List of canals in the United States South San Joaquin Irrigation District U.S. Geological Survey Water district References Text from http pubs.usgs.gov circ 2004 circ1268 htdocs text glossary.html U.S. Geological Survey USGS . References External links http uscode.house.gov download pls 43C13.txt Federal lands included in state irrigation districts http www.archive.org stream nevadairrigation00nevarich nevadairrigation00nevarich djvu.txt The Nevada Irrigation District Act DEFAULTSORT Irrigation District Category Irrigation districts Category Types of country subdivisions ... more details
Tidal irrigation is the subsurface irrigation of levee levee soils in coastal plain s with river water under tide tidal influence . It is applied in semi arid climate arid zones at the mouth of a large river estuary or river delta delta where a considerable tidal range some 2 m is present. The discharge hydrology river discharge must be large enough to guarantee a sufficient flow of fresh water into the sea so that no salt water intrusion occurs in the river mouth. The irrigation is effectuated by digging tidal canals from the river shore into the main land that will guide the river water inland at high tide. br For the irrigation to be effective the soil must have a high infiltration capacity to permit the entry of sufficient water in the soil to cover the evapotranspiration demand of the crop. br At low tide, the canals and the soil drain out again, which promotes the aeration of the soil. See also Irrigation in Iran Tidal irrigation at Abadan island, Iran Tidal irrigation at Abadan island, Iran References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Tidal Irrigation Category Land management Category Irrigation Category Hydraulic engineering Category Tides nl Getijdenirrigatie ... more details
Irrigation in Guatemala dates back to the History of Guatemala colonial era , but the most important developments were introduced by multi national fruit companies in the 1920s where they irrigated up to 22,000 ha. Since 1957, the government of Guatemala has planned and executed 27 major irrigation projects covering about 15,300 ha and 2,800 irrigators. During this same time period, private initiatives irrigated another 36,500 ha of traditional crops such as bananas and sugarcane. Between 1979 and 1990, another 2,489 ha of small scale irrigation projects were developed for non traditional products. These projects proved to be very efficient and successful as they utilized low cost spray irrigation methods. As of 1990, there were 76,365 ha under irrigation. During the 1990s, irrigation coverage increased and by 1998, there were 129,803 ha. As of 2002, approximately 169,300 ha were under irrigation. ref name FAO cite web title Country profile Guatemala url http www.fao.org nr water aquastat countries guatemala indexesp.stm author FAO publisher FAO year 2000 pages format accessdate 2010 04 28 ref References Reflist Irrigation by country Category Agriculture in Guatemala Category Geography of Guatemala Category Irrigation by country Guatemala guatemala stub agriculture stub ... more details
advert date December 2010 coi date December 2010 The Irrigation Association IA is a membership organization , founded in 1949, that includes over 2,000 American irrigation companies and professionals in agriculture , landscape and golf . File IA Logo CMYK JPG.jpg thumb right alt Irrigation Association logo Irrigation Association logo Headquartered in Falls Church, Virginia , IA promotes efficient irrigation technologies, products and services in an effort to ensure water is available for irrigation for future generations. Members can include irrigation equipment and system manufacturers, dealers ... classes through its Select Certified program. Certification programs include Certified Irrigation Designer CID Certified Landscape Irrigation Auditor CLIA Certified Golf Irrigation Auditor CGIA Certified Landscape Water Manager CLWM Certified Agricultural Irrigation Specialist CAIS Certified Agricultural Water Manager CAWM IA certified irrigation contractors, landscape turf irrigation designers, and golf and landscape irrigation auditors qualify to become United States Environmental Protection ... ref Certified irrigation designers with a specialty in sprinkler, surface or drip micro qualify ... term goal of accreditation by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies . Education The Irrigation Foundation is a non profit organization created by the Irrigation Association to be the recognized authority on irrigation education . Established more than two decades ago with the simple goal ... the irrigation industry using education that both attracts people into the profession and ensures ... recruitment through programs for both students and industry professionals. Smart Irrigation Month Smart Irrigation Month is a campaign ref http www.epa.gov WaterSense water efficiency sim.html ref by the Irrigation ... to promote smart irrigation practices and technologies to customers. Help water providers minimize ... irrigation plays in providing real solutions to today s water challenges. Representative John ... more details
Irrigation informatics is a newly emerging academic field that is a cross disciplinary science using Information technology informatics to study the information flows and data management related to irrigation ... doi 10.1002 ird.555 pdf , Madramootoo, C.A. and Fyles, H. 2010. Irrigation in the context of today s global food crisis, Irrig. and Drain. 59 40 52 ref and that as irrigation makes up 36 of global ... land for irrigation growth is very limited ref name meyer1 http www.irrigationfutures.org.au news.asp?catID 10&ID 291 , Irrigation Futures CRC media release Improving irrigated agriculture how far can we go? , retrieved Sept. 2010 ref , irrigation efficiency must increase. Since irrigation science is a mature and stable field, irrigation researchers are looking to cross disciplinary science to bring ... social science . Much of the driver for work in the area of irrigation informatics is the perceived success of other informatics fields such as health informatics . Current Research Irrigation informatics is very much a part of the wider research into irrigation wherever information technology ... alternatively be used. This leads to a great number of irrigation informatics articles not using the term irrigation informatics . There are currently no formal publications journals that focus on irrigation ... www.elsevier.com locate compag Computers and electronics in Agriculture or one of the many irrigation science journals such as http www.springerlink.com openurl.asp?genre journal&issn 0342 7188 Irrigation Science . Recent work in the general area of irrigation informatics has mentioned the exact phrase Irrigation Informatics with at least one publication in scientific conference proceedings using ... of Irrigation Decision Support Systems Irrigation Informatics?. In MODSIM 2007 International Congress ... includes specifications for evapotranspiration and other weather parameters that are useful for irrigation and may be used through implementations of irrigation informatics. References reflist ... more details
Refimprove date August 2011 Image dripperwithdrop.gif thumb A Emitter or dripper in action Drip irrigation , also known as trickle irrigation or micro irrigation or localized irrigation , is an irrigation ... tubes which deliver water directly to the base of the plant. History Heda irrigation has been used since .... Modern drip irrigation began its development in Afghanistan in 1866 when researchers began experimenting with irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. ref http www.climate.org climatelab Drip Irrigation ref In 1913, E.B. House at Colorado State University ... pipe was introduced in Germany ref http www.irrigationdirect.com tutorial irrigation view drip irrigation history and benefits expert advice id 6 ref in the 1920s . Image VineyardDrip.JPG 200px thumb Drip irrigation in New Mexico vineyard, 2002 Usage of plastic to hold and distribute water in drip irrigation was developed in Australia by Hannis Thill . ref http www.irrigation.learnabout.info articles 138 drip irrigation system.htm ref Refinement of this idea involving a plastic emitter was furthered ... Drip tape accessdate 2011 07 19 ref Beginning in 1989, Jain irrigation helped pioneer effective water management through drip irrigation in India. ref name Jain Irrigation India cite web url http en.wikipedia.org wiki Jain Irrigation Systems title Jain Irrigation Growth 1989 accessdate 2011 07 19 ref Jain irrigation also introduced the Integrated System Approach , One Stop Shop for Farmers, Infrastructure Status to Drip Irrigation & Farm as Industry. The latest developments in the field involve even further reduction in drip rates being delivered and less tendency to clog. Modern drip irrigation ... sprinkler in the 1930s, which offered the first practical alternative to surface irrigation . Drip irrigation may also use devices called micro spray heads, which spray water in a small area .... Subsurface drip irrigation SDI uses permanently or temporarily buried dripperline or drip tape located ... more details
Infobox Australian Road road name Irrigation Way route image route image2 route image3 photo Pine Avenue.jpg caption Leeton s Main Street which forms part of the Irrigation Way length 88 direction Southeast Northwest start Image A39NSW.png 25px Newell Highway , Narrandera, New South Wales finish Image B94NSW.png 25px Burley Griffin Way , Griffith, New South Wales est through Leeton, New South Wales Leeton , Widgelli, New South Wales Widgelli route exits Image Irrigation Way.png thumb Map of the Irrigation Way Irrigation Way ref cite web title Road & Street Programs publisher Narrandera Shire Council date 2005 06 07 url http www.narrandera.nsw.gov.au roads 1177.html accessdate 2008 05 25 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080720012133 http www.narrandera.nsw.gov.au roads 1177.html Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2008 07 20 ref is a major regional highway that runs approximately 88 kilometres through the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in south western New South Wales , Australia . Irrigation Way runs through three Local Government Areas in Australia Local Government Area s. It begins at the town of Narrandera on the Newell Highway and runs 30 kilometres before reaching Leeton, New .... The Irrigation Way provides a direct route between the national highway network and Griffith, New ... regions of the state as it is the only major road passing through the town. Towns Narrandera Irrigation ... the junction with the Sturt Highway . The Narrandera Airport is also located on the Irrigation Way, 10 km from Narrandera . Irrigation Way reaches the Shire of Leeton, New South Wales Leeton shortly after the airport. Leeton Irrigation Way begins in the Leeton Shire between Narrandera Airport ... is reached. The Yanco CBD is located on Irrigation Way as Main Street. Leeton is located 3 km from Yanco . Leeton s CBD is also found on Irrigation Way. On the southern approach to town there is schools ... the City of Griffith, New South Wales Griffith Local Government Area. Griffith Irrigation Way ... more details
about the Balinese irrigation governing unit the Korean martial art Subak Image Bali panorama.jpg right thumb 250px Subak irrigation system. Subak is the name of irrigation water management irrigation system for paddy field s on Bali island. For Balinese people Balinese , irrigation is not simply providing water for the plant s roots, but water is used to construct a complex, pulsed artificial ecosystem. ref name Lansing1987 cite journal title Balinese Water Temples and the Management of Irrigation last Lansing first J.S. journal American Anthropologist volume 89 issue 2 pages 326&ndash 341 date 1987 doi 10.1525 aa.1987.89.2.02a00030 jstor 677758 ref Paddy fields in Bali were built around water temples and the allocation of water is made by a priest. Subak had been described by Clifford Geertz , but it was J. Stephen Lansing who drew attention to the importance of the traditional system. He was studying Balinese temples, focusing on the water temples, whose importance tended to be overlooked by foreigners. In 1987 Lansing worked with Balinese farmers and agriculture officials to develop computer model s of the subak, demonstrating its effectiveness. Officials finally acknowledged its importance. References div class references small references div Further reading J. Stephen Lansing, Priests and Programmers Technology of Power in the Engineered Landscape of Bali Princeton University Press. Balinese Water Temples Withstand Tests of Time and Technology National Science Foundation http www.artsci.wustl.edu anthro research Lansing 201996.htm Simulation Modeling of Balinese Irrigation extract by J. Stephen Lansing 1996 The Impact of the Green Revolution and Capitalized Farming on the Balinese Water Temple System by Jonathan Sepe 2000 . Literature review. Direct Water Democracy ... Category Indonesian culture Category Natural history of Indonesia Category Irrigation Category Irrigation canals Category Sustainability by country agri stub de Subak Bew sserungsgemeinschaft ... more details
Irrigation scheduling is the process used by irrigation system managers to determine the correct frequency and duration of watering. The following factors may be taken into consideration Precipitation rate of the irrigation equipment how quickly the water is applied, often expressed in inches or mm per hour. Distribution uniformity of the irrigation system how uniformly the water is applied, expressed as a percentage, the higher the number, the more uniform. infiltration hydrology Soil infiltration rate how quickly the water is absorbed by the soil, the rate of which also decreases as the soil becomes wetter, also often expressed in inches or mm per hour. Slope topography of the land being irrigated as this affects how quickly surface runoff runoff occurs, often expressed as a percentage, i.e. distance of fall divided by 100 units of horizontal distance 1 ft of fall per convert 100 ft m abbr on would be 1 . Soil available water capacity , expressed in units of water per unit of soil, i.e. ... in inches per day. Amount of time in which water or labor may be available for irrigation. Amount .... The goal in irrigation scheduling is to apply enough water to fully wet the plant s root zone while ... is allowable. In recent years, more sophisticated irrigation controllers have been developed that receive ... adjust the irrigation schedule accordingly. When properly set up and maintained, these controllers ... . 1 Other devices helpful in irrigation scheduling are rain sensors, which automatically shut off an irrigation system when it rains, and soil moisture sensing devices such as capacitance sensors, tensiometers and gypsum blocks. For more information and advice on irrigation scheduling see www.irrigationworld2000.com ... Nonlimiting water range Time Domain Reflectometer Irrigation in viticulture References http www.irrigation.org SWAT Irrigation Association Smart Water Application Technology site with generic information on smart controllers Category Irrigation Category Land management Category Agricultural soil science ... more details
refimprove date April 2011 An irrigation controller is a device to operate automatic irrigation systems such as lawn sprinkler s and drip irrigation systems. Most controllers have a means of setting the frequency of irrigation, the start time, and the duration of watering. Some controllers have additional features such as multiple programs to allow different watering frequencies for different types of plants, rain delay settings, input terminals for sensors such as rain and freeze rain sensor sensor s, soil moisture sensors , weather data, remote operation, etc. There are two basic types of controllers, electric and hydraulic . Most automatic irrigation valves are diaphragm valve s in which the water above the diaphragm must be discharged for the valve to open. In a hydraulic system, the controller and valves are connected via small plastic tubes approximately 4 mm in in diameter. The controller opens the tube connected to the valve, allowing that valve to open. Most newer systems employ electromechanical or electronic controllers. In this scenario, the controller is connected to an electrical ... controllers that allow irrigation schedules to be automatically adjusted according to the weather have ... cyber rain wate.html ref . With approximately half of potable water in urban areas being used for irrigation ... of irrigation controllers domestic ones for gardening applications, and professional controllers ... open close zones based on a time duration, without any feedback from the irrigation process, professional irrigation controllers can irrigate based on volume quantities defined in cubic meters Gallons ... the irrigation process if deviation from the zone s flow rate is detected This mechanism is called Flow monitoring , and can prevent irrigation when a burst is occurring in the main line or in the zone ... by sending an SMS or a message to a central control. The use of smart professional irrigation ... Category Gardening aids Category Irrigation ... more details
File Irrigation canal digging Afghanistan.JPG thumb Afghanistan Afghan farmers digging an irrigation canal, 2005 Surface irrigation is defined as the group of application techniques where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity. It is by far the most common form of irrigation .... Surface irrigation is often referred to as flood irrigation, implying that the water distribution is uncontrolled and therefore, inherently inefficient. In reality, some of the irrigation practices grouped under this name involve a significant degree of management for example surge irrigation . Surface irrigation comes in three major types level basin, furrow and border strip. The process The process of surface irrigation can be described using four phases. As water is applied to the top end ... on the soil surface. Basin irrigation Image LevelBasinFloodIrrigation.JPG thumb Level basin flood irrigation on wheat Level basin irrigation has historically been used in small areas having level ... is drained from the basin. Basin irrigation is favoured in soils with relatively low infiltration ..., G.V. title Surface irrigation Theory and practice publisher Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs ... that are more appropriate for mechanised broadacre cropping. Basin irrigation is commonly used in the production of crops such as rice and wheat . Furrow irrigation Image SiphonTubes.JPG thumb Furrow irrigation system using siphon tubes Image GatedPipe.JPG thumb Gated pipe supply system Furrow irrigation is conducted by creating small parallel channels along the field length in the direction ... for runoff losses. Furrow irrigation is particularly suited to broad acre row crops such as cotton .... In most cases the performance of furrow irrigation can be improved through increasing the speed ... rates or through the practice of surge irrigation. Increasing the advance rate not only improves the uniformity but also reduces the total volume of water required to complete the irrigation. Surge irrigation ... more details
Infobox irrigation country Brazil land area 8,459,000 km sup 2 sup agricultural land 31 equipped area 4.4 irrigated area 3,500,000 ha systems unbulleted list Flood irrigation 42 Furrow irrigation 6 Sprinkler irrigation 22 Central pivot irrigation 23 Localized irrigation 6 share 8 1998 sources Surface water 95 tariff 3.51 to 24.58 USD per 1,000 m investment Irrigation in Brazil has been developed through the use of different models. Public involvement in irrigation is relatively new while private investment has traditionally been responsible for irrigation development. Private irrigation predominates ... available for agriculture, only about 3.5 million ha are currently under irrigation, although ... with water resources Brazil Labelled Map float right 200px Although irrigation methods in Brazil may be considered modern compared to those of other countries in the region, gravity irrigation ... use localized irrigation, i.e., drip and or micro sprinkling systems. ref name IrrigationReview cite ... Rendered PDF multi page.pdf title Brazil Irrigation Subsector Review author World Bank publisher ... considered a country rich in water. However, Brazil s hydro climatic regions and irrigation systems vary widely. In the South , frosty conditions in winter have limited irrigation mainly to summer flooding of lowlands for rice production. In the milder Southeast , irrigation in winter has made double ... and South where irrigation development and water consumption for industry and municipal use have been ... cerrado areas of the Center West are well suited to center pivot and self propelled irrigation systems ... severely limited water resources compared with the other regions. Most irrigation projects depend ... name IrrigationReview Most of Brazil s humid tropics are in the North . Irrigation needs in that region ... mm y. The area affected by salinity as a result of improper irrigation is estimated at 15,000 ... cite web url http www.swwrc.wsu.edu newsletter fall2001 IrrImpact2.pdf title Environmental Impact of Irrigation ... more details
This page shows statistics statistical data on irrigation of agricultural lands world wide. br Irrigation ... in 2003 ref name ICID International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage ICID . Download ... land area Area per application method at field level 94 of the application methods of irrigation water at field level is of the category surface irrigation , ref name ICID whereby the water is spread ... energy , expensive hydraulic pressure techniques and pipe systems like Irrigation Sprinkler sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation , for the major part in the USA. The source of irrigation water in these cases ... with surface irrigation at field level. Image Campos de arroz en el Bajo Piura 1.jpg thumb 250px right Basin irrigation for a rice crop Image Terrace field yunnan china denoised.jpg thumb 250px ... irrigation In relatively small areas one applies subirrigation whereby the water infiltrates into the soil below the soil surface from pipes or ditches. This category includes tidal irrigation used ... of tidal irrigation, drainage and reclamation of salinized land under date palms in Abadan Island, Iran ... methods like irrigation with watering cans and by filling dug in porous pots pitcher irrigation from where the water enters the soil by capillary suction. Surface irrigation can be divided into the following ... through the inlet ref name Walker Wynn R. Walker, 2007. Irrigation Surface . In Stanley W. Trimble ...&pg PA678&lpg PA678&dq ref spate irrigation ref http www.spate irrigation.org librar librarhome.htm Library on spate irrigation ref in Pakistan called Rod Koh , which may occur in hilly regions ... and intensity of the flood. The Irrigation of alluvial fans Khuzdar sailaba system in Baluchistan .... 10, or directly as PDF http www.waterlog.info pdf baluchistan.pdf ref flood plain irrigation , which ... www.waterlog.info pdf molapos.pdf ref Surface irrigation Bay border strip irrigation border strip irrigation , in which the water moves over a graded strip of land with a mild slope and the water infiltrates ... more details
Irrigation is the artificial exploitation and distribution of water at project level aiming at application ... of irrigation water at project level. History Expand section date March 2012 Scholars such as Julian H. Steward and Karl August Wittfogel have seen the management of irrigation as a crucial factor ... physical elements of an irrigation project are land and water . In accordance with the propriety ... and Social Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects a Review . In Annual Report 1988, International ... of irrigation projects occurred at a mild pace, ref Bruce Sundquist, 2007. Chapter 1 Irrigation ..., which is about 1 5 of the present area see Irrigation statistics . The land was often private property ... management. Utility type Image Sudan Gezira Plain 1997.jpg thumb Irrigation canals of the Gezira ... 1900 governments assumed more influence over irrigation because ref name Oos water was increasingly ... availability governments embarked on large scale irrigation projects as they were considered more efficient the development of new irrigation schemes became technically, financially and organizationally .... The water management signified a large subsidy on irrigation schemes. From 1980 the operation and maintenance of many irrigation projects was gradually handed over to water user organizations WUA s who ..., mainly because Environmental impact of irrigation environmental protection and safety issues ... See also Water pricing Tariffs Irrigation water has a price by which the management costs must ... and Water Pricing for Irrigation and Drainage Projects . Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion ... of management in traditional irrigation systems Yearly area tariff, a fixed price per ha per year ... per ha falls in a higher block. The use of groundwater for irrigation is often license d by government ..., J. and S.H. Johnson III. 1997. Participatory Irrigation Management Benefits and Second Generation Problems. International Irrigation Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. ref 67 ... more details
Cleanup date February 2010 Unreferenced date February 2010 Spate irrigation from the English word spate , meaning a. a flood or inundation. b. a river flooding its banks uses Flooding seasonal floods of rivers, streams, ponds and lakes to fill water storage canals. If irrigation is the manipulation of water for use in Agriculture growing crops , spate irrigation is perhaps the most ancient method devised. Records of basic spate irrigation engineering can be traced back beyond recorded history and include the Ancient Egyptian diversion of the Nile River for storage at times of heavy rainfall for use in the dryer times of the year. In spate irrigation, water is diverted from normally dry river beds when the river is in spate. The flood water is then diverted to the fields. This may be done by free intakes, by diversion spurs or by bunds, that are built across the river bed. The flood water, typically lasting a few hours or a few days, is channeled through a network of primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary flood channels. Command areas may range from anything between a few hectare s to over convert 25,000 ha . Spate water management is substantially unique What date March 2012 to arid and semi arid regions, typically in underdeveloped countries in the Middle East , North Africa , West Asia , East Africa and parts of Latin America . Spate irrigation systems require huge management efforts to control and optimize the flow of water. Because fast moving water is capable of moving very large amounts of sediment , the heights of river banks and the composition of their beds can change rapidly. Diverting the flow of a powerful force which is capable of moving Rock geology rock s, soil ... programs to support spate irrigation has been relatively limited. One reason has been the difficulty ... Koh Spate irrigation in Pakistan Irrigation of alluvial fans Khuzdar Surface irrigation External links http www.spate irrigation.org librar librarhome.htm Library on spate irrigation Category Irrigation ... more details
Orphan date February 2011 Although it is a country of high annual rainfall, Irrigation in Vietnam is widespread. The reason is the uneven distribution of rainwater in space and in time. Irrigation management ... Integrated Water Resources Management principles. History of the Irrigation Sector Infobox irrigation ... equipped area 25.27 irrigated area 83,400 km sup 2 sup sources Surface water, Groundwater tariff Irrigation Service Fees ISF dependent on crop type and irrigation pattern since 2008 abolished Agricultural land under irrigation past and present trends Vietnam is one of the largest rice exporter since ... Status Report full.pdf year 2008 pages 1 190 accessdate December, 2010 ref Irrigation Infrastructure ... there has been a total investment of the Vietnamese Government of 125 trillion VND in irrigation ... 100 large to medium scale hydraulic works. Furthermore, there are more than 8000 other irrigation systems e.g. reservoir s, weir s, irrigation and drainage gates and Pumping Station pumping stations . The main irrigation form used is paddy field irrigation. ref name Kellog Whereas gravity irrigation is widely distributed in the Mekong region, in the Central North and coastal regions 3 5 of total irrigation schemes . Irrigation utilizing pumps electric or with oil engines is mainly located in the delta regions 2 3 of total . The other irrigation forms are informal non governmental systems ... and rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage schemes. ref name Review1996 cite web ... Proposals 1995 2000 class wikitable Project Investment in US Millions Red River Irrigation & Development 95 Central Region Irrigation Rehabilitation and Completion 86 Tan Chi Pumping Station, Ha Bac Province 10 Bac Vam Nao System, An Giang Province 9 Trang Vinh Irrigation System, Quang Ninh Province 13 southern Mang Thit Irrigation Scheme, Mekong Delta 108 Secondary Chanels, Mekong Delta 99 Quang Le Phug Hiep Irrigation Scheme 40 Northern Province Sea Levee Rehabilitation and Upgrading 26 ... more details
Deficit irrigation DI is a watering strategy that can be applied by different types of irrigation application ... English, M., 1990 . http dx.doi.org 10.1061 ASCE 0733 9437 1990 116 3 399 Deficit Irrigation. I Analytical ... jxb.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 58 2 147 Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural ... term irrigation supply. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 15, 247 267. ref DI is sometimes referred to as incomplete supplemental irrigation or regulated DI. Definition Deficit irrigation DI has been reviewed and defined ... Deficit irrigation as an on farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agric. Water Manage 96, 1275 1284 ref blockquote Deficit irrigation is an Process optimization optimization strategy in which irrigation is applied during drought sensitive growth stages of a crop. Outside these periods, irrigation is limited or even unnecessary if rainfall provides a minimum ... the vegetative stages and the late ripening period. Total irrigation application is therefore not proportional to irrigation requirements throughout the crop cycle. While this inevitably results in plant drought stress and consequently in production loss, DI maximizes irrigation water productivity ... wheat, rice, cotton and maize. Agric. Water Manage 69, 115 133. ref Experiences with deficit irrigation ... highland environment Effect of early sowing with supplemental irrigation. Agric. Water Manage 82, 399 ... University Press, Leuven, Belgium, p. 81 101. ref Experiments in Turkey and India indicated that the irrigation ... irrigation to stabilize yields of quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Willd. . Eur. J. Agron. 28, 427 436. ref Yields could be stabilized at around 1.6 tons per hectare by supplementing irrigation water if rainwater was lacking during the plant establishment and reproductive stages. Applying irrigation water throughout the whole season full irrigation reduced the water productivity. Also in viticulture and fruit ... Mangifera indica L. cv. Chok Anan under different irrigation regimes. Agric. Water Manage 96, 574 ... more details
File Grape vines02.jpg right thumb 300px A vineyard with a drip irrigation system running along the bottom of the vines The role of irrigation in viticulture is considered both controversial and essential ... allow the vineyard to maintain its terroir characteristics. The practice of irrigation is viewed by some ... wine yields that can be artificially increased with irrigation. ref name Oxford pg 236 263, et ... dry climates that receive little rainfall, irrigation is considered essential to any viticultural prospects ... regularly practice irrigation in areas that couldn t otherwise support viticulture. Advances and research ... shown that potential wine quality could increase in areas where irrigation is kept to a minimum and managed ... down. The availability of irrigation means that if drought conditions emerge, sufficient water can ... Advances in irrigation has allowed viticulture to flourish in very dry climates that might not otherwise be able to sustain grapevines such as parts of Australia. The practice of irrigation has had ..., with irrigation canals discovered near vineyard sites in Armenia and Egypt dating back more than 2600 years. ref name Oxford pg 236 263, et al Irrigation was already widely practice for other ... article.php?qs article id 46&qs language EN&qs section MA What is Irrigation? Accessed January 10, 2010 ref It is possible that the knowledge of irrigation helped viticulture spread from these areas ..., the availability of irrigation meant that viticulture could still be supported. ref name ... and Israel were greatly enhanced by advances in irrigation. With the development of more cost efficient ... or supplemental irrigation could be used to increase potential wine quality by influence ... to where individual irrigation regimes could be plotted for each vineyard that maximized the benefits ... date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref Factors influencing irrigation File Surface water cycle.svg left ... s water supply. These areas may need to utilize supplemental irrigation. There are essentially two main ... more details
Infobox irrigation country Peru land area 1,280,000 km sup 2 sup agricultural land 17 equipped area 27.7 irrigated area 12,000 km sup 2 sup systems unbulleted list Surface irrigation 11,000 km sup 2 sup Sprinkler irrigation 1,200 km sup 2 sup Localized irrigation 700 km sup 2 sup efficiency 35 share sources Surface water tariff 2.2 25.6 USD ha investment Water resources and irrigation infrastructure ... of Peru s irrigation infrastructure due to private and public investment aimed at increasing agricultural ... irrigation systems, are home to the majority of Peru s poor, many of whom rely on subsistence or small ... at addressing key challenges in the irrigation sector like increasing water stress, competing interests, deteriorating water quality, poor efficiency of irrigation, drainage systems including low technology ... of glaciers since 1850 glacier retreat . History of the irrigation sector Agricultural land under irrigation past and present trends Agriculture in Peru dates back more than 5,000 years when the Chavin culture built simple irrigation systems and canal networks north of Lima . By the 15th and 16th centuries, the Inca Empire boasted an advanced irrigation systems, supplying water to 700,000 hectares ... hydraulic infrastructure, including dams, and irrigation and drainage systems, producing an increase of the land under irrigation mostly in the coastal region. ref name INRENA cite web author Comisi n ... of Peru s cultivated hectares have some irrigation infrastructure available. However, only 1.2 million hectares are actually irrigated each year due to poor performance of irrigation systems. ref name ... in Peru s irrigation sector with the creation of the Mining and Water Engineering Body 1904 and the Hydrological Service 1911 . However, it was not until the 1920s that the first large scale State irrigation ... impact agrarian reform irrigation peru publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 9780521232265 ref Public investment in irrigation in 1905 accounted for 8.7 of the total, reaching 18.62 in 1912, a trend ... more details
Infobox irrigation country Colombia land area 1,109,500 km sup 2 sup agricultural land 38 equipped area 16.3 irrigated area 900,000 ha systems unbulleted list Sprinkler irrigation 37,271 ha Localized irrigation 6,036 ha share 11.5 2007 est. sources tariff investment 19 million USD 1991 1997 Irrigation in Colombia has been an integral part of Colombia s agricultural and rural development in the 20th Century. Public investment in irrigation has been especially prominent in the first half ... to devolve irrigation management responsibility to water users associations. Irrigation management ... tasks in certain irrigation districts. Colombia has approximately 900,000 hectares of irrigated ... is irrigated through gravity irrigation systems. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization ... to expand land under irrigation due to high rainfall and fertile volcanic soil creating conditions favorable for a wide range of crops. Efficiency of irrigation systems is in general very low in the country ... change. History of the irrigation sector Agricultural land under irrigation past and present trends ... Private irrigation investment in Colombia effects of violence, macroeconomic policy and environmental ... 10 , of which was equipped with irrigation or drainage facilities. ref name Garces Restrepo ... land, was actually irrigated. The private sector financed approximately two thirds of the irrigation ... potential to expand land under irrigation. ref name Garces Restrepo cite web url http dlc.dlib.indiana.edu archive 00001042 00 s Current.pdf title Impacts of Colombia s current irrigation management ... Irrigation Management Institute year 1998 pages 1, 5 6 accessdate 2008 08 08 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref Institutional Development At the beginning of the centuray, irrigation development was largely driven by the Colombian government. Public investment on irrigation infrastructure ..., and built the irrigation systems of Ramada, Coello, Tolima Coello , Salda a, Colombia Salda a ... more details
Infobox irrigation country Mexico land area 1,909,000 km agricultural land 56 equipped area 22.9 irrigated area 55,000 km systems unbulleted list Surface irrigation 58,000 km Sprinkler irrigation 3,100 km Localized irrigation 1,400 km share 50 sources Surface water 67 and groundwater ... of 2 million square kilometres, 23 of which is equipped for irrigation irrigated agriculture. The agricultural ... in the water sector aimed to introduce modern water management and irrigation. Development Infrastructure Of the 62,000 square kilometres with irrigation facilities in Mexico, about 42,000 km ..., namely irrigation districts Distritos de Riego DR . The remaining 29,000 km sup 2 sup are distributed among more than 30 thousand small size communal and irrigation units Unidades de Riego UR . The average plot size is relatively small, less than 1 ha is common, particularly in the irrigation ... individual land holdings, may surpass 500ha. Irrigation infrastructure and irrigated area clear ... The most important irrigation projects in Mexico are Culiacan River Culiac n Humaya River Humaya San ... International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage title Country Profile Mexico work ICID url http ... km3 of yearly renewable groundwater including an estimate of 15 km2 of induced replenishment in the irrigation ... of the irrigated land is located. ref name Tsur cite book author Tsur, Yecov title Pricing Irrigation ... gRHnRHkl28gC&pg PA90&lpg PA90&dq irrigation water tariffs in Mexico accessdate March 21, 2008 publisher Resources for the Future isbn 9781891853760 year 2004 ref In 1995, 61, 2 km3 were used for irrigation ... through excessive irrigation with waters high in salt. As a result, desertification is spreading throughout the region. ref name Tsur Ineffective irrigation has generated salinization and drainage problems in 384,163 ha in a total drained are of 5,203,346. ref name FAO1 History Irrigation development ... cane and cotton. After the creation of the National Irrigation Commission in 1926, the irrigated ... more details
Infobox irrigation country Bolivia land area 1,084 km sup 2 sup agricultural land 34 equipped area 3.9 irrigated area 226,500 ha systems unbulleted list Surface irrigation 128,000 ha Sprinkler irrigation 300 ha share 14 2000 2004 sources Surface water tariff 0.05 US m sup 3 sup investment Bolivia Bolivia s government considers irrigation irrigated agriculture as a major contributor to better ... a major institutional reform in the water resources management and particularly in the irrigation sector ... and traditional knowledge on water resources management and irrigation, iii granting and registering water rights, iv increasing efficiency of irrigation infrastructure, v enhancing water quality ... US 432 million and 30 of national exports. According to the Irrigation Vice Ministry, the agricultural ... para Vivir Bien PND . Irrigation is a major component of the PND since it plays a fundamental role in increasing ... 2010 bot H3llBot ref Particularly, and according to the Water Ministry, irrigation contributes .... ref name Plan Nacional de Riego Irrigation development Irrigation infrastructure Bolivia has .... There are about 5,000 irrigation systems in Bolivia, most of them located in the South and Southwestern areas Valles and Altiplano . These irrigation systems consist of rudimentary web of canals supplied ... ref Overall efficiency of irrigation systems varies from 18 to 30 in traditional systems to 35 ... thumb Map of the departments of Bolivia Irrigation systems by Department, size and area class wikitable ... map.png right framed Map of Bolivia from the CIA World Factbook . Irrigation accounts for 94 of water ... Environmental impacts of irrigation The main impacts of irrigated agriculture in Bolivia are soil ... Giundale History of the irrigation sector Agricultural land past and present trends Image Llama en ... titling , agricultural research and extension, and irrigation infrastructure. As a result, the agricultural ... development. The absence of new production and irrigation technologies left farmers with limited ... more details
inappropriate tone date March 2010 refimprove date March 2010 Image Irrigation sprinklers uninstalled.jpg thumb right An underground sprinkler system about to be installed Irrigation sprinklers are sprinklers used on farms, golf courses, and yards, to provide water to vegetation and plants in the event of drought . They may also be used for recreation, as a cooling system, or to keep down the amount of airborne dust. Types Industrial Image Sprinkler irrigation.jpg right thumb Irrigation sprinkler File Irrigational sprinkler.jpg thumb An oscillating sprinkler watering a lawn Sprinklers that spray in a fixed pattern are generally called sprays or spray heads. Sprays are not usually designed to operate at pressures above 30 lbf in 200 kPa 30psi Pounds per square inch , due to misting problems that may develop. Higher pressure sprinklers that themselves move in a circle are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism impact sprinkler s . These can be designed to rotate in a full ... . In addition to irrigation, guns are used for industrial applications such as dust suppression and logging . Many irrigation sprinklers are buried in the ground along with their supporting plumbing, although above ground and moving sprinklers are also common. Most irrigation sprinklers operate through ... based in Portland, Oregon Stout Wyss Irrigation System , developed the rolling pipe type irrigation .... ref http books.google.com books?id Qi0DAAAAMBAJ&pg RA1 PA4&dq popular science 1950 irrigation pipe&hl ... true Irrigation Pipe On Wheels Move Across Fields , July 1950 Popular Science , bottom of page 114 ref Sprinkler use Most irrigation sprinklers are used as part of a sprinkler system, consisting of various ... See also Commons Irrigation sprinkler Irrigation Drip irrigation Drip Irrigation Sprinkler system timer References Reflist Garden tools Types of tools DEFAULTSORT Irrigation Sprinkler Category Irrigation ... ja pl Zraszacz ru simple Irrigation sprinkler tr F skiye ... more details
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