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Encyclopedia results for Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Somatic cell nuclear transfer





Encyclopedia results for Somatic cell nuclear transfer

  1. Somatic-cell nuclear transfer

    Image Cloning diagram english.svg thumb 300px right Somatic cell nuclear transfer can create clones for both ... by somatic cell nuclear transfer biological factors journal Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. volume 1 issue ... www.isscr.org public therapeutic.htm Nuclear Transfer Stem Cells or Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer SCNT ... the sheep somatic cell nuclear transplantation cloning involves removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the diploid nucleus of a somatic cell. SCNT in stem cell research Some researchers ... and possibly Advanced Cell Technology are currently researching a technique to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce embryonic stem cell s. ref name weise Elizabeth Weise, http www.usatoday.com ... Further reading cite journal author Wilmut I, Beaujean N, de Sousa PA, et al. title Somatic cell nuclear ... from cloning, nuclear transfer and heterokaryons journal J. Cell. Sci. volume Pt 1 issue pages 11 ... section date December 2011 The nucleus of a somatic cell is removed and kept, and the host ... into the egg, the lone somatic cell nucleus is Reprogramming reprogrammed by the host egg cell. The egg, now containing the somatic cell s nucleus, is stimulated with a shock and will begin to divide ... from a somatic cell into an egg that produced Dolly sheep Dolly was an extension of experiments ... journal author Campbell KH, McWhir J, Ritchie WA, Wilmut I title Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer ... differentiated somatic cell nucleus and activating the recipient egg is also far from understood ... the inner cell mass top, right . Proposals to use nucleus transfer techniques in human stem cell ... journal author Gurdon JB, Byrne JA, Simonsson S title Nuclear reprogramming and stem cell creation ... for schematic purposes in practice usually the whole donor cell is transferred. In genetics and developmental biology , somatic cell nuclear transfer SCNT is a laboratory technique for creating a clone embryo with a donor nucleus see process below . It can be used in embryonic stem cell research, or, potentially ...   more details



  1. Somatic cell

    somatic cell nuclear transfer and involves removing the cell nucleus nucleus from a somatic cell, usually a skin cell. This nucleus contains all of the genetic information needed to produce ...A somatic cell is any cell biology biological cell forming the body of an organism that is, in a multicellular organism , any cell other than a gamete , germ cell , gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell . ref name campbell229 Cite book title Biology last1 Campbell last2 Reece last3 Urry last4 Cain last5 Wasserman last6 Minorsky last7 Jackson first1 Neil A. first2 Jane B. first3 Lisa A. first4 Michael ... a cell called a zygote , which develops into an embryo . Somatic cells are diploid . ref name campbell229 The word somatic is derived from the Greek language Greek word s ma , meaning body . Genetics and chromosome content Like all cells, somatic cells contain DNA arranged in chromosome s. If a somatic cell contains chromosomes arranged in pairs, it is called diploid and the organism is called ..., Snuppy , the first cloned dog . References Reflist See also Somatic cell count DEFAULTSORT Somatic Cell Category Cloning Category Cells Category Developmental biology Category Genetics bg ... pl Kom rka somatyczna pt C lula som tica ru simple Somatic cell fi Somaattinen solu sv Somatisk cell tr Somatik h cre zh ... divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types. For example, in mammal s, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood, and connective tissue. By contrast ... inherited from the mother. For example, in humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes organized ... in their somatic cells arranged in fours tetraploid or even sixes hexaploid . Thus, they can have ... , Triticum aestivum L. , a hexaploid species whose somatic cells contain six copies of every chromatid ... than the cell that donated the nucleus. In practice, this technique has so far been problematic ...   more details



  1. Nuclear transfer

    Refimprove date October 2008 Nuclear Transfer is a form of cloning . The steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte unfertilized egg , and injecting the Cell nucleus nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a pluripotent state. If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a female mammal, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. This is how Dolly the Sheep and many list of animals that have been cloned other species were cloned. Cows are commonly cloned to select those that have the best milk production. Despite this, the low efficiency of the technique has prompted some researchers, notably Ian Wilmut , creator of Dolly sheep Dolly the cloned sheep, to abandon it. ref Roger Highfield http www.telegraph.co.uk science science news 3314696 Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning.html Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning . The Telegraph. 16 November 2007 ref Tools and reagents Nuclear transfer is a delicate process that is a major hurdle in the development ... Genomic reprogramming is the key biological process behind nuclear transfer. Currently unidentified ... hair thin needle capable of extracting the nucleus of a cell using a vacuum. For some species, such as mouse ... the oocyte in M phase , during which its nuclear membrane is dissolved. Chemicals are also used to stimulate oocyte activation. When applied the membrane is completely dissolved Somatic cell nuclear transfer Somatic cell nuclear transfer SCNT or therapeutic cloning involves the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell, replacing it with the material from the nucleus of a somatic cell a skin, heart, or nerve cell, for example , and stimulating this cell to begin dividing. Once the cell begins dividing ... reset the mature, specialized cell back to an undifferentiated, embryonic state. These factors are thought ... Developmental biology Category Cell biology Category Stem cells Category Biotechnology ...   more details



  1. Transfer cell

    Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Transfer cells are specialized Ground tissue Parenchyma parenchyma cells that have an increased surface area , due to infoldings of the plasma membrane . They facilitate the transport of sugars from a sugar source, mainly leaves, to a sugar sink, often developing fruits. Category Plant cells DEFAULTSORT Transfer Cell Botany stub ...   more details



  1. Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics

    Infobox journal title Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics cover editor Elliot R. Kaufman discipline Cell biology , Molecular genetics language former names Somatic Cell Genetics abbreviation Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. publisher Springer Science Business Media country frequency bi monthly history 1975 2002 openaccess license impact impact year website http www.springer.com biomed human genetics journal 11188 link1 http www.springerlink.com content 0740 7750 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 10009256 LCCN CODEN SCMGDN ISSN 0740 7750 eISSN 1572 9931 Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics was a peer review peer reviewed scientific journal in the fields of Cell biology and Molecular genetics . The journal was established in 1975 as Somatic Cell Genetics . The founding editor in chief was Richard L. Davidson then of the University of Illinois College of Medicine . ref cite journal url http www.springerlink.com content R18N807T53G21040 primary title On the initial issue first Richard L. last Davidson month January year 1975 journal Somatic Cell Genetics volume 1 issue 1 pages 1 2 ref . The journal expanded scope to encompass the increased development of molecular genetics and changed its name to reflect this with the tenth volume January 1984 edition. ref cite journal journal Somatic Cell Genetics first Richard L. last Davidson month November year 1983 volume 9 issue 6 pages 643 644 title Editorial url http www.springerlink.com content 0740 7750 9 6 ref Davidson was succeeded When date April 2011 as editor in chief by Illinois colleague, Elliot R. Kaufman ref cite web url http tigger.uic.edu erk scmg.html title Somatic Cell & Molecular Genetics accessdate 24 April 2011 ref The journal was published by Springer Science Business Media Springer group companies Plenum ... bi monthly. Abstracting and indexing Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics is fully indexed in Index medicus ... 20Mol 20Genet 22 title Somatic cell and molecular genetics. NLM Catalog result accessdate 24 April ...   more details



  1. Somatic cell count

    Refimprove date December 2009 Somatic cell count SCC is an indicator of the quality of milk . leukocyte s white blood cell s are Somatic cells. The number of somatic cell s increases in response to pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus , a cause of mastitis . The SCC is quantified as cells per ml. General agreement rests on the values of less than 100,000 cells ml for uninfected cow s and greater than 300,000 for cows infect ed with significant pathogen s. Citation needed date November 2010 The California mastitis test provides a cow side measure of somatic cell count. The somatic cell count in the milk also increases after calving when colostrum is produced. Somatic cell count and bacteria plate count The methods of determining Grade A milk quality are well established, and are based on the somatic cell count and the bacteria plate count . Generally a lower somatic cell count indicates better animal health, while the bacteria plate count indicates improved equipment sanitation. Somatic cells originate only from inside the animal s udder, while the bacteria are usually from external contaminations, such as insufficient cleaning of the milk transport equipment or insufficient external cleansing of the cow s udder and teats prior to milking. Milking equipment can also be accidentally knocked or kicked off an animal onto the floor, and contaminants on the barn floor can be sucked into the milk line by the system vacuum. A filter sock or filter disk in the pipeline prevents ... Guidelines for Using the DHI Somatic Cell Count Program ref Guidelines for Using the DHI Somatic Cell Count Program, Author G.M. Jones, Professor of Dairy Science and Extension Dairy Scientist ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT Somatic Cell Count Category Dairy farming Category Cattle is Frumutala he ... loop count methods shall be not more than one million 1,000,000 bacteria per milliliter. The somatic cell count shall be not more than one million 1,000,000 cells per milliliter. The milk shall not contain ...   more details



  1. Cell transfer therapy

    Orphan date February 2009 Cell transfer therapy is a relatively new technique aimed at eliminating cancer cells by the administration of autologous lymphocytes to cancer patients. This follows recent knowledge that cancer cells may express certain unique tumor antigen s. Technique The first step in cell transfer involves the lymphodepletion of patients prior to cell transfer. The next step is the identification of lymphocytes in a patient that may recognize tumor antigens. These lymphocytes are isolated and grown in vitro in large numbers and then injected back into the patient. Applications Although still in its experimental stage, this groundbreaking technology has proved to be the latest ammunition in the battle against cancer as it works through immunomodulation and tumor cells are more susceptible to immune pathways of tumor destruction. Category Experimental cancer treatments unreferenced date December 2007 ...   more details



  1. Altered nuclear transfer

    Altered Nuclear Transfer is an alternative method of obtaining embryonic like, pluripotent stem cells without the creation and destruction of human embryos . The process was originally proposed by William B. Hurlbut Dr. William B. Hurlbut . External links http alterednucleartransfer.com index.php?page 4a&view 1 Explanation of the theory of Altered Nuclear Transfer Category Biological techniques and tools Category Stem cells ...   more details



  1. Adoptive cell transfer

    expert subject Molecular and Cellular Biology date December 2009 Adoptive cell transfer is the passive transfer of cell biology cells , most commonly immune derived cells, into a new recipient host with the goal of transferring the immunologic functionality and characteristics into the new host. Clinically, this approach has been exploited to transfer either immune promoting or tolergenic cells often lymphocytes to patients to either enhance immunity against virus biology viruses and cancer ref cite journal author Gattinoni L, Powell DJ, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP title Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer building on success journal Nature Reviews Immunology volume 6 issue 5 pages 383 93 year 2006 month May pmid 16622476 pmc 1473162 doi 10.1038 nri1842 ref ref cite journal author June CH title Adoptive T cell therapy for cancer in the clinic journal The Journal of Clinical Investigation volume 117 issue 6 pages 1466 76 year 2007 month June pmid 17549249 pmc 1878537 doi 10.1172 JCI32446 ref ref cite journal author Schmitt TM, Ragnarsson GB, Greenberg PD title T Cell Receptor Gene Therapy for Cancer journal Human Gene Therapy volume 20 issue 11 pages 1240 8 year 2009 month October pmid 19702439 pmc 2829456 doi 10.1089 hum.2009.146 ref or to promote tolerance in the setting of autoimmune ... ME, Wunderlich JR, Yang JC, et al. title Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapy Following Non Myeloablative ... needed date November 2010 To induce tolerance in autoimmune disease e.g. Transfer regulatory T cell ... Adoptive Cell Transfer Category Cell biology cell biology stub ... transfer of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocyte s TIL ref Besser MJ, Shapira Frommer R, Treves AJ, et al. May 2010 . Clinical responses in a phase II study using adoptive transfer of short term ... and mouse T cell receptors mediates cancer regression and targets normal tissues expressing cognate ... JR, et al. title Cancer Regression in Patients After Transfer of Genetically Engineered Lymphocytes ...   more details



  1. Nuclear chain cell

    unreferenced date August 2009 Expert subject Molecular and Cellular Biology date November 2008 A nuclear chain cell is a type of cell biology cell that is found in the human body. See also Nuclear chain fiber References reflist Category Human cells biology stub ...   more details



  1. Germ cell nuclear factor

    PBB geneid 2649 The germ cell nuclear factor GCNF , also known as RTR retinoid receptor related testis associated receptor or NR6A1 nuclear receptor subfamily 6, group A, member 1 , is a protein that in humans ... cell nuclear factor retinoid receptor related testis associated receptor and its differential regulation during embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation journal J. Mol. Endocrinol. volume 18 issue ... author S sens U, Borgmeyer U title Characterization of the human germ cell nuclear factor gene journal ... is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factor s . In adults, GCNH is expressed mainly in the germ cell s of gonad s and is involved in the regulation of embryogenesis and germ cell cellular differentiation differentiation . ref name pmid16155958 cite journal author Zechel C title The germ cell nuclear factor GCNF journal Mol. Reprod. Dev. volume 72 issue 4 pages ... author Greschik H, Sch le R title Germ cell nuclear factor an orphan receptor with unexpected properties ... orphan receptor germ cell nuclear factor retinoid receptor related testis associated receptor ... cloning of two closely related forms of human germ cell nuclear factor GCNF . journal Biochim. Biophys ... germ cell nuclear factor. journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 19 issue 1 pages 690 703 year 1999 pmid ... interaction and differential expression of the human germ cell nuclear factor. journal Biochim ... receptor related testis associated receptor germ cell nuclear factor. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... S sens U, Borgmeyer U title Genomic structure of the gene for mouse germ cell nuclear factor GCNF ... of germ cell nuclear factor is dependent on the DNA binding domain. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... Yang G, Zhang YL, Buchold GM, et al. title Analysis of germ cell nuclear factor transcripts and protein ... R, Wetzel MG, et al. title Germ cell nuclear factor relieves cAMP response element modulator tau mediated ... be involved in neurogenesis and germ cell development. The protein can homodimerize and bind DNA, but in vivo ...   more details



  1. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

    PBB geneid 5111 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen , commonly known as PCNA , is a protein that acts .... ref name entrez Cite web title Entrez Gene PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... between human replication factor C and human proliferating cell nuclear antigen journal ... L title Two E2F elements regulate the proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter differently ... Shivji KK, Kenny MK, Wood RD title Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for DNA excision ... Toshiki year 2002 month Oct. title A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen ... cell nuclear antigen with MSH2 MSH6 and MSH2 MSH3 complexes journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 275 ... 1 replication factor C carry out multiple functions essential for proliferating cell nuclear antigen ... cell nuclear antigen impedes negative growth control journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 issue ... interaction with the front side of proliferating cell nuclear antigen journal EMBO J. volume 17 issue ... cell nuclear antigen PCNA and shares sequence elements with the PCNA binding regions of FEN ... p21Cip1 Waf1 disrupts the recruitment of human Fen1 by proliferating cell nuclear antigen into the DNA ... cell nuclear antigen involved in long patch base excision repair journal Biochemistry volume 40 ... cell nuclear antigen journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 269 issue 15 pages 11030 6 publisher location UNITED ... Zhuang Qianli, Szyf Moshe year 2002 month Jun. title Proliferating cell nuclear antigen associates ... cell nuclear antigen journal PNAS Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 98 issue 21 pages 11979 ... month Nov. title Interaction of the p53 regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear ... cell nuclear antigen PCNA interacting domains. PCNA impedes MyD118 AND Gadd45 mediated negative ... Kathleen M, So Antero G year 2002 month Jul. title Direct interaction of proliferating cell nuclear ..., PDIP38, that interacts with the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase delta and proliferating cell nuclear ...   more details



  1. Somatic

    Wiktionary The term somatic from the Greek Lang el means of the body relating to the body. In medicine, somatic illness is bodily, not mental, illness. The term is often used in biology to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells which usually give rise to the gametes ovum or sperm . These somatic cells are diploid containing two copies of each chromosome , whereas the germ cells are haploid as they only contain one copy of each chromosome. Although under normal circumstances all somatic cells contain identical DNA , they develop a variety of tissue specific characteristics. This process is called differentiation cellular differentiation , through epigenetic and regulatory alterations. The grouping of like cells and tissues creates the foundation for organs. Somatic mutation s are changes to the genetics of a multicellular organism which are not passed on to its offspring through the germline. Many cancer s are somatic mutations. Somatic is also defined as relating to the wall of the body cavity, particularly as distinguished from the head, limbs or viscera . It is also used in the term somatic nervous system which is the portion of the vertebrate nervous system which regulates voluntary movements of the body. See also Somatics Soma biology References reflist Category Developmental biology developmental biology stub fa ...   more details



  1. Photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor

    PBB geneid 10002 The photoreceptor cell specific nuclear receptor PNR , also known as NR2E3 nuclear receptor ..., Taniwaki M, Yasuda K, Umesono K title Identification of a photoreceptor cell specific nuclear receptor ... J, Ferraz F, Yu Umesono R, Munnich A, Kaplan J title The photoreceptor cell specific nuclear receptor .... Cell Genet. volume 89 issue 3 4 pages 279 80 year 2000 pmid 10965145 doi 10.1159 000015635 cite journal author Gerber S, Rozet JM, Takezawa SI, et al. title The photoreceptor cell specific nuclear receptor ... 10.1073 pnas.96.9.4814 pmc 21774 ref PNR is a member of the nuclear receptor super family of intracellular ... AF, Stone EM, Sheffield VC, Jacobson SG title The nuclear receptor NR2E3 plays a role in human retinal ... R, Bennett J, Weleber RG, Fishman GA, Wright AF, Stone EM, Sheffield VC title Mutation of a nuclear receptor gene, NR2E3, causes enhanced S cone syndrome, a disorder of retinal cell fate journal Nat. Genet ... author Chen F, Figueroa DJ, Marmorstein AD, et al. title Retina specific nuclear receptor A potential ... AV, et al. title Mutation of a nuclear receptor gene, NR2E3, causes enhanced S cone syndrome, a disorder of retinal cell fate. journal Nat. Genet. volume 24 issue 2 pages 127 31 year 2000 pmid ... cone cell proliferation due to lack of a functional NR2E3 causes retinal dysplasia and degeneration ... doi 10.1093 hmg 10.16.1619 cite journal author Milam AH, Rose L, Cideciyan AV, et al. title The nuclear .... title Photoreceptor specific nuclear receptor NR2E3 functions as a transcriptional activator in rod ... of photoreceptor specific nuclear receptor NR2E3 in rod photoreceptors of fetal human retina journal ... The rod photoreceptor specific nuclear receptor Nr2e3 represses transcription of multiple cone specific ... specific nuclear receptor Nr2e3 interacts with Crx and exerts opposing effects on the transcription ..., in vivo, and site specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks journal Cell volume 127 ... nuclear receptor NR2E3 causes autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume ...   more details



  1. Somatic antigen

    A somatic antigen is an antigen located in the cell wall of a gram positive or gram negative bacterium . ref somatic antigen. The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. 2007. Houghton Mifflin Company 29 Aug. 2010 http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com somatic antigen ref references See also Lipopolysaccharide DEFAULTSORT Somatic Antigen Category Bacterial proteins Category Bacteriology bacteria stub ...   more details



  1. Somatic embryogenesis

    Culture 3rd Edition, 335 354. ref Somatic embryogenesis is a process where a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. This is in contrast to Plant embryogenesis ... cell. Somatic embryos are produced when somatic cells are restructured through a series of morphological ... through somatic embryogenesis can be used to study cell differentiation in plants. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 86 285 301. ref The first documentation of somatic embryogenesis was by Steward et al in 1958 and Reinert in 1959 with carrot cell suspension cultures. ref Steward, F.C., Mapes, M.O., and Smlth ... and mechanisms controlling cell differentiation in somatic embryos are relatively ambiguous. Certain ...., Chin, C K. 1992. Enhanced somatic embryo production by conditioned media in cell suspension cultures ... J and Filonova L 2002 Developmental pathways of somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Tiss Org. Cult. 69 ..., Josef. eds. Somatic Embryogenesis. Plant Cell Monographs, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005 ...Somatic embryos are mainly produced In vitro in vitro and for laboratory purposes, using either solid ... 2010 Regulation of Somatic embryogenesis in Higher Plants , Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 29 1, 36 57 ref Development of somatic embryos is not that different from Zygote zygotic embryo s. ref Zimmerman JL 1993 Somatic Embryogenesis a model for early development in higher plants. Plant Cell 5 1411 1423 ref Three examples of somatic embryogenesis from nature are ovules in Paeonia and on the leaves of Asplenium and Kalanchoe . Shoots and roots are monopolar while somatic embryos are bipolar, allowing them to form a whole plant without culturing on multiple media types. Somatic embryogenesis ... Conger type callus 3ms White Light.TIF thumb Switchgrass somatic embryos Direct and indirect embryogenesis Somatic embryogenesis has been described to occur in two ways directly or indirectly ref Sharp ... via somatic embryogenesis Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis occurs in five steps ...   more details



  1. Somatic fusion

    from a leaf cell and coloured vacuole from a petal . Somatic fusion , also called protoplast fusion ... year 2008 postscript None . ref The removal of the cell wall of one cell of each type of plant using cellulase enzyme to produce a somatic cell called a protoplast The cells are then fused using ... fused Cell nucleus nucleus is called heterokaryon . The somatic hybrid cell then has its cell wall induced to form using hormone s The cells are then grown into Callus cell biology calluses which then are further grown to plantlet s and finally to a full plant, known as a somatic hybrid ... in animal cells Somatic cell s of different types can be fused to obtain hybrid cells. Hybrid cells ... , etc. Chromosome mapping through somatic cell hybridization is essentially based on fusion of human ... scheme for somatic cell hybridization may be described as follows. Appropriate human and mouse cells ... fashion. Characteristics of Somatic Hybridization and Cybridization 1. Somatic cell fusion appears to be the only ... diploid s and polyploid s. 3. Somatic cell fusion overcomes sexual incompatibility barriers. In some ... . 4. Somatic cell fusion is useful in the study of cytoplasmic genes and their activities ... together to form a new Hybrid biology hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid ... wheat triticum and rye secale to produce Triticale . Uses of somatic fusion include making potato ... GT and Austin S year 1986 title Somatic hybrids between Solanum brevidens and Solanum tuberosum expression of a late blight resistance gene and potato leaf roll resistance journal Plant Cell Rep. volume 5 issue 3 pages 212 214 doi 10.1007 BF00269122 ref Through somatic fusion, the crop potato plant ... of both plants and is thus similar to polyploid plants. Somatic Hybridization was firstly introduced by Carlson in Nicotiana glauea Process for plant cells The somatic fusion process occurs in four steps ... do not need phytohormone s for Regeneration biology regeneration , and they do not form a Callus cell ...   more details



  1. Somatic epitype

    A somatic epitype is a non heritable epigenetic alteration in a gene. It is similar to conventional epigenetics in that it does not involve changes in the DNA primary sequence. Physically, the somatic epitype corresponds to changes in DNA methylation , oxidative damage replacement of Guanosine triphosphate GTP with oxo 8 dGTP , or changes in DNA chromatin structure that are not reversed by normal cellular or nuclear repair mechanisms. Somatic epitypes alter gene expression levels without altering the amino acid sequence of the expressed protein. Current research suggests that somatic epitypes can be altered both before and after birth, and this alteration can be in response to exposure to heavy metals such as lead , differences in maternal care, or nutritional or behavioral stress. There is no indication that somatic epitypes are heritable in a conventional epigenetic fashion. Some research suggests that methylation levels and gene expression can be reversed for some somatic epitypes by alterations in environmental factors such as diet. See also Epigenetics Sources cite journal author Lahiri DK, Maloney B title Genes are not our destiny the somatic epitype bridges between the genotype and the phenotype journal Nature Rev Neurosci volume 7 issue 12 year 2006 doi 10.1038 nrn2022 c1 url http www.nature.com nrn journal v7 n12 full nrn2022 c1.html cite journal author Mathers JC title Nutritional modulation of ageing genomic and epigenetic approaches journal Mech. Ageing Dev. volume 127 issue 6 pages 584 9 year 2006 month June pmid 16513160 doi 10.1016 j.mad.2006.01.018 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0047 6374 06 00039 X biology stub Category DNA Category Epigenetics ...   more details



  1. Somatic hyphae

    The lifestage at which a fungus lives, grows, and develops, gathering nutrients and energy. The fungi uses this stage to cell growth proliferate itself through asexual reproduction asexual ly created mitotic spores . Cycles through somatic hyphae, zoosporangium , zoospore s, encystation & germination , and back to somatic hyphae. References C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004 ISBN 0 471 52229 5 Category Fungal morphology and anatomy Category Article Feedback 5 fungus stub ...   more details



  1. Somatic hypermutation

    Somatic hypermutation or SHM is a Cell biology cellular mechanism by which the adaptive immune system immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it for example, microbes . A major component of the process of affinity maturation , SHM diversifies B cell and T cell receptors used to recognize foreign elements antigen s and allows the immune system to adapt its response to new threats during the lifetime of an organism. ref name Janeway2005 cite book author Janeway, C.A., Travers ... isbn 0815341016 ref Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable ... Recognition The Role of Germline Diversity and Somatic Hypermutation Thesis University of Leeds. ref Mistargeted somatic hypermutation is a likely mechanism in the development of B cell lymphoma s. ref name Odegard2006 cite journal author Odegard V.H., Schatz D.G. year 2006 title Targeting of somatic ... 16868548 ref Targeting When a B cell recognizes an antigen, it is stimulated to divide or cell growth proliferate . During proliferation, the B cell receptor Locus genetics locus undergoes an extremely high rate of somatic mutation that is at least SI prefix 10 sup 5 sup 10 sup 6 sup fold greater than ..., M.D. year 2004 title The generation of antibody diversity through somatic hypermutation and class ... AID and DNA repair during somatic hypermutation. Trends in Immunology volume 30 pages 173 181 url ... title Immunoglobulin Somatic Hypermutation journal Annu. Rev. Genet. volume 41 pages 107 120 doi 10.1146 ...., Jungnickel, B. year 2006 title Involvement of Rad18 in somatic hypermutation journal Proc. Natl ... pair s. During B cell division the immunoglobulin variable region DNA is Transcription genetics ... receptors and varying specificity for the antigen, from which the B cell with highest Affinity pharmacology ... to differentiate into plasma cell s producing antibody and long lived memory B cell ... reflist 2 External links MeshName Immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation Immune system Category Immune ...   more details



  1. Somatic effort

    Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Somatic effort refers to the total investments of an organism in its own developmental biology development , Cellular differentiation differentiation , and Maintenance of an organism maintenance which consequently increases its Biological reproduction reproductive potential. DEFAULTSORT Somatic Effort Category Behavioral ecology Category Reproduction Biology stub ...   more details



  1. The Somatic Defilement

    Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Somatic Defilement Type studio Artist Whitechapel band Whitechapel Cover Whitechapel The Somatic Defilement.jpg Released July 31, 2007 Recorded 2007 at The Sound Lair in Knoxville, Tennessee Genre Deathcore Length 31 59 Label Candlelight Records Candlelight , Ferret Music Siege of Amida Producer Miah Lajeunesse and Whitechapel band Whitechapel Last album This album The Somatic Defilement br 2007 Next album This Is Exile br 2008 Misc Album ratings rev1 About.com rev1Score Rating 3.5 5 http heavymetal.about.com od cdreviews fr whitechapelsoma.htm link rev2 Allmusic rev2Score Rating 3.5 5 Allmusic class album id r1087757 pure url yes link rev3 Metal Injection rev3Score rating 5.5 10 http metalinjection.net blog 2007 10 29 cd review whitechapel the somatic defilement link The Somatic Defilement is the first album by the American deathcore band Whitechapel band Whitechapel . The album was released on July 31, 2007, through Candlelight Records . Overview The Somatic Defilement is a concept album based on Jack the Ripper , in which all of the songs are first person narrative s of the murder slaughter and rape of prostitution prostitutes . The album is the only one by Whitechapel to include Brandon Cagle as guitarist. He later left the band, because the injuries he received from a motorcycle accident left him unable to play his instrument. He was replaced by Zach Householder. ref http www.metalunderground.com news details.cfm?newsid 31209 www.metalunderground.com Whitechapel part ways with guitarist Brandon Cagle ref The intro track, Necrotizing contains excerpts from a Stone Phillips interview with Jeffrey Dahmer . ref http ... 0 35 title2 The Somatic Defilement length2 5 19 title3 Devirgination Studies length3 3 12 title4 Prostatic ... A&R by Jamie Graham References reflist Whitechapel DEFAULTSORT Somatic Defilement, The Category 2007 debut albums Category Concept albums Category Whitechapel albums fr The Somatic Defilement it The Somatic ...   more details



  1. Somatic psychology

    Somatic psychology is an interdisciplinary field involving the study of the body, somatic experience, and the embodied self, including therapeutic and holistic approaches to body. The word somatic comes from the ancient Greek root Soma biology soma t body . The word psychology comes from the ancient Greek Psyche psychology psyche breath, soul hence mind and logia study . Body Psychotherapy is a general branch of this subject, whilst Somatherapy , Eco somatics and Dance therapy , for example, are specific branches of the subject. Somatic psychology is a field of study that bridges the Mind body dichotomy . Whilst Pierre Janet can perhaps be considered the first Somatic Psychologist due to his extensive psychotherapeutic studies and writings with significant reference to the body some of which pre date Freud , it was actually Wilhelm Reich who was the first person to bring body awareness systematically into psychoanalysis, and also the first psychotherapist to touch clients physically ... Psychotherapy or Somatic Psychology as it is often known in the USA & Australia though he called ... and other influences ref entry on Body Psychotherapy and Somatic Psychology is of particular interest ... recognized the use of somatic resonance, embodied trauma, and similar concepts, for many years. Fact ... of somatic psychology. ref Meekums, B. 2002 Dance Movement Therapy a Creative Psychotherapeutic ... Routledge, ISBN 978 1 58391 703 9 ref Principles The primary relationship addressed in somatic psychology ... there. Fact date December 2008 Applications A wide variety of techniques are used in somatic psychotherapy ... philrsss.anu.edu.au mdavies papers implicit.pdf May 20 2007 ref of these early experiences, somatic ... expression of our true selves and of the strength of our vitality . Somatic psychologists ... of clinical psychology points to somatic psychotherapy first practiced in Clinical Psychology Eastern ... Psychoneuroimmunology Hakomi Bioenergetics Somatic Experiencing Trager Approach Somatics Sensorimotor ...   more details



  1. Somatic Experiencing

    Somatic Experiencing is a form of therapy aimed at relieving and resolving the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder PTSD and other mental and physical trauma related health problems by focusing on the client s perceived body sensations or somatic experiences . It was introduced in Peter A. Levine Dr. Peter Levine s 1997 book Waking the Tiger . In it, he discusses at length his observations of animals in the wild, and how they deal with and recover from life threatening situations. He concludes that their behaviour gives us an insight into the biological healing process p.98 , and that the key to healing traumatic symptoms in humans lies in our being able to mirror the fluid adaption of wild animals p.17 18 as they avoid traumatization in reacting to life threatening situations. ref name Levine 97 Levine, Peter A. with Frederick, Ann Waking the Tiger. Healing Trauma. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, CA, 1997 ISBN 1 55643 233 X ref Theory The theory postulates that the symptoms of trauma are the effect of a dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system ANS . It further postulates that the ANS has an inherent capacity to self regulate that is undermined by trauma, and that the inherent capacity to self regulate can be restored by the procedures of Somatic Experiencing. ref name Levine 2005 Levine, Peter A. Healing Trauma. A Pioneering Program for Restoring the Wisdom of Your Body ... Gendlin s Focusing . Practitioners of Somatic Experiencing are often also psychotherapists , Rolfing ... span years. Somatic Experiencing attempts to promote awareness and release of physical tension that proponents ... a Somatics Anthology . North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, 2004 ref p.273 277 . Somatic Experiencing ... the client s inherent capacity to self regulate is believed to be restored. Somatic Experiencing is considered ... reading Eckberg, Maryanna 2000 . Victims of cruelty. Somatic Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic ... stress disorder da Somatic Experiencing de Somatic Experiencing ...   more details



  1. Somatic anxiety

    Somatic anxiety is anxiety provoked by bodily symptoms of tension such as butterflies in the stomach . It is commonly contrasted with cognitive anxiety which is that provoked by mental concerns or worry . These different components or dimensions of anxiety are especially studied in sports psychology . ref citation url http books.google.co.uk books?id MNldMfnlb0cC title Competitive anxiety in sport author Rainer Martens, Robin S. Vealey, Damon Burton pages 6 et seq. ref References reflist Additional references cite url http www.psychosomaticmedicine.org cgi content abstract 40 4 321 title Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in the self regulation of anxiety effects of meditation versus exercise first GE last Schwartz first2 RJ last2 Davidson first3 DJ last3 Goleman journal Psychosomatic Medicine date June 1978 volume 40 number 4 pages 321 8 cite url http www.athleticinsight.com Vol4Iss2 Competitive State Anxiety.htm title Contrasting Concepts of Competitive State Anxiety in Sport Multidimensional Anxiety and Catastrophe Theories first Ivan M. last McNally journal Athletic Insight date August 2002 volume 4 number 2 pages 10 22 Category Anxiety ...   more details




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