Sonderweg literally special path is a controversial theory in German historiography that considers the German ... by Nazi Germany, the Sonderweg theory of history of Germany German history has progressively gained ... Sonderweg was first used by German conservatives in the German Empire Imperial period , starting in the late 19th century as a source of pride at the Golden Mean ref Hinde, John Sonderweg pages ... governments of Britain and France. ref name Hinde pages 934 935 Hinde, John Sonderweg pages ... s defeat in World War II in 1945, the term Sonderweg lost its positive connotations from the 19th ... 1960s, the Sonderweg debate was polarized with most non German participants at one pole and German ... of the proponents of the Sonderweg thesis, the crucial turning point was the Revolution ... authoritarianism and its more radical variant, National Socialism. Another version of the Sonderweg ... argues against the Sonderweg thesis, holding the views of the v lkisch movement to be a mere dark undercurrent in the Second Reich. In 1990, J rgen Kocka wrote about the Sonderweg s theories blockquote ... of this argument, usually without actually using the word Sonderweg . br br Helmuth Plessner ... variant of the Sonderweg theory has been provided by Michael St rmer who, echoing claims of conservative ... critics, J rgen Kocka , himself a proponent of the Sonderweg view of history, argued that Geography ... Highlands Humanities Press, 1993 page 91. ref , suggesting that the reasons for the Sonderweg were political ... and indoctrination. The debate on the Sonderweg was renewed by American scholar Daniel Goldhagen with his ... of the Holocaust. Criticism The leading critics of the Sonderweg thesis have been two British ... rejected the entire concept of the Sonderweg as a flawed construct supported by a curious mixture ... , February 1983, Volume 88 page 71 ref In the view of Blackbourn and Eley, there was no Sonderweg , and it is ahistorical ... the Sonderweg thesis may not explain the reasons for the rise of the Nazi movement, it still ... more details
was challenged by younger German historians. Fritz Fischer argued in favor of a Sonderweg conception ... right wing German historians disliked the implications of the Sonderweg conception and the functionalist ... path the above mentioned Sonderweg leading inevitably to Nazism ? If that teleologism teleological ... Nazism, while Nazism was considered inevitable. If the Sonderweg analysis were valid, it would ... suggest that the origins of Nazism predated World War I . The Sonderweg analysis, however, did ... the Sonderweg view, while the British historian A. J. P. Taylor and the West German historians Hans ... it. A sub issue of the Sonderweg thesis concerned the reasons for the alleged Sonderweg . St rmer argued for geographical factors as the reason for the Sonderweg while Wehler insisted on cultural and social factors. One of St rmer s leading critics, J rgen Kocka , himself a proponent of the Sonderweg ... historians Richard J. Evans and Ian Kershaw sided with the Sonderweg position. The American historian ... coming to terms with the past Sonderweg Notes Reflist Bibliography The voluminous academic ... more details
Geoff Eley born 1949 is a Great Britain British born historian of Germany . He received his D.Phil from the University of Sussex in 1974, and has taught at the University of Michigan University of Michigan, Ann Arbor since 1979. He now serves as the Karl Pohrt Distinguished University Professor at that institution. Eley s early work focused on the radical nationalism in Imperial Germany , but has since grown to include theoretical and methodological reflections on historiography and the history of the political Left wing politics left in Europe . Eley is particularly well known for his early study, The Peculiarities of German History first published in German as Mythen deutscher Geschichtsschreibung in 1984 , co authored with David Blackbourn a fellow Briton, who now teaches at Harvard University , which challenged the new orthodoxy in German social history known as the Sonderweg Sonderweg thesis . Works This list does not include edited volumes. A Crooked Line From Cultural History to the History of Society . Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 2005. Forging Democracy The History of the Left in Europe, 1850 2000 . New York Oxford University Press, 2002. Reshaping the German Right Radical Nationalism and Political Change after Bismarck . London and New Haven Yale University Press, 1980 new ed. 1991. Wilhelminismus, Nationalismus, Faschismus Zur historischen Kontinuit t in Deutschla nd. M nster Verlag Westf lisches Dampfboot, 1991. Review article Labor History, Social History, Alltagsgeschichte Experience, Culture, and the Politics of the Everyday a New Direction for German Social History? The Journal of Modern History Vol. 61, No. 2, June 1989 From Unification to Nazism Reinterpreting the German Past . London Routledge, 1986. The Peculiarities of German History with David Blackbourn . Oxford Oxford University Press, 1984. Sources Faculty pages on Eley at the University of Michigan http www.lsa.umich.edu history facstaff facultydetail.asp?ID 64 History Department ... more details
Andrew Zimmerman is a professor of German history at George Washington University . He earned a PhD from the University of California, San Diego in 1998, an M.Phil in History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge in 1991, a B.A. Magna Cum Laude in History from University of California, Los Angeles in 1990. ref cite news url http www.gwu.edu history people Zimmerman.cfm title Andrew Zimmerman CV publisher George Washington University date 2008 first last accessdate 2008 05 17 ref He is the author of Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany and several peer reviewed articles. Publications Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany University of Chicago Press, 2001 ISBN 0226983420 A German Alabama in Africa The Tuskegee Expedition to German Togo and the Transnational Origins of African Cotton Growers, American Historical Review 110 December 2005 Looking Beyond History The Optics of German Anthropology and the Critique of Humanism, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 32 2001 385 411. Selin, Pore, and Emil Stephan in the Bismarck Archipelago A Fresh and Joyful Tale of theOrigin of Fieldwork, Journal of the Pacific Arts Association 21 22 2000 69 84.1 German Anthropology and the Natural Peoples The Global Context of Colonial Discourse, The European Studies Journal , Special Issue German Colonialism Another Sonderweg? 16 1999 95 112. Anti Semitism as Skill Rudolf Virchow s Schulstatistik and the Racial Composition of Germany, Central European History 32 1999 409 429. Geschichtslose und Schriftlose V lker in Spreeathen Anthropologie als Kritik der Geschichtswissenschaft im Kaiserreich, Zeitschrift f r Geschichtswissenschaften 47 1999 197 210. Legislating Being Words and Things in Bentham s Panopticon, The European Legacy 3 1998 72 83. The Ideology of the Machine and The Spirit of the Factory Remarx on Babbage and Ure, Cultural Critique 37 Fall 1997 5 29 References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Perso ... more details
, to the rise of National Socialism , and fourth, to World War II . The Borussian myth was linked to the Sonderweg ... and lively German culture without Prussia, but they also deconstructed significant elements of the Sonderweg ... more details
A Berlin Republic 1997 is a book composed of a collection of transcripts of interviews with the Germany German philosopher and sociologist J rgen Habermas conducted by various European media in the mid 1990s. Originally published as Eine Republik Berliner , the common thread of the interviews is Habermas s disagreement with resurgent German nationalism after the reunification with the former German Democratic Republic GDR . Habermas s theoretical works are in the background of the interviews. At the time of the interviews, in the early 1990s, Habermas was publishing Between Facts and Norms , his philosophy of law and politics, and writing the political philosophical essays which would later be collected in the volumes published in English as Justification and Application and The Inclusion of the Other . In A Berlin Republic , Habermas wages an intellectual campaign in Germany s political public sphere against what he sees as the backward looking influence of German political theorist and proponent of Nazism , Carl Schmitt, and the philosopher Martin Heidegger. Schmitt advocated a normalizing view of German history, whereby Communism and Nazism would be equated, and the continuity of a reunified Germany with her pre 1945 past would be affirmed. Habermas encourages Germans to think differently about 1945 and 1989. In Habermas s view, Germany must reject any thought of basing her reunified future on a continuation of notions such as German ethnic identity as a foundation for the German state, Germany as a potential political and military power in central Europe, an eastern oriented foreign policy, and the notion of a special path Sonderweg for Germany separate from that of other Western democracies. The rationale Habermas gives is initially historical if Germans face squarely their past, they cannot wish for any continuity with it that does not own it as tragic and catastrophic. This harks back to his earliest writings of the 1950s, collected in Philosophical Political ... more details
, Feb 2005, Vol. 41 Issue 1 2, pp 159 177 ref Germany s Sonderweg main Sonderweg Many historians have emphasized the central importance of a German Sonderweg or special path or exceptionalism as the root ... J rgen Kocka, German History before Hitler The Debate about the German Sonderweg. Journal of Contemporary ... Sonderweg has had a turbulent history. Nineteenth century scholars who emphasized a separate German ... s pioneering of a social welfare state. In the 1950s, historians in West Germany argued that the Sonderweg .... The Sonderweg paradigm has provided the impetus for at least three strands of research in German ... history moved German historiography to different topics, with much less attention paid to the Sonderweg. While some historians have abandoned the Sonderweg thesis, they have not provided a generally accepted alternative interpretation. ref Helmut Walser Smith, When the Sonderweg Debate Left Us, German ... more details
J rgen Kocka born 19 April 1941, in Hejnice Liberec District Haindorf is a Germans German historian . A university professor and former president of the Social Science Research Center Berlin 2001 2007 , Kocka is a major figure in the new Social History , especially as represented by the Bielefeld School . He has focused his research on the history of employees in large German and American businesses, and on the history of European bourgeoisie . He gained his PhD from the Free University of Berlin in 1968. From 1992 to 1996 Kocka was the founding director and is to date a Senior Fellow of the Zentrum f r Zeithistorische Forschung Centre for Contemporary History in Potsdam . Since 2008 he is vice president of the Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities . Inspired by the methods of Ernest Labrousse , he attempts to analyze social processes of German society from the perspective of modernisation , industrialization , and the creation of modern Europe. Participation in academic debates Kocka participated in the German Historikerstreit in the late 1980s, alongside J rgen Habermas in opposition to Ernst Nolte , and supported the Sonderweg explanation of a unique path of German history. In an essay entitled Hitler Should Not Be Repressed By Stalin and Pol Pot first published in Die Zeit newspaper on 26 September 1986, Kocka contended against Nolte that the Holocaust was indeed a singular event because it had been committed by an advanced Western nation, and argued that Nolte s comparisons of the Holocaust with similar mass killings in Pol Pot s Cambodia , Joseph Stalin s Soviet Union , and Idi Amin s Uganda were invalid because of the backward nature of those societies. ref Kocka, J rgen Hitler Should Not Be Repressed By Stalin and Pol Pot pages 85 92 from Forever In The Shadow of Hitler? edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 pages 86 87 ref Kocka went on to criticize Nolte s view of the Holocaust as a not altogether incomprehensibl ... more details
Infobox writer for more information see Template Infobox writer doc name Richard Wagner image Richard Wagner 2010.JPG imagesize caption pseudonym birth name birth date Birth date and age 1952 04 10 df y birth place Lovrin , Communist Romania Romania death date death place occupation Novelist nationality Germany German , Romania n period 20th 21st century genre subject spouse movement notableworks awards influences influenced signature website Richard Wagner born April 10, 1952 in Lovrin , Romania is a Romanian born German novelist. He has published a number of short stories, novels and essays. A member of Germans of Romania Romania s German minority , like his sometime wife, Herta M ller , he studied German and Romanian literature at the West University of Timi oara Timi oara University . He then worked as a German language school teacher and as a journalist, and published poetry and short stories in German. He was also a member of Aktionsgruppe Banat , a German speaking literary society. In 1987, Wagner and M ller left Romania for West Berlin , to escape Communist Romania communist oppression and censorship in Nicolae Ceau escu Nicolae Ceau escu s Romania. He still lives in Berlin. Publications Klartext. Ein Gedichtbuch 1973 die invasion der uhren. Gedichte 1977 Der Anfang einer Geschichte. Prosa 1980 Hotel California I. Der Tag, der mit einer Wunde begann. Gedichte 1980 Anna und die Uhren. Ein Lesebuch f r kleine Leute mit Bildern von Cornelia K nig 1981, 1987 Gegenlicht. Gedichte 1983 Das Auge des Feuilletons. Geschichten und Notizen. 1984 Rostregen. Gedichte. Luchterhand 1986 Ausreiseantrag 1988 Begr ungsgeld 1989 Die Muren von Wien. Roman 1990 Der Sturz des Tyrannen. Rum nien und das Ende der Diktatur. Herausgegeben mit Helmuth Frauendorfer 1990 Sonderweg Rum nien. Bericht aus einem Entwicklungsland 1991 Schwarze Kreide. Gedichte 1991 V lker ohne Signale. Zum Epochenbruch in Osteuropa. Essay 1992 Der Himmel von New York im Museum von Amsterdam. Geschichten 199 ... more details
Hans Rosenberg , born February 26, 1904 in Hanover and died on June 26, 1988 in Freiburg im Breisgau Freiburg , was a German refugee historian whose works influenced a whole generation of post war German scholars. Life Though of Jew Jewish ancestry , Rosenberg was raised as a Protestant , ref http www.ushmm.org research center publications occasional 2006 02 paper.pdf Georg G. Iggers, Refugee Historians from Nazi Germany Political Attitudes towards Democracy, Monna and Otto Weinmann Lecture Series, 14 September 2005 p.10 ref in Cologne . He took his Phd there in 1927 under Friedrich Meinecke , and received his Habilitation in 1932, despite strong conservative opposition. As the Great Depression unfolded, his attention shifted from the history of ideas and nationalism , which he studied under Meinecke, to economic cycles. The result of this was a stunningly original work ref http texts.cdlib.org view?docId hb4p30063r&doc.view frames&chunk.id div00050&toc.depth 1&toc.id &brand calisphere W. A. Bouwsma Gerald D. Feldman Leo Lowenthal, Nicholas J. Riasanovsky , Hans Rosenberg, History Berkeley, ref on the world economic crisis of 1857 1859, published in Stuttgart in 1934. Faculty politics at Cologne, the rise of Nazism and his Jewish ancestry, made the prospect of any career in Germany improbable both for him and his wife Helen Leni , a promising concert pianist. They were forced into exile and he became one of many refugee historians. He endeavoured to obtain employment, without success, in England, before finally emigrating to for the United States in 1935. He taught briefly at Carlton College before takinfg a position at Brooklyn College , where he was to teach undergraduates for 23 years. Among his most distinguished pupils there was Raul Hilberg . His work identified in the power structures and social relations of agrarian society in Prussia the roots of the authoritarian and undemocratic character of what he, with others, took to be the Sonderweg , or special path ... more details
. ref Shirer, p. 1080. ref This reportorial perspective what? date March 2012 , the Sonderweg interpretation ... 1994, pg. 101 The harshest criticism came from those who disagreed with the Sonderweg or Luther ... more details
emphasis on a German Sonderweg or special path as the root of Nazism and the German catastrophe in the twentieth ... of Germany Richard J. Evans disagreed with the Bielefeld school regarding the Sonderweg thesis. Instead ... more details
against the Sonderweg view of German history championed by the Mommsen brothers. In the 1970s ... In a 1983 speech, Hildebrand denied there had been a Sonderweg , and claimed that the Sonderweg only ... phenomena could, horribile dictu , even relativize the concept of the German Sonderweg between 1933 ... page 174 ref blockquote In response, Heinrich August Winkler argued that there was a Sonderweg before ... more details
s longtime emphasis on a German Sonderweg or special path as the root of Nazism and the German ... of the Sonderweg theory Wehler s speciality is the Second Reich . He was one of the more famous proponents of the Sonderweg Special Path thesis that argues Germany in the 19th century had only a partial ... of German History rejected the entire concept of the Sonderweg as a flawed construct supported by a a curious ... Review , February 1983, Volume 88 page 71 ref In the view of Blackbourn and Eley, there was no Sonderweg ... Sozialwissenschaft und Geschichtsschreibung , 1980. Deutscher Sonderweg oder allgemeine Probleme ... more details
About the unified German monarchy existing from 1871 to 1918 Germany before 1806 Holy Roman Empire Germany between 1918 and 1933 Weimar Republic Germany between 1933 and 1945 Nazi Germany German colonial territories German colonial empire Infobox former country native name Deutsches Reich conventional long name German Realm Ref label aaa a common name Germany continent Europe region country Germany status Empire era New Imperialism World War I WWI year start 1871 year end 1918 life span 1871 1918 event start Unification of Germany date start 18 January event end William II, German Emperor William II Abdication abdicates date end 18 November event1 Constitution of the German Empire Constitution adopted date event1 16 April 1871 event2 World War I date event2 28 July 1914 event3 German Revolution of 1918 German Revolution date event3 9 November 1918 event4 Armistice with Germany Armistice date event4 11 November 1918 event pre date pre event post Treaty of Versailles date post 28 June 1919 p1 Kingdom of Prussia flag p1 Flag of Prussia 1892 1918.svg p2 North German Confederation flag p2 Flag of the German Empire.svg p3 Kingdom of Bavaria flag p3 Flag of Bavaria striped .svg p4 Kingdom of W rttemberg flag p4 Flagge K nigreich W rttemberg.svg p5 Grand Duchy of Baden flag p5 Flagge Gro herzogtum Baden 1871 1891 .svg p6 Grand Duchy of Hesse flag p6 Flagge Gro herzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg p7 Alsace Lorraine flag p7 Flag of France.svg s1 Weimar Republic s2 Republic of Alsace Lorraine s3 Free City of Danzig s4 Second Polish Republic s5 Klaip da Region s6 Saar League of Nations s7 Hlu n Region s8 South Jutland County Northern Schleswig s9 Eupen Malmedy flag s1 Flag of Germany 3 2 aspect ratio .svg flag s2 Flag of the Republic of Alsace Lorraine.svg flag s3 Gdansk flag.svg flag s4 Flag of Poland.svg flag s5 Flag of Lithuania 1918 1940.svg flag s6 Flag of Saar 1920 1935.svg flag s7 Flag of Bohemia.svg flag s8 Flag of Denmark.svg flag s9 Flag of Belgium.svg image flag Flag o ... more details
s so called Sonderweg distinctive path in the 20th century. ref Examples of this argument appear ..., 1993 J rgen Kocka, German History before Hitler The Debate about the German Sonderweg. Journal ... scholarship has opposed this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual Sonderweg , any more ... The Case of the German Sonderweg , History and Theory , Vol. 38, No. 1 February, 1999 , pp. 40 50. ref still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism. ref ... more details
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