Manner of articulation In phonetics and phonology , a sonorant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non turbulent airflow in the vocal tract these are the manners of articulation that are most often voice phonetics voiced in the world s languages. Fricatives and plosives for example, IPA s and IPA t do not allow unimpeded or non turbulent airflow, are most often voiceless, and are not sonorants they are termed obstruent s. Vowel s are sonorants, as are consonants like IPA m and IPA l approximant s, nasal stop s, tap consonant taps , and trill consonant trills . In the sonority hierarchy , all sounds higher than fricative s are sonorants. They can therefore form the syllable nucleus nucleus of a syllable in languages that place that distinction at that level of sonority see Syllable for details. The word resonant is sometimes used for these non turbulent sounds. In this case, the word sonorant may be restricted to non vocoid resonants that is, all of the above except vowels and semivowel s. However, this usage is becoming dated. Sonorants contrast with obstruents, which do stop or cause turbulence in the airflow. Among consonants pronounced in the back in the mouth or in the throat uvular consonant uvulars , pharyngeal consonant pharyngeals , and glottal consonant glottals , the distinction between an approximant and a voiced fricative is so blurred that no language ... that, in every case where a voiceless sonorant does occur, there is a contrasting voiced sonorant ... like IPA or IPA . Examples of sonorants A typical sonorant inventory found in many languages ... . examples forthcoming English phonology English has the following sonorant consonantal phonemes IPA ... br Heson yezhoniezh cs Sonora lingvistika de Sonorant es Sonante eo Sonoranto fr Consonne sonante it Sonante la Resonans consonans ml nl Sonorant ja no Sonanter nn Sonorant pl Sp g oska p otwarta ru sr fi Resonantti sv Sonorant zh ... more details
Manner of articulation An obstruent is a consonant sound formed by obstructing airflow, causing increased air pressure in the vocal tract, such as IPA k , IPA d , and IPA f . In phonetics , Manner of articulation articulation may be divided into two large classes obstruents and sonorant s. Obstruents are those articulations in which there is closure of the vocal tract, stopping or interfering with airflow. They are subdivided into plosive p, t, k, b, d, g, with complete occlusion of the vocal tract, often followed by a release burst fricative s, with limited closure, not stopping airflow but interfering with it and making it turbulent, called frication and affricate s, which begin with complete occlusion but then release into a fricative like release. Obstruents are prototypically voiceless consonant voiceless , though voiced obstruents are common. This contrasts with sonorant s, which are much more rarely voiceless. See also List of phonetics topics Sonorant References cite book author Ian Maddieson title Patterns of Sounds publisher Cambridge University Press year 1984 isbn 0 521 26536 3 SOWL ling stub Category Consonants de Obstruent es Consonante obstruyente eo Obstruanto fr Consonne constrictive id Konsonan hambat it Consonante costrittiva he lv Troksnenis ml nl Obstruent ja no Obstruenter pl Obstruent ru sv Obstruent zh written in assisstance with Hamid alWafi ... more details
For the mathematical term continuant mathematics A continuant is a sound produced with an incomplete closure of the vocal tract , that is, any sound except a stop consonant stop plosive ref http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms WhatIsAContinuant.htm What is a continuant? ref . The traditional definition includes nasals cn date April 2012 . See also Frictionless continuant List of phonetics topics Obstruent Sonorant Schwa Spectromorphology Source reflist Category Phonetics phonetics stub it Continuante lv Kontinuants nn kontinuant zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An allophonic rule is a phonological rule that indicates which allophone realizes a phoneme in a given phonemic environment. In other words, an allophonic rule is a rule that converts the phonemes in a phonemic transcription into the allophones of the corresponding phonetic transcription . Every language has a set of allophonic rules. In American English , the voiceless alveolar stop phoneme IPA t is realized as the alveolar flap allophone IPA when it is preceded by a sonorant phoneme other than an alveolar consonant alveolar nasal stop nasal or lateral consonant lateral , and, at the same time, followed by an stress linguistics unstress ed vowel phoneme. IPA t & 124 son lat vwl str DEFAULTSORT Allophonic Rule Category Phonetics Category Phonology Ling stub ... more details
, fricatives, etc. are all considered syllabic . All sound categories falling under sonorant are sonorant s, whereas those falling under sonorant are obstruent s. In this way, any contiguous set of sound ..., and nasals are syllabic, sonorant . Sonority scale In English language English , the sonority ... more details
Lucanica was a short, fat, rustic pork sausage in Ancient Roman cuisine . Apicius documents it as a spicy, smoked beef or pork sausage originally from Lucania according to Cicero and Martial , it was brought by Roman troops or slaves from Lucania. ref Oxford Companion to Food ref ref Touring Club Italiano Le citt dell olio , 2001, Touring Editore pag. 237 ISBN 883652141X ref It has given its name to a variety of sausages fresh, cured, and smoked in Mediterranean cuisine and its colonial offshoots, including Italian cuisine Italian luganega or lucanica . Portuguese cuisine Portuguese and Brazilian cuisine Brazilian lingui a Greek cuisine Greek loukaniko , a fresh sausage usually flavored with orange peel Spanish cuisine Spanish , Latin American cuisine Latin American , and Philippine cuisine Philippine longaniza , a name which covers both fresh and cured sausages Arab cuisine Arabic laq niq , naq niq , or maq niq , made of mutton and some semolina ref Maxine Rodinson , GHidh , Encyclopaedia of Islam , Second Edition. http www.brillonline.nl subscriber entry?entry islam COM 0235 full text ref ref For the phonetic variation, see Dulaym ibn Mas d Qa n , Sound changes in Arabic sonorant consonants not seen ref Notes references meat stub Category Sausages Category Roman cuisine ... more details
Infobox Language name Wich Lhamt s G isnay nativename Wiznay states Flag Argentina , Flag Chile speakers 15,000 ref name ethno http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code mzh Wich Lhamt s G isnay. Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 Jan 2012. ref date 1999 ethnicity Wich people familycolor American fam1 Matacoan languages Matacoan fam2 Wichi language iso3 mzh Wich Lhamt s G isnay or Wiznay is a Wich language . Wich Lhamt s G isnay had an estimated 15,000 speakers in 1999 in Argentina and Chile. The language is centered in the Pilcomayo River region. Other names for the language include G isnay, Mataco, Mataco G isnay, Mataco Pilcomayo, and Wich Lhamt s. A grammar book has been written for the language. ref name ethno The Wich languages are predominantly suffix ing and polysynthetic language polysynthetic verbal words have between 2 and 15 morphemes. Alienable and inalienable possession linguistics possession is distinguished. The phonological inventory is large, with simple, glottalization glottalized and aspirated consonant aspirated stop consonant stop s and sonorant s. The number of vowel s varies with the language five or six . See also Wich Lhamt s Nocten Wich Lhamt s Vejoz Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Wich Lhamt s G isnay Category Matacoan languages Category Languages of Argentina na lang stub fr Wichi langue lt Vi kalba pms Lenga wich lhamt s g isnay qu Wichi simi ... more details
Infobox Language name Wich Lhamt s Vejoz nativename states Flag Argentina , Flag Bolivia speakers 25,000 date ethnicity Wich people familycolor American fam1 Matacoan languages Matacoan fam2 Wichi languages iso3 wlv Wich Lhamt s Vejoz is a Mataco Guaicuru language. Wich Lhamt s Vejoz has 25,000 speakers in Argentina and some speakers in Bolivia. They are concentrated in northern parts of Chaco Province Chaco , Formosa Province Formosa , Salta Province Salta , Jujuy Province s, as well as west of Toba, the upper Bermejo River valley, and Pilcomayo River . The language is also called Mataco Vejoz and Vejos. The Bible was translated into Wich Lhamt s Vejoz in 2002. The language is written in the Latin script . ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code wlv Wich Lhamt s Vejoz. Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 Jan 2012. ref The Wich languages are predominantly suffix ing and polysynthetic language polysynthetic verbal words have between 2 and 15 morphemes. Alienable and inalienable possession linguistics possession is distinguished. The phonological inventory is large, with simple, glottalization glottalized and aspirated consonant aspirated stop consonant stop s and sonorant s. The number of vowel s varies with the language five or six . See also Wich Lhamt s Nocten Wich Lhamt s G isnay Notes reflist External links http www.ethnologue.com show country.asp?name AR Wich Lhamt s Vejoz Ethnologue http mammana.org bcp wichi1926 Thathamet Thatathyaj Thaye Thatenek 1926 Portions of the Book of Common Prayer and Paraphrases of Well known English Hymns in the Mataco Language as Spoken by a Tribe of Indians Living in That Part of the Gran Chaco which is under the Rule of the Argentine Republic. Digitized by Richard Mammana DEFAULTSORT Wichi Lhamtes Vejoz Category Matacoan languages Category Languages of Bolivia Category Languages of Argentina na lang stub pms Lenga wich lhamt s vejoz ... more details
Infobox language name T region Rivers State states Nigeria speakers 313,000 date 2006 ethnicity familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo fam3 Benue Congo fam4 Cross River languages Cross River fam5 Ogoni languages Ogoni fam6 East Ogoni iso3 tkq notice IPA T , or Tai , is the language of the Tai, Nigeria Tai tribe of the Ogoni nation of Nigeria. It is to a limited degree mutually intelligible with Khana language Khana , the main Ogoni language, but its speakers consider it to be a separate language. Phonology The T IPA t sound system is typical of an Ogoni language and identical to that of Khana, with the exception of four or five voiceless sonorant s not found in that language. The voiceless w is also found in other Ogoni languages , and voiceless j and l are also found in other languages of Nigeria . T has three tones, sm high , sm mid , and sm low . There are seven oral vowels, IPA i e a o u , and five nasal vowels, IPA . All may occur long or short. The consonants are as follows class IPA wikitable style text align center T consonants rowspan 2 colspan 2 rowspan 2 Bilabial consonant Bilabial colspan 2 Alveolar consonant Alveolar rowspan 2 Palatal consonant Palatal colspan 2 Velar consonant Velar rowspan 2 Labial velar consonant Labial br velar class small central consonant central lateral consonant lateral plain labialisation lab. rowspan 2 Plosive small voiceless small p t k k k p small voice phonetics voiced small b d b rowspan 2 Fricative consonant Fricative small voiceless small s small voiced small z rowspan 2 Nasal stop Nasal small voiceless small m n small voiced small m n rowspan 2 Approximant consonant Approximant small voiceless small l colspan 2 w small voiced small l j colspan 2 w A glottal stop IPA appears before any otherwise vowel initial stem linguistics stem . The alveolar consonants are apical. T includes a rather unusual series of voiceless sonorant s. The voiceless palatal IPA sounds rather like ... more details
Cowgill s law , named after Indo Europeanist Warren Cowgill , refers to two unrelated sound changes, one occurring in Proto Greek and the other in Proto Germanic . Cowgill s law in Greek In Proto Greek , Cowgill s law ref name sihler cite book last Sihler first Andrew L. authorlink Andrew L. Sihler title New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin publisher Oxford University Press year 1995 isbn 0 19 508345 8 ref says that a former o vowel becomes u between a sonorant resonant r , l , m , n and a labial consonant including Labialized velar consonant labiovelar s , in either order. Examples n ks night Proto Indo European language PIE nok ts cf. Latin language Lat. nox , Vedic Sanskrit Ved. n k nakts , Gothic language Goth. nahts , Hittite language Hitt. gen. sg. nekuz nek ts ph llon leaf Proto Indo European language PIE bholyom cf. Latin language Lat. folium m l mill Proto Indo European language PIE mol eh cf. Latin language Lat. mol na nuks nail stem nukh early Proto Greek PG onok h Proto Indo European language PIE h nog h cf. Old English language OE n gl Proto Germanic PGerm nag laz Note that when a labiovelar adjoins an o affected by Cowgill s law, the new u will cause the labiovelar to lose its labial component as in n ks and nuks nukh . Cowgill s law in Germanic Cowgill s law in Germanic ref name ringe cite book last Ringe first Don authorlink Donald Ringe title From Proto Indo European to Proto Germanic publisher Oxford University Press year 2006 isbn 978 0 19 955229 0 ref has no relation to Cowgill s law in Greek other than having been named after the same person. It says that a PIE laryngeal h , and possibly h , turns into k in Proto Germanic when directly preceded by a sonorant and followed by w . This law is still controversial, although increasingly accepted. Donald Ringe 2006 accepts it ref name ringe Andrew Sihler 1995 is noncommittal. ref name sihler Examples are fairly few kwikwaz alive whence English quick PIE g ih wos cf. Lat. v vus unkw us two c ... more details
IPA m , IPA n , IPA , IPA j , IPA w , as decomposed glottal stop sonorant IPA m , IPA n , IPA , IPA j , IPA w , or as decomposed sonorant glottal stop IPA m , IPA n , IPA , IPA j , IPA ... often lowered when followed by a glottalized sonorant i.e., IPA m , IPA n , IPA , IPA j ... more details
as voiceless, voiced, and glottalization glottalized sonorant s. class wikitable border 1 colspan .... The may occur as a glottal stop followed by a modally voiced sonorant, IPA m , IPA j , etc. an initially creaky voiced sonorant switching to modal voice by the end a fully creaky consonant or the creak ... more details
phonation No footnotes date August 2008 In linguistics , voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, this is a type of phonation , which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies voice phonetics voicing , and that voicelessness is the lack of phonation. The International Phonetic Alphabet has distinct letters for many voiceless and modal voice modally voiced pairs of consonants the obstruent s , such as IPA p b , t d , k , q f v , s z . In addition, there are diacritics for voicelessness, IPA diacritic description 0325 COMBINING RING BELOW and IPA diacritic description 030A COMBINING RING ABOVE , which is used for letters with a descender . Diacritics are typically used with letters for prototypically voiced sounds, such as vowel s and sonorant consonant s IPA , l , . Voiceless vowels and other sonorants Sonorant s are those sounds, such as vowels and nasal stop s, which are voiced in most of the world s languages. However, in some languages sonorants may be voiceless, usually allophone allophonically . For example, the Japanese language Japanese word sukiyaki is pronounced IPA su kijaki . This may sound like IPA skijaki to an English speaker, but the lips can be seen compressing for the IPA u . Something similar happens in English with words like p e culiar IPA p kju li and p o tato IPA p te to . Sonorants may also be contrastively voiceless, not just voiceless due to their environment. Tibetan language Tibetan , for example, has a voiceless IPA l in Lhasa, which sounds similar to, but is not as noisy as, the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative voiceless lateral fricative IPA in Welsh language Welsh , and which contrasts with a modally voiced IPA l . Welsh contrasts several voiceless sonorants IPA m, m , IPA n, n , IPA , , and IPA r, r , the latter represented by rh . In the Moksha language there is even a voiceless palatal approximant I ... more details
Infobox language name Mlabri nativename states Thailand , Laos speakers 320 date 1982 ethnicity familycolor Austro Asiatic fam2 Khmuic languages Khmuic fam3 nation iso3 mra notice IPA Mlabri is a language spoken by the Mlabri people in the border area between Thailand and Laos . It is usually classified as a Khmuic languages Khmuic language , a subgroup of the Austro Asiatic languages . Linguistics Linguist J rgen Rischel has studied the language and described its peculiarities in several works. He divides the language into three varieties one spoken by a small group in Laos and previously called Yumbri , and two others spoken by larger groups in Thailand. They differ in Intonation linguistics intonation and in lexicon . Although it is possible to count up to ten in Mlabri, only the numerals one and two may be used to modify a noun, and the word for two has uses closer to pair or couple in English than a numeral. Phonology Mlabri distinguishes rounding in its back vowel s. It does not have the register phonology register systems of some other Austroasiatic languages. class IPA wikitable border 1 rowspan 2 Front colspan 2 Back unrnd round align center i u align center e o align center align center colspan 3 a All vowels occur vowel length long and short . a is fronted after palato alveolar consonants, and may approach IPA . There is also a very short vowel IPA that has limited distribution. Schwas occur in pre tonic syllables, but may be epenthetic . There are several diphthongs. Consonants include glottalized plosives and partially voiceless sonorants. class wikitable border 1 Initial consonants colspan 2 Lab. Alv. Pal. Vel. Glot. rowspan 4 Obstruent aspirate p t t s k h tenuis p t t k voiced b d d glottalized b d rowspan 2 Nasal voiced m n voiceless m n rowspan 3 Sonorant voiced w l, r j voiceless w l , r glottalized w j IPA r is only attested in minor syllable s. Mlabri has a different set of consonants which occur at the e ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In phonology , a natural class is a set of phoneme sounds in a language that share certain phonetics phonetic distinctive feature features . The sound system of every language includes several natural classes, each distinguished from other classes by certain features. A given natural class is described using the minimum number of features needed to include all sounds within the class and exclude all sounds outside the class. Some natural classes in a language are larger and include several other natural classes within them, while some may be small and include only one speech sound. Natural classes tend to behave in similar ways, participating in the same phonological rule s. For example, the set containing the sounds IPA p , IPA t , and IPA k is a natural class in English, namely voicelessness voiceless plosive stop s. This class contrasts with several other classes, such as the voiced stops, voiceless fricatives, sonorant s, and vowel s. The class of voiceless stops is described by two features continuant and voice phonetics voice . This means that any sound with both the feature continuant not able to pronounced continuously and the feature voice not pronounced with vibration of the vocal chords is included in the class. This correctly describes all voiceless stops and does not describe any sounds besides voiceless stops. By implication, the class is also described as not having the features continuant or voice . This means that all sounds with either the feature continuant able to be lengthened in pronunciation or voice pronounced with vibration of the vocal chords are excluded from the class. This excludes all natural classes of sounds besides voiceless stops. For instance, it excludes voiceless fricatives, which have the feature continuant , voiced stops, which have the feature voice , and liquid consonant liquid s and vowel s, which have the features continuant and voice . Voiceless stops also have other features, ... more details
Cleanup date May 2007 Acoustic landmarks and distinctive features is the name of a proposed a model of speech perception by Kenneth N. Stevens and his colleagues at Massachusetts Institute Of Technology MIT . Model In this model, the incoming acoustic signal is believed to be first processed to determine the so called landmarks which are special Frequency spectrum spectral events in the signal for example, vowels are typically marked by higher frequency of the first formant, consonants can be specified as discontinuities in the signal and have lower amplitudes in lower and middle regions of the spectrum. These acoustic features result from articulation. In fact, secondary articulatory movements may be used when enhancement of the landmarks is needed due to external conditions such as noise. Stevens claims that coarticulation causes only limited and moreover systematic and thus predictable variation in the signal which the listener is able to deal with. Within this model therefore, what is called the Speech perception Lack of invariance lack of invariance is simply claimed not to exist. Landmarks are analyzed to determine certain articulatory events gestures which are connected with them. In the next stage, acoustic cues are extracted from the signal in the vicinity of the landmarks by means of mental measuring of certain parameters such as frequencies of spectral peaks, amplitudes in low frequency region, or timing. The next processing stage comprises acoustic cues consolidation and derivation of distinctive features. These are binary categories related to articulation for example high , back , round lips for vowels sonorant , lateral , or nasal for consonants. Bundles of these features uniquely identify speech segments phonemes, syllables, words . These segments are part of the lexicon which is stored in the listener s memory. Its units are activated in the process of lexical access and mapped on the original signal to find out whether they match. If not, another a ... more details
Incubator code gor Infobox language name Gorontalo nativename Bahasa Hulonthalo script Latin script Latin states Indonesia region Gorontalo province Gorontalo , Sulawesi speakers 900.000 ref cite web url http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code gor title Gorontalo. A language of Indonesia Sulawesi author date work publisher Ethnologue accessdate 3 September 2010 ref familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Philippine languages Philippine fam4 Gorontalo Mongondow languages Gorontalo Mongondow fam5 Gorontalic langauges Gorontalic iso2 gor iso3 gor notice IPA The Gorontalo language also called Hulontalo is a Philippine languages Philippine language spoken in Gorontalo Province Northern Sulawesi , Indonesia, southern coast by the Gorontalo people . ref cite web url http linguistlist.org forms langs LLDescription.cfm?code gor title The Gorontalo Language author date work publisher The linguist list accessdate 3 September 2010 ref There is no ISO 639 1 code for Gorontalo. Dialects of Gorontalo are East Gorontalo , Gorontalo Kota , Tilamuta , Suwawa , and West Gorontalo . There were 900.000 speakers of Gorontalo in 1989. ref cite web url http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code gor title Gorontalo. A language of Indonesia Sulawesi author date work publisher Ethnologue accessdate 3 September 2010 ref Phonology class wikitable IPA lab colspan 2 alv. pal. vel. glot. nasal m n plosive p b t d d c k implosive colspan 4 sonorant w l r j h Consonant sequences include NC homorganic nasal&ndash plosive , where C may be IPA b d t d k . Elsewhere, IPA b d are relatively rare and only occur before high vowel s. IPA d , written unicode in the literature, is a laminal post alveoral coronal stop that is indeterminate as to voicing. The phonemic status of IPA is unclear if IPA V V is interpreted as vowel sequences IPA VV , then this contrasts with long vowels where the two V s are the same and vowel sequences separa ... more details
distinguish2 the Bangi language of central Africa Infobox Language name Bangime nativename Ba g ri m speakers ca. 1500 familycolor isolate family language isolate isolate region Dogon cliffs, Mali iso3 dba The Bangime unicode b m language, ref IPA en b i me ref or in full unicode B g r m , ref Vr sequences are frequently dropped. The language has also been called Numadaw , which is part of a greeting. ref is spoken by some 1500 ethnic Dogon people Dogon in seven villages in southern Mali , who call themselves the unicode b nd hidden people . Long known to be highly divergent from other Dogon languages, it was first proposed as a possible language isolate isolate by Blench 2005 . Research since then has confirmed that it appears to be unrelated to neighboring languages. Roger Blench, who discovered the language was not Dogon, notes, This language contains some Niger Congo roots but is lexically very remote from all other languages in West Africa. It is presumably the last remaining representative of the languages spoken prior to the expansion of the Dogon proper, which he dates to 3000 4000 years ago. Unlike Dogon languages, which are isolating, Bangime is isolating. The only productive affixes are the plural and a diminutive, which are seen in the words for the people and language above. Phonology Vowels have an Advanced tongue root ATR distinction, which affects neighboring consonants, but unusually for such systems, there is no ATR vowel harmony in Bangime. The vowels are IPA i e a o u . Vowels may be long or nasalized. There are three tones on mora linguistics mora s short syllables high, low, and rising. In addition, falling tone may occur on long bimoraic syllables. Syllables may also have no inherent tone. Bangime has consonant distinctions not found in the Dogon languages. class wikitable IPA m n p t k b d s l j w NC sequences tend to drop the plosive, and often lenition lenite to a nasalized sonorant IPA b nd b r a b n f ... more details
Infobox language name Ormuri states Pakistan speakers 1,000 familycolor Indo European fam2 Indo Iranian languages Indo Iranian fam3 Iranian languages Iranian fam4 Eastern Iranian languages Eastern fam5 Southeastern Iranian languages Southeastern ? fam6 Ormuri Parachi iso3 oru Ormuri is a member of the Southeastern branch of the Eastern Iranian languages , ref name Iranica Nicholas Sims Williams, http www.iranicaonline.org articles eastern iranian languages Eastern Iranian languages , in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, 2010 ref but attempts to classify Ormuri in the Northwestern Iranian languages have also been made. ref http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 90019 Ethnologue report for Iranian ref It is spoken in the city of Kaniguram in South Waziristan , Pakistan by the Burki people. It may also be spoken by a few people in Baraki Barak in Logar province Logar , Afghanistan. Ormuri is notable for its unusual sound inventory, which includes a Alveolar trill Raised alveolar non sonorant trill voiceless alveolar trill contrastive with the more common voiced variety i.e. the of Czech language Czech , which does not exist in the surrounding Pashto language Pashto at all. Ormuri also have voiceless alveolo palatal fricative voiceless and voiced alveolo palatal fricative s the voiceless being contrastive with the more common voiceless palato alveolar fricative , which also exist in the Waziri dialect Waziri Pashto , but could have been adopted from Ormuri due to its close proximity. ref Rozi Khan Burki. http www.khyber.org publications 016 020 ormuri.shtml Dying Languages Special Focus on Ormuri . Originally published in Pakistan Journal of Public Administration Volume 6. No. 2 in December 2001. Khyber.ORG . ref Dialects There are two dialect of Ormuri, one is spoken in Kaniguram, Waziristan, which is the more archaic dialect, and the other one in Baraki Barak, Logar. The Kaniguram dialect is not understood in Baraki Barak. The linguist Georg Morgenstiern ... more details
No footnotes date January 2011 Spanish Image Dialectos espa ol de Per y Ecuador.png 260px right thumb Dialectal map of Peru and Ecuador . Andean Spanish is in red. Andean Spanish is a dialect of Spanish language Spanish spoken in the central Andes , from southern Colombia , with influence as far south as northern Chile and Northwestern Argentina , passing through Ecuador , Peru , and Bolivia . It is influenced principally by Castilian Spanish , which is favoured in the cities, while in rural areas and some cities, there is influence of Quechua languages Quechua , Aymara , and other Indigenous peoples of the Americas indigenous languages. Notable phonological characteristics In Andean Spanish, the s is never aspirated in the final position, and it is never pronounced predorsal but semi apical a trait inherited form Castille In the Ecuadorian variation, the fricative alveolar as a syllable coda becomes z if the next consonant is also voiced or a sonorant, or the next word begins with a vowel. In the Peruvian variation, it is palatalized before i . In Bolivia and southern Peru, ll Palatal lateral approximant and y Palatal approximant j are distinguished. Often the vowels e and i or o and u are merged, due to the influence of the tri vocal system of Quechua and Aymara. The double r diphthong rr is assibilated into Raised alveolar trill voiced , tr into y, r into Raised alveolar trill . This is only found in Ecuador and Bolivia. The velar fricative x does not present the laryngeal allophone of other dialects. The f is bilabialized, the same one that adds an epenthetic w is often confused with x . It gives emphasis to the consonants while weakening the vowels, with even less on unstressed syllables like in Mexico , but not as marked . The stress is, or tends to be, penultimate. Influence on Nearby Areas In northeast Argentina and north Chile today it is possible to say that there is a certain fusion in the dialects of those respective countries, but noting that mo ... more details
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