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Encyclopedia results for Southern African Development Community

Southern African Development Community





Encyclopedia results for Southern African Development Community

  1. Southern African Development Community

    Refimprove date March 2011 Infobox Geopolitical organization name Southern African Development Community SADC linking name the Southern African Development Community image flag Flag of SADC.svg symbol type Logo image symbol Sadc logo.png image map Southern African Development Community.svg map width 300px map caption SADC only light and SADC Southern African Customs Union SACU dark members membership ..., decision making is by consensus. SADC in practice File Southern African Development Community Headquarters ... title ref See also Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA East African Community EAC Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS List of Trade blocs Southern African Customs Union SACU References Reflist Further reading Gabri l Oosthuizen, The Southern African Development Community ..., Gaborone SADC External links commons category Southern African Development Community Official website http www.sadc.int Southern African Development Community Category Politics of Africa Category African ... spole enstv da Southern African Development Community de S dafrikanische Entwicklungsgemeinschaft ... African Development Community SADC is an inter governmental organization headquartered in Gaborone ... FLS grouping. It was formed in 1980. The Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCC ... and Southern Africa and the East African Community to form the African Free Trade Zone . The leaders ... African Development Community Category Gaborone Category United Nations General Assembly observers ... ja no Samarbeidsorganisasjonen for det s rlige Afrika nso Southern African Development ... ru fi Etel isen Afrikan kehitysyhteis sv Southern African Development ... African Development Coordination Conference SADCC established date1 1 April 1980 established ... and security cooperation among 15 southern African states. It complements the role of the African ... ruled southern African countries of the Lusaka declaration on 1 April 1980 paved the way for the formal ...   more details



  1. Flag of the Southern African Development Community

    afd mergeto Southern African Development Community Flag of the Southern African Development Community 28 January 2012 date January 2012 Merge Southern African Development Community date July 2010 Orphan date February 2009 File SADC.GIF thumb Right 200px The SADC Flag used today With the establishment of the Southern African Development Community SADC , the flag of the organization came from the people of the member countries, with a competition from the member states the logo was amended to reflect the new acronym in the same style as used previously, in 1994 proposals stopped and in 1995 a new flag was chosen. The new flag has a Navy Blue field with a Green circle in the centre and SADC logo is in the middle of that green circle. File SADCC.GIF thumb Right 200px The SADC Flag adopted in 1980 In the official description of the flag, Blue symbolises the sky and ocean that bring water and life, and green is for the rich Varied Flora and Fauna, while the regions rich gold wealth is represented in the Logo itself. The previous Flag was a blank white field with the SADCC Logo on centered on it. The Flag was first used in the 1995 SADC Summit in the World Trade Centre in Kempton Park, Gauteng Kempton Park near Johannesburg . Category Southern African Development Community Category International flags South African Development Community Category Flags of organizations South African Development Community ...   more details



  1. Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho

    Wikify date February 2012 The 1998 military intervention in Lesotho, codenamed Operation Boleas, was a military invasion launched in the name of the Southern African Development Community SADC , and led by South Africa through its South African National Defence Force SANDF . Troops from Botsawana were supposed to join SANDF forces when they crossed the border to quell a suspected coup d tat. However, the Botswana contingent lost its way and only SANDF troops entered the landlocked kingdom of Lesotho. This led, after an incident at the Katse dam to rioting in the Lesotho capital, Maseru, initially directed at South African owned businesses. But this soon spread and much of the centre of Maseru was severely damaged with shops and hotels looted and burned. Trouble began in March 1998 when parliamentary elections in Lesotho resulted in an overwhelming majority for the ruling Lesotho Congress for Democracy Party, which won 79 out of 80 seats. However allegations of vote fraud soon surfaced, and after a failed lawsuit by the opposition parties, widespread rioting broke out and there was talk in August and September of a possible coup by Lesotho s small army. In September while President Nelson Mandela of South Africa was out of the country, Inkatha Freedom Party leader and then home affairs minister in the African National Congress led government, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, acted in his place. It was he who took responsibility for ordering SANDF troops to lead a SADC intervention into Lesotho and some 700 South African troops enterred Lesotho on September 22. Mandela subsequently endorsed the decision and the invasion. South Africa was particularly keen to ensure control of the Katse dam in the Maluti mountains above Maseru and which provides much of the water for South Africa s major industrial region of the Witwatersrand. Looting and arson erupted, and it took several years to rebuild Maseru s town centre. SADC troops were pulled out in May 1999. See also Politics of Lesoth ...   more details



  1. 2008 Southern African Development Community emergency meeting

    Zambia n President Levy Mwanawasa called an emergency meeting of Southern African Development Community SADC leaders for 12 April during the Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008 2008 Zimbabwe presidential election to discuss the post election impasse. ref name Calls http www.news24.com News24 Africa Zimbabwe 0,,2 11 1662 2302927,00.html SADC calls Zim crisis meeting , Reuters News24 , 9 April 2008. ref ref name Summit http english.aljazeera.net NR exeres 425FEADC FF66 413B B182 C2D7DB47E30B.htm Zambia to hold Zimbabwe summit , Al Jazeera, April 9, 2008. ref According to Mwanawasa, Zimbabwe s deepening problems meant that the issue needed to be dealt with at presidential level . ref name Summit Jacob Zuma , meanwhile, said that he thought results should have already been announced, ref name Calls and he described the failure to release them as unprecedented . ref name What http www.int.iol.co.za index.php?set id 1&click id 3045&art id nw20080412142730350C148267 What Zim crisis? , AFP IOL , April 12, 2008. ref Meeting details Biti said on April 10 that the MDC would not participate in a second round, reiterating the party s claim that Tsvangirai won a majority in the first round. ref name Rejects http english.aljazeera.net NR exeres B700CF63 FECD 4FAD 8112 48FC55D34BA4.htm Zimbabwe opposition rejects run off , Al Jazeera, April 10, 2008. ref ref name Stand http www.newzimbabwe.com pages electoral235.18042.html MDC says Tsvangirai will not stand in run off , Associated Press newzimbabwe.com , April 10, 2008. ref According to the law, if one candidate in a second round withdraws, the other candidate is automatically the winner. Chinamasa was dismissive of the MDC s claim that it would ... DEFAULTSORT Southern African Development Community emergency meeting 2008 Category Southern African Development Community Emergency meeting 2008 Category Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008 Category ... African President Thabo Mbeki on April 10 in Johannesburg . ref name Pulls http edition.cnn.com 2008 ...   more details



  1. Southern African Development Coordination Conference

    Unreferenced date June 2007 The Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCC , which was the forerunner of the Southern African Development Community SADC , was formed in Lusaka , Zambia , on 1 April 1980, following the adoption of the Lusaka Declaration entitled Southern Africa Towards Economic Liberation by the nine founding member states Angola , Botswana , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Swaziland , Tanzania , Zambia, Zimbabwe . The Co ordination Conference was a result of a long process of consultations in the seventies. Some of the main goals for the Member States were to be less dependent on apartheid South Africa and to introduce programmes and projects which would influence the Southern African countries and whole region. The Declaration and Treaty establishing the SADC, which replaced the Coordination Conference, was signed at the Summit of Heads of State or Government on 17 August 1992, in Windhoek , Namibia . Category Organizations established in 1980 Category International organizations of Africa Category Southern Africa Africa org stub de S dafrikanische Entwicklungskonferenz no Samarbeidslandene for utviklingsbistand i det s rlige Afrika ...   more details



  1. Community development

    Era African community development ideals as a basis of his South African Ashram , and then introduced ...Cleanup date February 2009 Community development CD is a broad term applied to the practices and List ... to improve various aspects of local communities. Community development seeks to empower individuals ... . Definitions There are complementary definitions of community development. The Community Development ... including Foundation Builders Community Development Foundation , Community Development Exchange and the Federation of Community Development Learning defines community development as A set of values ... url http www.cdf.org.uk SITE UPLOAD DOCUMENT communitydevelopmentchallenge.pdf title Community Development Challenge Report accessdate 2009 02 13 publisher Produced by Community Development Foundation for Communities and Local Government ref Community Development Exchange defines community development as both an occupation such as a community development worker in a local authority and a way of working ... respect. Community development involves changing the relationships between ordinary people and people ... goals. Community development practitioners work alongside people in communities to help build ... for the community to learn new skills and, by enabling people to act together, community development ... community development what community development title Definition of CD accessdate 2010 06 08 publisher Community Development Exchange ref A number of different approaches to community development can be recognized, including community economic development CED Capacity building community capacity ... nonviolent direct action Sustainable development ecologically sustainable development asset based community development faith based community development Community practice community practice social ... planning CBP community driven development CDD and approaches to funding communities directly. Education ... component of community development and certainly for under served communities that have limited ...   more details



  1. Southern African Railway Association

    The Southern African Railway Association SARA is a regional association of railways in the south of Africa, especially those using Cape gauge or railgauge 1067 . The association is a not for profit organisation and was formed in 1996 ref http www.sararail.org ?page id 66 ref . See also African Union of Railways References reflist External links http www.sararail.org site angola.html Angola rail stub Category Southern African Development Community Category Rail transport in Africa ...   more details



  1. Development Southern Africa

    unreferenced date May 2010 Development Southern Africa , the journal of the Development Bank of Southern Africa , publishes articles that reflect innovative thinking on key development challenges and policy issues facing South Africa and other southern African countries. Infobox Journal title Development Southern Africa cover discipline Regional development development social sciences South Africa Southern Africa language website http www.tandf.co.uk journals titles 0376835x.asp link1 http www.informaworld.com smpp title content t713413745 db all link1 name Online access publisher London Carfax country abbreviation None history 1984 present frequency 5 issues per year ISSN 0376 835X eISSN 1470 3637 Jstor OCLC LCCN Category African studies journals Category Taylor & Francis academic journals ...   more details



  1. Southern African Power Pool

    Portal Energy The Southern African Power Pool SAPP is a cooperation of the national electricity companies in Southern Africa under the auspecies of the Southern African Development Community SADC . The members of SAPP have created common power grid between their countries and a common market for electricity in the SADC region. SAPP was founded in 1995. Members class wikitable Country Generation, transmission and distribution company ref name SAPP cite web url http www.sapp.co.zw viewinfo.cfm?id 47&linkid 2&siteid 1 title Southern African Power Pool website author Southern African Power Pool authorlink Southern African Power Pool accessdate March 29, 2010 ref Electricity production mill kWh ref name cia cite web url https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook index.html title CIA Factbook author Central Intelligence Agency authorlink Central Intelligence Agency publisher The World Factbook accessdate March 29, 2010 ref Angola Empresa Nacional de Electricidade de Angola 3.722 billion kWh Botswana Botswana Power Corporation 1.052 billion kWh Democratic Republic of the Congo Soci t nationale d lectricit SNEL 8.217 billion kWh Lesotho Lesotho Electricity Corporation 502 million kWh supplied by South Africa Mozambique Electricidade de Mo ambique 15.91 billion kWh Malawi Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi 1.69 billion kWh Namibia NamPower 1.65 billion kWh South Africa Eskom 240.3 billion kWh Swaziland Swaziland Electricity Board 441 million kWh Tanzania TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited 3.786 billion kWh Zambia ZESCO Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited 29.752 billion kWh Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority 8.89 billion kWh References references External links http www.sapp.co.zw SAPP official website Category Energy in Africa Category Electricity markets Electric power stub ...   more details



  1. Southern African Customs Union

    Trade bloc Common Monetary Area Southern African Development Community SADC Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA External links http www.sacu.int SACU Official Website http www.dfa.gov.za foreign Multilateral africa sacu.htm Explanatory website from the South African government SACU Category Organizations established in 1910 Category Southern Africa Category International trade Category Trade blocs Category African Union Category Southern African Development Community Category ...Image Southern African Customs Union.svg thumb Members of SACU The Southern African Customs Union SACU is a customs union among five countries of Southern Africa Botswana , Lesotho , Namibia , South Africa and Swaziland . History Politics of the African Union mini SACU is the oldest still existing customs union in the world. ref http www.wto.org English tratop e tpr e tp213 e.htm WTO Trade Policy Review Southern African Customs Union 2003 ref It was established in 1910 as a Customs Union Agreement between the then Union of South Africa and the High Commission Territories of Bechuanaland , Basutoland and Swaziland . With the advent of independence for these territories, the agreement was updated and on December 11, 1969 it was relaunched as the SACU with the signing of an agreement between the Republic ... Trade Agreements Bilateral Southern Africa FTA Section Index.html USTR Southern African Customs ... de Sud ru nso Southern African Customs Union sv Sydafrikanska ... a share of the customs pool a share of the excise pool and a share of a development component Further ... re exports. The excise component, net of the development component, should be allocated on the basis of GDP. The development component should be fixed at 15 of the total excise pool and distributed to all ... pending issues and concerns . ref http stiffkitten.wordpress.com 2010 05 03 eu dismiss concerns of southern african customs union ref ref http www.afrika.dk files SACU 20Letter 20to 20the 20EU 20Trade ...   more details



  1. Development Bank of Southern Africa

    Infobox Company company name Development Bank of Southern Africa company logo File SA Development Bank logo.png company type Government owned company slogan foundation 1983 ref name DBSAannual2011 cite web url http www.dbsa.org InvestorRelations Links DBSA 20and 20DF 20Annual 20Reports 202011.pdf title Development Bank of Southern Africa Annual Report 2010 2011 publisher Development Bank of Southern Africa date March 2011 accessdate October 04, 2011 ref location key people Pravin Gordhan Governor br Paul Cambo Baloyi CEO num employees 703 ref name DBSAannual2011 industry Finance products Banking net income profit South African rand R 332 million ref name DBSAannual2011 homepage http www.dbsa.org www.dbsa.org The Development Bank of Southern Africa DBSA is a Development Finance Institution wholly owned by the government of South Africa and focuses on large infrastructure projects within the public and private sector. It is one of several development finance institutions in Southern Africa. The main objectives are the promotion of economic development and growth, human resource development, institutional capacity building, and the support of development projects in the region. The Bank plays a multiple role of Financier, Advisor, Partner, Implementer and Integrator to mobilize finance and expertise for development projects. ref name DBSAannual2011 References reflist External sources http www.dbsa.org DBSA website http www.dbsa.org Vulindlela pages default.aspx DBSA Vulindlela Academy Category Development finance institutions Category Organisations based in South Africa Category Government owned companies of South Africa SouthAfrica gov stub Africa org stub fr Banque de d veloppement d Afrique du Sud ...   more details



  1. Southern African Cat Council

    The Southern African Cat Council SACC is a cat registry and cat fancy organization based in South Africa , affiliating 9 clubs, 14 breed groups and 4 judges panels. History SACC was founded in 1945 as the Associated Cat Clubs of South Africa , the first organization serving the South African cat fancy. In 1996, the members overhauled the organization s structure and constitution, and adopted the name Southern African Cat Council . SACC joined the World Cat Congress in 2006. References cite web title World Cat Congress Members The Southern African Cat Council url http www.worldcatcongress.org wp org mem sacc.html External links http www.tsacc.org.za Southern African Cat Council official website Category Cat registries Category Organisations based in South Africa Category Organizations established in 1945 ...   more details



  1. Southern Community Media Association

    primarysources date June 2010 The Southern Community Media Association SCMA is a peak body in the Community Broadcasting sector, specifically Community Radio in Australia . The SCMA is a National Representative Body for Regional, Rural and Sub Metro Community Broadcasters in Australia. The SCMA is committed to the development of the Community Broadcasting sector. The SCMA holds an annual Conference usually in March each year that attracts many delegates from a range of Community Radio stations in Australia. External links http www.scma.org.au Southern Community Media Association Category Arts organisations based in Australia Category Community radio organizations Category Community radio stations in Australia Australia bcast stub ...   more details



  1. African Development Bank

    Infobox Organization name African Development Bank image AFDB Logo.png image border size 200px caption ... remarks The African Development Bank Group French Language French Banque africaine de d veloppement ... the African Development Bank AfDB , the African Development Fund ADF , and the Nigeria Trust ... in 1963, later replaced by the African Union , and for a regional development bank. A draft accord ... three African governments on August 4, 1963, in the form of an agreement establishing the African Development ..., 2005, July 27 , African Development Bank Retrieved on 2005 from, July 27, from http www.bicusa.org bicusa issues african development bank index.php ref . In 2005, AfDB approved loans in the amount ... over the coming years. Group entities The African Development Bank Group has two other entities the African Development Fund ADF and the Nigeria Trust Fund NTF . African Development Fund Established in 1972, the African Development Fund started operations in 1974 ref http www.gm unccd.org FIELD Multi AfDB ADF.pdf The African Development Fund United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCCD ... was in 2006. ref http www.opsi.gov.uk SI si2006 20062327.htm The African Development Bank Tenth Replenishment of the African Development Fund, Order 2006 Statutory Instrument 2006 No. 2327, Government ... ref name ADBG African Development Bank Group, 2005 , about us, Group entities Retrieved on 2005 ... African Development Bank shareholder is Nigeria with nearly 9 percent of the vote. All ... President of the African Development Bank Group , having taken the oath of office on September 1, 2005. He chairs the Boards of both the African Development Bank and the African Development Fund. Mr ... bank, the African Development Bank is engaged in promoting the economic development and social ... to African countries, equivalent to only about 6 of development aid to the continent. Its relatively ... activities within the framework of the bank s vision ref name AIDS African Development Bank ...   more details



  1. African Development Foundation

    dablink Not to be confused with African Development Bank or African Development Bank Group entities African Development Fund . gallery File afdevelogo.jpg gallery The United States African Development Foundation USADF is an Independent agencies of the United States government Independent United States Government Agency which provides grants of up to 250,000 to community groups and small enterprises that benefit under served and marginalized groups in Sub Saharan Africa . ref Marginalized groups are people that have significant needs that are not being currently addressed by existing governments programs, NGOs, or other international development efforts. ref USADF measures grant success in terms of jobs created and sustained, increased incomes levels, and improved social conditions. In 2010 ... Retrieved on 2009 03 23. ref Infobox non profit name USADF United States African Development Fund type US government agency founded date African Development Foundation Act 1980 location 21 Countries ... for grants are reviewed by field staff of ADF that work on the ground in African countries. If a business or organization receives funding from the African Development fund they are eligible ... organizations within 2011. ref name African Development Foundation cite web url http www.adf.gov programs.html ... for African directed partner organizations that provide technical design and implementation ... 17 million to 200 projects in 20 African Countries 4.8 million to Capacity Building organizations in Africa ... since provided financing to more than 1,500 small enterprises and community based organizations. Descriptions ..., but it has also established strategic partnerships with African governments and private corporations ... small local or community businesses and individuals. They support programs that will provide ... cooperatives, farmer associations, community groups, enterprises, or businesses that have developed ... grants offer funding for preexisting cooperatives, farmer associations, community groups, enterprises ...   more details



  1. East African Development Bank

    Infobox Company company name East African Development Bank company logo company type Private company Private owner Governments of br Kenya br Rwanda br Tanzania br Uganda slogan foundation 1967 location 4 Nile Avenue, Kampala , Uganda key people Maria Kiwanuka br Chairman Chairperson of Governing Council br Ramadhan M. Khijjah , Chairman Chairman, Board of Directors br Vivienne Yeda Apopo br Director General ref http www.eadb.org about.php?subcat 4 1 Key People at EADB ref num employees industry ... Homepage East African Development Bank EADB is a development finance institution with the objective of promoting development in East Africa . Overview EADB plays a threefold role of lender, adviser and development partner. The bank provides a range of products and services which are made for the region s development requirements. The bank has experience, financial backing, staff and a knowledge ... valued at approximately US 237.7 million. History The East African Development Bank was established in 1967 under the treaty of the then East African Cooperation between Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda . Following the breakup of the first East African Community EAC in 1977, the bank was re established ... services in the Member States. Its main objective is to strengthen socio economic development and regional integration. Ownership asof September 2010 , the ownership of the East African Development ... ref style font size 100 width 100 align center East African Development Bank Stock Ownership valign ... of Uganda 27.20 4 Government of Rwanda 4.34 5 African Development Bank 6.76 6 Netherlands Development ... cooperation among the Member States through the establishment of the new East African Community ... through provision of development finance. The ensuing prospects conform to the Bank s envisaged stable ... 2009, EADB has three 3 other branches, one each in the East African capitals of Nairobi , Kigali ... Kampala Category Multilateral development banks ...   more details



  1. Journal of Southern African Studies

    Italic title Infobox journal title Journal of Southern African Studies cover discipline African studies website http www.tandf.co.uk journals journal.asp?issn 0305 7070&linktype 1 link1 link1 name publisher Routledge country United Kingdom abbreviation history 1975 present frequency Quarterly impact 0.711 impact year 2008 ISSN 0305 7070 eISSN 1465 3893 JSTOR 03057070 OCLC 48532114 LCCN 2001 227376 The Journal of Southern African Studies is an international publication which covers research on the Southern Africa n region, focussing on Angola , Botswana , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , South Africa , Swaziland , Zambia , and Zimbabwe , and occasionally also Tanzania , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Madagascar , and Mauritius . ref http www.tandf.co.uk journals journal.asp?issn 0305 7070&linktype 1 Journal Details tandf.co.uk ref References reflist Category Political science journals Category Publications established in 1975 Category English language journals Category Quarterly journals Category Taylor & Francis academic journals Category African studies journals socialscience journal stub ...   more details



  1. African Economic Community

    Authority on Development IGAD Southern African Development Community SADC Southern ... Authority on Development IGAD colspan 2 Southern African Development Community SADC rowspan 2 Arab ... 2 align center Southern African Development Community SADC align center Southern African Customs ... Monetary Area in force small sup 1 sup small ? align center Southern African Development Community ..., 2008 by the heads of Southern African Development Community SADC , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA and the East African Community EAC . The African Free Trade Zone is also ... into the African Economic Community. Southern African Development Community The Southern African Development ... urged that the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Comesa , the Eastern African Community EAC , and Southern African Development Community SADC , increase co operation towards greater integration ... and Southern Africa COMESA East African Community EAC Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS CEEAC Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa CEMAC Economic Community of West African ... African Development Community SADC bgcolor lightgreen Founding states 1980 AGO BOT sup SACU 70 ... majority ruled States in Southern Africa known as the Southern African Development Coordination ... of the pillars The African Economic Community AEC is an organization of African Union states establishing ... from 2010 small valign top class wikitable style margin 1px East African Community EAC bgcolor lightgreen ... 1px Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS bgcolor lightgreen Founding states 1985 BDI CMR ... small SACU 70 Southern African Customs Union SACU state from 1970 br SACU 90 Southern African Customs ... valign top Image RECs of the AEC.png thumb 347px REC pillars of the African Economic Community. valign top Image Active RECs of the AEC.png thumb 347px Active REC pillars of the African Economic Community ... of the African Economic Community. Other African regional blocs, not participating in the AEC ...   more details



  1. TEBA (Southern African Company)

    TEBA Limited The Employment Bureau of Africa is a company established in 1902, to provide labour recruitment services to the South Africa Southern African Mining Sector. TEBA Limited currently has offices in Southern Mozambique, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana and South Africa. The employee identification scheme used by TEBA TEBA Industry Number is frequently used in the South African Mining industry. Diversification In part due to the lower employee numbers in the South African Mining Industry, TEBA has diversified from labour broker Transport and Tracing Services of Employees and their dependents , primarily for the Rand Mutual Assurance Limited. Teba Bank Limited External links http www.teba.co.za TEBA Web Site Category Mining companies of South Africa SouthAfrica company stub ...   more details



  1. Southern African Hedgehog

    This article was auto generated by User Polbot . Taxobox name Southern African Hedgehog image Atelerix frontalis.jpg status LR lc status system IUCN2.3 regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Erinaceomorpha familia Erinaceidae genus Atelerix species A. frontalis binomial Atelerix frontalis binomial authority A. Smith, 1831 synonyms range map Southern African Hedgehog area.png range map caption Southern African Hedgehog range The Southern African Hedgehog Atelerix frontalis is a species of mammal in the Erinaceidae family. It is found in Angola , Botswana , Lesotho , Namibia , South Africa , and Zimbabwe . Physical description Their bodies are covered by sharp spines. The average mass of a fully grown male is 350g. Defences Their protective mechanism is to curl into a ball when threatened. This however is not always enough defence against the powerful claws and hard feet of predatory birds such as owls. Reproduction The gestation period is one month with a litter of between 1 and 9 newborns. Diet The Southern African Hedgehog is omnivorous. Its diet consists mainly of earthworms and insects. Habitat Southern African Hedgehogs are nocturnal . Although these hedgehogs can be found in most environments they prefer grass and Bushveld that is not too damp, with a good covering of leaves and other debris. They will spend most of the day underneath this cover of leaves or under bushes and in holes only coming out at night to feed. Sleeping places are changed daily with only some wintering and breeding nests being semi permanent. File Hedgehogball.jpg thumb upright Curled into a protective ball File Hedgehogleft.jpg thumb Southern African Hedgehog File Hedgehogright.jpg thumb alt Southern African Hedgehog seen from the right Atelerix frontalis References Insectivore Specialist Group 1996. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 2274 all Atelerix frontalis . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 30 July 2007. Translated ...   more details



  1. Southern African frilled shark

    Taxobox name Southern African frilled shark regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Chondrichthyes subclassis Elasmobranchii ordo Hexanchiformes familia Chlamydoselachidae genus Chlamydoselachus species C. africana range map Chlamydoselachus A distmap.png range map width 240px range map caption Range of the southern African frilled shark binomial Chlamydoselachus africana binomial authority David A. Ebert Ebert & Leonard Compagno Compagno , 2009 The southern African frilled shark Chlamydoselachus africana is a species of shark in the family biology family Chlamydoselachidae , scientific description described in 2009. It is found in deep water from off southern Angola to southern Namibia ... a soft substrate. ref name ebert and compagno Description The southern African frilled shark looks ..., without a lower lobe. ref name ebert and compagno Compared to the frilled shark, the southern African ... and ecology From stomach contents, the southern African frilled shark seems to feed mainly on smaller sharks such as the African sawtail catshark Galeus polli . Its jaws, buccal cavity , and abdomen ... Human interactions The conservation status of the southern African frilled shark has not been ... africana it Chlamydoselachus africana nl Chlamydoselachus africana vi Southern African frilled shark ... species off southern Africa was first suspected from a specimen caught off L deritz , Namibia in February 1988, by the South African research ship FRS Africana after which this species would eventually ... of frilled shark from southern Africa Chondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae journal Zootaxa volume 2173 date 2009 pages 1&ndash 18 ref Distribution and habitat The southern African frilled shark has only been confirmed to occur from off southern Angola to southern Namibia. Frilled ... catshark Apristurus sp. that measured 40 of its body length. Although adult females are unknown, the southern African frilled shark is presumed to be aplacental viviparous like the frilled shark. Males ...   more details



  1. West African Development Bank

    The West African Development Bank WADB fr. Banque Ouest Africaine de D veloppement BOAD pt. Banco de Desenvolvimento do Oeste Africano BDOA is an international Multilateral Development Bank established in 1973 to serve the nations of Francophone and Lusophone West Africa . The BOAD is organised by the Central Bank of West African States and its eight member governments Benin , Burkina Faso , C te d Ivoire , Guinea Bissau , Mali , Niger , Senegal and Togo . It is funded by member states, foreign governments and international agencies. Its headquarters are in Lom , Togo . Creation The BOAD was created 14 November 1973 by member states of the West African Monetary Union WAMU . The original charter focused on development of member economies towards balanced development and to prepare economies for future West African economic integration. In 1994, it became the development arm of the West African Economic and Monetary Union WAEMU UEMOA . Structure Since that time several international organisations have become members of the bank, adding funding and sitting on the board. These include The African Development Bank , the European Investment Bank , the Export and Import Bank of India Exim Bank , ref http www.financialexpress.com news Exim Bank buys stake in West African Development Bank 118243 Exim Bank buys stake in West African Development Bank , Financial Express, 4 November 2004 ref and the People s Bank of China . ref http findarticles.com p articles mi hb5562 is 200412 ai n22713614 CHINA TO TAKE STAKE IN WEST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK AsiaInfo Services, December, 2004 ref The president ... The West African Development Bank WADB Further reading West African Development Bank Boad Handbook. Intl ... Category African Development Category Multilateral development banks Category Supranational banks ... development goals poverty reduction, economic integration and promotion of private sector activity ... and public institutions, are since 2002 also offered to private businesses involved in development ...   more details



  1. Rural community development

    No footnotes date January 2010 Refimprove date January 2010 Rural community development encompasses a range ... in rural rural areas . As a branch of community development , these approaches pay attention to social issues particularly community organizing . This is in contrast to other forms of rural development ... for improving agricultural production . Rural community development is important in developing countries where a large part of the population is engaged in farming . Consequently, a range of community development methods have been created and used by organisations involved in international development . Most of these efforts to promote rural community development are led by experts from outside the community such as government officials, staff of Non governmental organizations and foreign ... Community Development in the United Kingdom In the UK rural community development is seen as very important. Rural areas are often some of the most deprived in the country. Rural Community Council ... communities are supported by experienced community development workers. Rural Community Development in the United States In the United States, rural community development is an essential tool in keeping ... Administration Rural Community Councils Rural Development Social exclusion Social justice Village References http edis.ifas.ufl.edu TOPIC SERIES IFAS Community Development University of Florida Community Development Series http www.eda.gov AboutEDA Mission.xml Mission Economic Development ... Rural Information Center s Community Development Resources http www.ncrcrd.iastate.edu North Central ... Southern Rural Development Center http extension.usu.edu WRDC Western Rural Development Center Dead link date July 2010 DEFAULTSORT Rural Community Development Category Development Category Rural community development es Desarrollo rural comunitario ... of Agriculture , this is addressed through the Rural Development mission area, comprising the Rural ...   more details



  1. Southern African Sand Forest

    File Sand Forest2 Nibela Peninsula 24 05 2011.JPG thumb right 250px Sand Forest at Nibela Peninsula , Lake St Lucia , KwaZulu Natal Southern African Sand Forest is a subtropical forest ecoregion of the Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Biome . It grows on ancient sand dunes in northern KwaZulu Natal and southern Mozambique . In South Africa these forests are known simply as Sand Forest , while in Mozambique they are known as Licuati Forest . ref name Wayne Matthews Maputaland s Tembe Elephant National Park, a little known reserve with many natural secrets http www.africaelephants.com ecology.htm by Wayne Matthews, retrieved 22 June 2011. ref Origins Sand forests are thought to be relics of coastal dune forests which have been separated from the ocean for more than a million years as the shoreline has shifted slowly eastwards over the millennia. ref Duncan Butchart CC Africa, Date 21 November 2006 Wildwatch.com eyes on the wild http www.wildwatch.com living library other 2 sand forest ref Dunes have accreted on the southeast African coastal plain since the Pliocene , ref Soil chronosequence development in dunes on the southeast African coastal plain, Maputaland, South Africa Quaternary International Volumes 162 163, March 2007, Pages 111 132 The Soil Record of Quaternary Climate Change. Greg Botha and Naomi Porat ref and frequent sand mobilization events during climatic changes have resulted in some reworking of the dunes. ref The luminescence chronology of dune development on the Maputaland coastal plain, southeast Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews Volume 27, Issues 9 10, May 2008, Pages 1024 1046 Naomi Porat and Greg Botha ref The geological history of the region suggests that the current ecosystem s here may be of recent derivation and many endemism endemic plant taxa comply with the concept of neo endemics recent locally evolved species , and biological evolution notably speciation is still in an active phase. ref name Wayne Matthews Characteristics ...   more details



  1. Community development financial institution

    A community development financial institution CDFI is a financial institution which provides credit and financial .... A CDFI may be a community development bank , a credit union community development credit union CDCU , a community development loan fund CDLF , a community development venture capital fund CDVC , a microenterprise development loan fund, or a community development corporation . ref http cdfi.org index.php?page info 3 Comparing Different Types of CDFIs. CDFI Coalition. ref CDFIs are certified by the Community ... of CDFIs were established by the Reigle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 ... CDFIs are related to, but not identical with, Community Development Entities CDEs . CDEs are also certified ... More than 500 community development loan funds More than 350 community development banks More than 290 community development credit unions More than 80 community development venture capital funds. In May ... products and services to fulfill its community development mission in the urban communities of Boston ... Fund in San Francisco, CA http www.cdcu.coop National Federation of Community Development Credit Unions ..., the http www.cdfa.org.uk Community Development Finance Association . The UK government has provided ... Opportunity http www.cdfa.org.uk CDFA Community Development Finance Association http www.cdfi.org CDFI Coalition http www.communitydevelopmentbanks.org Community Development Bankers Association http www.cdvca.org Community Development Venture Capital Alliance http www.fair finance.net Fair Finance ... Development Credit Unions http www.ncif.org National Community Investment Fund http www.opportunityfinance.net ... CA Conf SusCommDev pdf zeilenbachsean.pdf Community Development Financial Institutions Current Issues and Future Prospects http www.occ.treas.gov Cdd Summer 05.pdf Community Development Financial Institutions ... Community Development Financial Institutions CDFIs Providing Capital, Building Communities ... Finance Network Category Financial services in the United States Category Community development ...   more details




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