Multiple issues orphan April 2010 technical September 2010 Spectral skewing is the term used to describe the phenomenon of the changes in relative intensities of mass spectral peaks due to the changes in concentration of the analyte in the ion source as the mass spectrum is scanned this situation occurs routinely as Chromatography chromatographic components Elution elute into a continuous ion source. Spectral skewing is not observed in ion trap Quadrupole ion trap quadrupole this has been seen also in Quadrupole mass spectrometer QMS or magnetic or Time of flight mass spectrometry time of flight TOF mass analyzer s because potentially all ion s formed in operational cycle a snapshot in time of the instrument are available for detection. References Watson, J. THrock, Sparkman,O David.Introduction to Mass Spectrometry.John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4th Edition,2007. Page 113 DEFAULTSORT Spectral Skewing Category Mass spectrometry ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Company company name Spectral Genomics, Inc. company type Private, acquired by PerkinElmer in 2006 company logo Image SpectralGenomics.jpg 200px PerkinElme logo foundation 2000 location Houston, TX key people Robert Johnson Ph.D., CEO, and President br Keith Steward Ph.D., Director Informatics, br Brandon Perthuis, Director Sales industry Health Sciences products Genetic Screening tools homepage http www.spectralgenomics.com Spectral Genomics, Inc. is a technology technology spin off company from Baylor College of Medicine , selling Array comparative genomic hybridization aCGH microarrays and related software. History The company was founded in February 2000 by BCM technologies . Spectral licensed technology invented by its founders Alan Bradley, Ph.D., Wei wen Cai, Ph.D.. The company raised 3.0 million in the first financing round in August 2001. In March 2004 the company raised additional 9.4 million in its second financing round. In March 2005, GE Healthcare became the exclusive distributor for Spectral Genomics s products outside of North America. Spectral Genomics was acquired by PerkinElmer in May 2006, ending GE s distribution agreement. External links http www.spectralgenomics.com Corporate website Category Technology companies Category Microarrays ... more details
In astrophysics and planetary science , spectral slope , also called spectral gradient , is a measure of dependence of the reflectance on the wavelength . In digital signal processing , it is a measure of how quickly the spectrum of an audio sound tails off towards the high frequencies, calculated using a linear regression ref name Peeters04 G. Peeters, http recherche.ircam.fr equipes analyse synthese peeters ARTICLES Peeters 2003 cuidadoaudiofeatures.pdf A large set of audio features for sound description , tech. rep., IRCAM, 2004. ref . Image TheSpectralSlope.png thumb 300px right Illustration of the spectral slope Spectral slope in Astrophysics Planetary Science The visible and infrared electromagnetic spectrum spectrum of the reflected sunlight is used to infer physical and chemical properties of the surface of a body. Some objects are brighter reflect more in longer wavelengths red . Consequently, in visible light they will appear redder than objects showing no dependence of reflectance on the wavelength. The diagram illustrates three slopes a red slope , the reflectance is increasing with the wavelengths flat spectrum in black And a blue slope , the reflectance actually diminishing with the wavelengths The slope spectral gradient is defined as math S frac R F 1 R F 0 lambda 1 lambda 0 math where math R F 0 , R F 1 math is the reflectance measured with filters F sub 0 sub , F sub 1 sub having the central wavelengths sub 0 sub and sub 1 sub , respectively. ref name ArizonaBook Doressoundiram2007 Cite journal author A. Deressoundiram, H. Boehnhardt, S. Tegler and Chad ... spectrum appears flat in near infra red. Spectral slope in audio The spectral slope of many natural ..., which produces a single number indicating the slope of the line of best fit through the spectral ... vs frequency include spectral rolloff , spectral centroid ref name Peeters04 . See also roll ... stub Signal processing stub fr Gradient spectral pt Gradiente espectral ... more details
ref http www.fluidray.com features ref and Spectral Studio ref http www.spectralpixel.com index.php features ref describe themselves as spectral renderers. References reflist External links http ... more details
Spectral Hash is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Gokay Saldaml , Cevahir Demirk ran, Megan Maguire, Carl Minden, Jacob Topper, Alex Troesch, Cody Walker, etin Kaya Ko . ref name NIST submission, 2009 cite web title Spectral Hash url http csrc.nist.gov groups ST hash sha 3 Round1 Feb2009 documents spectral koc.pdf author etin Kaya Ko publisher Computer Security Resource Center, NIST format pdf ref ref name NIST Conference, 2009 cite web title First SHA 3 Candidate Conference date 25 28 February 2009 url http csrc.nist.gov groups ST hash sha 3 Round1 Feb2009 program.html publisher Computer Security Resource Center, NIST ref ref name IEEE, 2009 cite journal title A High Performance Hardware Architecture for Spectral Hash Algorithm pages 215 218 journal 2009 20th IEEE International Conference on Application specific Systems, Architectures and Processors year 2009 url http www.computer.org portal web csdl doi 10.1109 ASAP.2009.31 doi 10.1109 ASAP.2009.31 author Ray C.C. Cheung, etin K. Ko , John D. Villasenor ref It uses a Merkle Damgard construction and employs several mathematical structures including Finite fields and Discrete Fourier transforms. The authors claims 512 bit hashes at 51.2 gigabits per second on a 100 MHz Virtex 4 FPGA. Spectral hash is insecure a method exists to generate arbitrary collisions in the hash state, and therefore in the final hash digest. ref cite web url http ehash.iaik.tugraz.at uploads 4 4b Spectralhash heilman.txt title Collision for Spectral Hash last Heilman first Ethan date 2009 03 12 accessdate 19 May 2009 ref References Reflist External links http cs.ucsb.edu koc shash index.html The Spectral Hash web site Cryptography navbox hash Category NIST hash function competition crypto stub ... more details
File Hawaii 1998 0p2s 2p50.png thumb 350px Ground motion hazard map for Hawaii , based on a 2 probability of exceeding 0.2 second spectral acceleration at 5 Hz in 50 years Spectral acceleration SA is a unit measured in g the acceleration due to Earth s gravity , equivalent to g force that describes the maximum acceleration in an earthquake on an object &ndash specifically a damped, harmonic oscillator moving in one physical dimension . This can be measured at or specified for different oscillation Frequency frequencies and with different degrees of damping , although 5 damping is commonly applied. ref name opensha http www.opensha.org glossary intensityMeasureType SA Intensity Measure Type IMT OpenSHA, accessed 2011 04 14 ref The SA at different frequencies may be plotted to form a response spectrum . Spectral acceleration, with a value related to the Mechanical resonance natural frequency of vibration of the building, is used in earthquake engineering and gives a closer approximation to the motion of a building or other structure in an earthquake than the peak ground acceleration value, ref name usgs sa http earthquake.usgs.gov learn faq ?faqID 221 FAQs What is spectral acceleration or SA? United States Geological Survey , accessed 2011 04 14 ref ref name opensha although there is normally a Correlation and dependence correlation between SA and PGA. ref name usgs sa Some seismic hazard maps are also produced using spectral acceleration. See also Peak ground acceleration Seismic scale External links http www.consrv.ca.gov cgs rghm psha Pages sa 01.aspx Spectral Acceleration Hazard Map of California http earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca hazard alea zoning NBCC2005maps eng.php 2005 National Building Code of Canada Spectral Acceleration Hazard Maps http kula.geol.wwu.edu rjmitch pga maps.pdf What is a ground shaking hazard map? Includes explanations of SA and PGA References reflist geophysics stub Category Seismology Category Earthquake engineering ... more details
In mathematics , a spectral space is a topological space which is homeomorphic to the Spectrum of a ring spectrum of a commutative ring . Definition Let X be a topological space and let K sup math circ math sup X be the set of all Compact space quasi compact and Open set open subsets of X . Then X is said to be spectral if it satisfies all of the following conditions X is quasi compact and Kolmogorov space T sub 0 sub . K sup math circ math sup X is a basis of open subsets of X . K sup math circ math sup X is Closure mathematics closed under finite intersections. X is Sober space sober , i.e. every nonempty Hyperconnected space irreducible Closed set closed subset of X has a necessarily unique generic point . Equivalent descriptions Let X be a topological space. Each of the following properties are equivalent to the property of X being spectral X is homeomorphic to a projective limit of finite Kolmogorov space T sub 0 sub space s. X is homeomorphic to the duality theory for distributive ... of topology this indeed is only another name . Properties Let X be a spectral space and let K ... of subsets of X . Every closed Subspace topology subspace of X is spectral. An arbitrary intersection ... is again spectral. X is Kolmogorov space T sub 0 sub by definition, but in general not T1 space T sub 1 sub . In fact a spectral space is T sub 1 sub if an only if it is Hausdorff space Hausdorff or T sub ... lattices and Heyting algebras. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science , 20. ref Spectral maps A spectral map f X Y between spectral spaces X and Y is a continuous map such that the preimage of every open and quasi compact subset of Y under f is again quasi compact. The category of spectral spaces which has spectral maps as morphisms is Equivalence of categories dually equivalent to the category ... ref In this anti equivalence, a spectral space X corresponds to the lattice K sup math circ math ... pages 62 69 year 1982 . Footnotes reflist DEFAULTSORT Spectral Space Category General topology Category ... more details
A spectral glide is a modification of the vowel quality of a tone Erickson 1975, p. 72 . Since the vowel quality of a pitch music tone is determined by the overtone s, spectrum , or timbre all three terms being near equal of that tone, a spectral glide is a move from one spectrum characteristic of a vowel to another. A spectral glide may be accomplished through a wah wah music wah wah mute or pedal or through the modification of one s vocal tract while speaking, singing, or playing an instrument such as the didgeridoo . Buzzed lip instruments with large mouthpieces such as tuba and trombone allow extensive modification of vowel quality while woodwinds have a smaller range with the exception of the flute in air sound mode. Strings have the smallest range. ibid Important in the compositional use of spectral glides is the glide rate and the vowel contrasts used. Karlheinz Stockhausen specifies the use of a trumpet mute in his Punkte 1952 1962 64 66 93 through open and closed circles connected by a line. A. Wayne Slawson s computer generated Wishful Thinking about Winter Decca DL 710180 uses speechlike sounds featuring a large range of spectral glide rates. Loren Rush began investigating in 1967 the computer generated modeling of timbres in between familiar instruments such as a bassoon and bass clarinet and devised a program to provide a smooth transition between timbres. ibid, p. 73 Source Erickson, Robert 1975 . Sound Structure in Music . University of California Press. ISBN 0 520 02376 5. DEFAULTSORT Spectral Glide Category Musical performance techniques Category Vowels Category Timbre ... more details
unreferenced date February 2008 In radio electronics or acoustics , spectral splatter also called switch noise refers to spurious emission s that result from an abrupt change in the transmitted signal, usually when transmission is started or stopped. For example, a device transmitting a sine wave produces a single peak in the frequency spectrum however, if the device abruptly starts or stops transmitting this sine wave, it will emit noise at frequencies other than the frequency of the sine wave. This noise is known as spectral splatter. When the signal is represented in the time domain , an abrupt change may not be visually apparent in the frequency domain , however, the abrupt change causes the appearance of spikes at various frequencies. A sharper change in the time domain usually results in more spikes or stronger spikes in the frequency domain. Spectral splatter can thus be reduced by making the change more smooth. Controlling the power ramp shape i.e. the way in which the signal increases power on ramp or falls off power down ramp can help reduce the splatter. In some cases one can use a linear filter filter to remove unwanted emissions. Note that a completely abrupt change in the mathematical sense is not possible in physical reality the change is always somewhat smoothed naturally, for example due to the capacitance in electronics or inertia in acoustics of the components involved. In radio electronics, the need to minimize spectral splatter arises because signals are usually required by government regulations to be contained in a particular frequency band radio band , defined by a spectral mask . Spectral splatter can cause emissions that violate this mask. Category Radio electronics Category Acoustics ... more details
refimprove date September 2010 This article is about the Digital signal processing term. For the term used in astronomy , which refers to a different measure, see Spectral flux density . Spectral flux is a measure of how quickly the power spectrum of a Signal electrical engineering signal is changing, calculated by comparing the power spectrum for one frame against the power spectrum from the previous frame. More precisely, it is usually calculated as the 2 norm also known as the Euclidean distance between the two Audio normalization normalised spectra. Calculated this way, the spectral flux is not dependent upon overall power since the spectra are normalised , nor on phase considerations since only the magnitudes are compared . The spectral flux can be used to determine the timbre of an audio signal, or in Onset audio onset detection, among other things. Variations Some implementations use the 1 norm rather than the 2 norm i.e. the sum rather than the Euclidean distance . Some implementations do not normalise the spectra. For onset detection, increases in energy are important not decreases , so some algorithms only include values calculated from bins in which the energy is increasing. References Dixon, S. 2006 http www.dafx.ca proceedings papers p 133.pdf Onset Detection Revisited , in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Digital Audio Effects DAFx 06 , Montreal, Canada, September 18 20, 2006 Category Digital signal processing Signal processing stub ko ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Spectral Mornings Type Album Artist Steve Hackett Cover SpectralMornings.png Released May 1979 Recorded January February 1979 at Phonogram Studios, Hilversum, The Netherlands Genre Progressive rock Length 39 03 Label Charisma Records Charisma , Chrysalis Records Chrysalis , Caroline Records Caroline Producer John Acock & Steve Hackett Last album Please Don t Touch br 1978 This album Spectral Mornings br 1979 Next album Defector album Defector br 1980 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 3.5 5 ref cite web url http www.allmusic.com album r8808 title Spectral Mornings Steve Hackett & 124 AllMusic first D. last Connolly work allmusic.com year 2011 last update accessdate 25 July 2011 ref rev2 rev2Score Spectral Mornings is the third release and the second post Genesis band Genesis album by guitarist Steve Hackett . This is also the first recording to feature Hackett s first true touring band, consisting of his brother John Hackett musician John Hackett on flute, guitar and Moog Taurus bass pedals , long time collaborator keyboardist Nick Magnus , bassist vocalist Dik Cadbury , drummer John Shearer musician John Shearer and vocalist Peter Hicks . Lead vocals are provided by Hicks with harmonies by Hackett & Cadbury. Hackett himself sings lead on The Ballad of the Decomposing Man . This is the second album that Hackett used a Roland GR 500 Roland GR 500 Guitar Synthesizer for. It can be heard on two tracks The Virgin and the Gypsy and Tigermoth . In 2005, Spectral Mornings was remaster ed and re released on Virgin Records ... Tigermoth 7 35 Spectral Mornings 6 33 2005 Remaster Bonus Tracks Everyday Alternate Mix 7 08 The Virgin ... Category 1979 albums Spectral Mornings Category Charisma Records albums Category Chrysalis Records albums Category Steve Hackett albums Category Progressive rock albums fr Spectral Mornings it Spectral Mornings ka Spectral Mornings pl Spectral Mornings ... more details
Image Cones SMJ2 E.svg right frame Spectral sensitivities normalized responsivity spectra of human cone cells, S, M, and L types Image Spectral sensibilities.png frame right 1916 plot of spectral sensibilities. The author also uses the more modern term spectral sensitivity in the same book. ref cite book title Light and shade and their applications author Matthew Luckiesh publisher D. Van Nostrand Company year 1916 url http books.google.com books?id MzhLAAAAMAAJ&pg PA95&dq 22spectral sensitivity 22 inauthor luckiesh&lr &as brr 1 ref Spectral sensitivity is the relative efficiency of detection, of light ... visual neuroscience , spectral sensitivity is used to describe the different characteristics of the photopigment ...&pg PA32&dq spectral sensitivity intitle perception&lr &as brr 0&sig PWvFQhLj E3iHf5elFnhFXwUm7c PPA33,M1 ref It has been established that the maximum spectral sensitivity of the human eye under ... 3 527 40380 6 oclc ref In photography , film and sensors are often described in terms of their spectral ... 22 intitle photography&lr &as brr 3&sig 2Ex5bPhpeRKM lqFd1uACWiD06Q ref For X ray films, the spectral ... to be wavelength dependent, incorporating the spectral sensitivity. When the sensor system is linear, its spectral sensitivity and spectral responsivity can both be decomposed with similar basis functions ... can be estimated and corrected for, to determine the spectral sensitivity from spectral input ... dependent coupled nonlinear response, which complicates the analysis of their spectral sensitivities ... such as spectral sensitivity are therefore quite useful in describing many properties ... Spectral sensitivity is sometimes expressed as a quantum efficiency , that is, as probability of getting ... In other contexts, the spectral sensitivity is expressed as the relative response per light energy, rather ... efficiency 22&lr &as brr 3&sig 0amzQCUXt09AsxQTfTR6e8MMc14 ref In some linear applications, the spectral sensitivity may be expressed as a spectral responsivity , with units such as ampere s per watt ... more details
Spectral layout is a class of algorithm for Graph drawing drawing graphs . The layout uses the eigenvectors of a matrix, such as the Laplace matrix of the graph, as Cartesian coordinate s of the graph s vertices. References citation last Beckman first Brian publisher Microsoft Research series Tech. Report MSR TR 94 04 title Theory of Spectral Graph Layout url http research.microsoft.com apps pubs default.aspx?id 69611 year 1994 . citation last Koren first Yehuda doi 10.1016 j.camwa.2004.08.015 issue 11 12 journal Computers & Mathematics with Applications mr 2154691 pages 1867 1888 title Drawing graphs by eigenvectors theory and practice url https akpublic.research.att.com areas visualization papers videos pdf DBLP journals camwa Koren05.pdf volume 49 year 2005 . Category Graph algorithms Category Graph drawing Mathapplied stub ... more details
2012 In homological algebra and algebraic topology , a spectral sequence is a means of computing homology groups by taking successive approximations. Spectral sequences are a generalization of exact ... sheaf cohomology, Leray introduced a computational technique now known as the Leray spectral ... technique was an example of a more general phenomenon. Spectral sequences were found in diverse ... many of the terms of the spectral sequence are incalculable. Unfortunately, because of the large amount of information carried in spectral sequences, they are difficult to grasp. This information is usually ... cases to deal with are those in which the spectral sequence eventually collapses, meaning that going ... possible to get useful information from a spectral sequence by various tricks. Formal definition Fix an abelian category , such as a category of modules over a ring. A spectral sequence is a choice ... map. Putting the zero differential on all the rest of our sheets gives a spectral sequence whose terms are E sub 0 sub C sub sub E sub r sub H C sub sub for all r 1. The terms of this spectral sequence ... sub 0 sub is irrelevant, but in practice most spectral sequences occur in the category of doubly graded ... and is fixed by convention. For a homological spectral sequence, the terms are written math E r p,q math and the differentials have bidegree r,r 1 . For a cohomological spectral sequence, the terms ... upon the spectral sequence, the boundary map on the first sheet can have a degree which corresponds to r 0, r 1, or r 2. For example, for the spectral sequence of a filtered complex, described below, r sub 0 sub 0, but for the Grothendieck spectral sequence , r sub 0 sub 2. Usually r sub 0 sub is zero, one, or two. A morphism of spectral sequences E E is by definition a collection of maps f .... The category of spectral sequences is an abelian category. Exact couples Image Exact couple.png right The most powerful technique for the construction of spectral sequences is William Schumacher ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2007 Spectral bands are part of optical spectra of polyatomic systems, including condensed materials, large molecules etc.. Each line corresponds to one level in the atom splits in the molecules. When the number of atoms is large, one gets a continuum of energy levels, the so called spectral bands . They are often labeled in the same way as the mono atomic lines. The bands may overlap. In general, the energy spectrum can be given by a density function, describing the number of energy levels of the quantum system for a given interval. Spectral bands have constant density, and when the bands overlap, the corresponding densities are added. Band spectra is the name given to a group of lines that are closely spaced and arranged in a regular sequence that appears to be a band. It is a colored band, separated by dark spaces on the two sides and arranged in a regular sequence. In one band, there are various sharp and wider color lines, that are closer on one side and wider on other. The intensity in each band falls off from definite limits and indistinct on the other side. In complete band spectra, there is a number lines in a band. This spectra is produced when the emitting substance is in the molecular state. Therefore they are also called molecular spectra. It is emitted by a molecule in vacuum tube , C arc core with metallic salt. The Band spectrum is the combination of many different spectral line spectral lines , resulting from rotational, vibrational and Molecular electronic transition electronic transition . See also Band emission physics stub Categories Category Spectroscopy Interwikies de Spektralband fr Bande spectrale hr Spektroskopska vrpca ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Spectral Type studio Artist Skyfire band Skyfire Cover Spectral.jpg Released May 10, 2004 Recorded Genre Melodic death metal Length 43 21 Label Arise Records Arise Producer Skyfire band Skyfire Reviews Last album Mind Revolution br 2003 This album Spectral br 2004 Next album Esoteric album Esoteric br 2009 Spectral is the third full length studio album by the Swedish people Swedish melodic death metal band Skyfire band Skyfire . It was released on May 10, 2004 through Arise Records . The lyrical themes include armageddon , loneliness , delusion , wiktionary despair despair and mysticism . The Korean release of the album features three bonus song s Patterns and two Recorded live track live tracks Skyfire 2003 Busan Rock Festival Live and Mind Revolution 2003 Busan Rock Festival Live . Track listing Conjuring the Thoughts 6 27 Effusion of Strength 3 02 Shivering Shade 4 24 Cursed by Belief 4 05 Awake 4 05 Void of Hope 5 50 A Dead Man s Race 6 01 Shadow Creator 4 30 Tranquillity s Maze 4 57 Korean Bonus Tracks Patterns 4 24 Skyfire 2003 Busan Rock Festival Live, Korea Mind Revolution 2003 Busan Rock Festival Live, Korea Personnel Band members Martin Hanner electric guitar guitar , keyboard instrument keyboards Andreas Edlund guitar, keyboards Jonas Sj gren bass guitar Henrik Wenngren singing vocals Joakim Johnsson drum kit drums Production Bass guitar recorded by Andreas, Martin and Joakim DEFAULTSORT Spectral Album Category Skyfire albums Category 2004 albums 2000s death metal album stub it Spectral ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Spectral Sorrows Type studio Artist Edge of Sanity Cover eos tss.jpg Released 1993 Recorded July August 1993 Genre Death metal , melodic death metal Length 54 02 Label Black Mark Productions Black Mark Producer Dan Swan br Edge of Sanity Reviews Allmusic Rating 4 5 Allmusic class album id r266697 pure url yes link Last album Unorthodox album Unorthodox br 1992 This album The Spectral Sorrows br 1993 Next album Until Eternity Ends br 1994 The Spectral Sorrows is the third full length studio album by the Swedish people Swedish death metal band, Edge of Sanity , recorded by B rje Forsberg in July August 1993 and released by Black Mark Productions in 1993. Track listing The Spectral Sorrows instrumental 1 44 Darkday 4 28 Livin Hell 4 19 Lost 4 35 The Masque 6 38 Blood of My Enemies 3 29 Manowar band Manowar Cover Jesus Cries 4 49 Across the Fields of Forever 6 07 On the Other Side 5 43 Sacrificed 3 51 Waiting to Die 3 11 Feedin the Charlatan 2 45 A Serenade for the Dead instrumental 2 23 Credits Band members Dan Swan Death growl Death Vocals , Piano Andreas Axelsson Electric guitar Guitars Sami Nerberg Electric guitar Guitars Anders Lindberg Bass guitar Bass Benny Larsson Drum kit Drums , Percussion Production and other Produced by Edge of Sanity Executive producer B rje Forsberg Recorded on 16 tracks in Unisound Recordings, July August 1993 Mixed and engineered by Dan Swan Mastered by Peter in de Betou Cutting Room Artwork by Dan Seagrave Photos by sa Jons n Layout and Graphics by Maren Lotz, Berlin . Edge of Sanity DEFAULTSORT Spectral Sorrows, The Category Edge of Sanity albums Category 1993 albums Category Albums with cover art by Dan Seagrave 1990s death metal album stub ... more details
Infobox record label name Spectral Sound image File Ghostly spectrallogo.jpg 245px image bg parent Ghostly International founded 2000 founder Samuel Valenti IV defunct distributor genre Techno br Minimal techno br Electropop country United States US location Ann Arbor, Michigan url History Spectral Sound is a record label that was originally an offshoot of the more cerebral Ghostly International , but has since gained similar notoriety thanks to successful records by Matthew Dear and other techno music techno producers. The label began in 2000 in music 2000 to fulfill the more dancefloor oriented interests of founder Samuel Valenti IV, and early singles included artists like Kenneth Graham, Osborne and James T. Cotton aka Dabrye , Tadd Mullinix . Spectral s first full length was Leave Luck to Heaven by Matthew Dear in 2003, which proved to be a seminal fusion of pop and minimal techno . Primarily propelled by 12 singles, Spectral has broadened its initial American focus to include international producers like Hakan Lidbo and Mike Shannon, and has been likened to contemporaries Kompakt and Perlon ref name spectral discography http ghostly.com releases SpectralSpectral Sound discography ref . Current artists col begin col 2 Dabrye 2 AM FM Matthew Dear Audion Benoit & Sergio Birds & Souls Bodycode Childproof Man Derek Plaslaiko Gadi Mizrahi Hieroglyphic Being Matthew Dear Jabberjaw col 2 Dabrye James T. Cotton Kate Simko Lawrence artist Lawrence Lee Curtis artist Lee Curtis Mark E Todd Osborn Osborne Ryan Elliott Seth Troxler Shonky Subb An Yakine col end Former artists col begin col 2 Brian Aneurysm Broker Dealer Daso Daso & Pawas Ellen Allien Geoff White Jeff Samuel col 2 Jonas Kopp Kenneth Graham artist Kenneth Graham Par Grindvik Peter Grummich Sami Koivikko The Vanisher artist The Vanisher col end References reflist Category American record labels Category Record labels established in 2000 Category Techno record labels Category Electronic dance music record labels ... more details
Spectral flatness or tonality coefficient , ref name johnston88 cite journal author J. D. Johnston title Transform coding of audio signals using perceptual noise criteria journal IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications volume 6 issue 2 pages 314 332 year 1988 doi 10.1109 49.608 ref ref name Signal Processing Letters cite journal author Shlomo Dubnov title Generalization of Spectral Flatness Measure for Non Gaussian Linear Processes journal Signal Processing Letters volume 11 issue 8 pages 698 701 year 2004 issn 1070 9908 doi 10.1109 LSP.2004.831663 ref also known as Wiener entropy , ref http soundanalysispro.com manual 1 chapter 4 the song features of sap2 wiener entropy The Song Features Wiener entropy defined as the ratio of geometric mean to arithmetic mean of the spectrum ref ref http luscinia.sourceforge.net page19 page8 page33 page33.html Luscinia parameters Wiener entropy is an alternative measure of the noisiness of a signal. It is defined as the ratio of the geometric mean to the arithmetic mean of the power spectrum. ref is a measure used in digital signal processing to characterize an audio spectrum . Spectral flatness is typically measured in decibels , and provides a way to quantify how Pitch music tone like a sound is, as opposed to being noise like. ref name Signal Processing Letters The meaning of tonal in this context is in the sense of the amount of peaks ... spectral flatness approaching 1.0 for white noise indicates that the spectrum has a similar amount of power in all spectral bands this would sound similar to white noise, and the graph of the spectrum would appear relatively flat and smooth. A low spectral flatness approaching 0.0 for a pure tone indicates that the spectral power is concentrated in a relatively small number of bands this would typically ... ref The spectral flatness is calculated by dividing the geometric mean of the power spectrum by the arithmetic ... and a minimum of dB. The spectral flatness can also be measured within a specified subband, rather ... more details
Spectral music or spectralism is a musical composition practice where compositional decisions are often informed by the analysis of sound spectrum sound spectra . The spectral approach focuses on manipulating ... of sound. The spectral approach originated in France in the early 1970s, and techniques were developed ... Grisey and Tristan Murail . Murail has described spectral music as an aesthetic rather .... ref Anderson 2000, 7. ref More recently 2003 the Istanbul Spectral Music Conference redefined the term spectral music to encompass any music that foregrounds timbre as an important element of structure or musical language. ref Reigle 2008 ref Composers The term spectral music was coined ... important articles on spectral music. The term was initially associated with composer s of the French ... Anderson 2001. ref Notable composers building on the spectral idea today include Julian Anderson , Ana ... . Origins Proto spectral composers include Claude Debussy , Edgard Var se , Giacinto Scelsi , Olivier ... and natural wind instruments like buciume , tulnice , and cimpoi inspired several spectral composers ... needed date February 2012 Spectral music represented an alternative to the prestige of the serialism ... Screen for chamber orchestra 1968 to be the first properly instrumental piece of spectral composition ... only the means of achieving a sonic end . ref name Fineberg 2000, 2 The composition of spectral music ... additional notational hurdles. Or date February 2011 Formal concepts important in spectral music ... achieve a smooth transition through interpolation . ref Fineberg 2000a, 107. ref The Romania n spectral ... of the French school ref Reigle 2008, 16. ref . Notable works Characteristic spectral pieces include ... pieces that embrace spectral techniques. The timbral and spectral explorations of the Romanian ... History of Spectral Music . Contemporary Music Review 19, no. 2 Spectral Music History and Techniques 7 22. Anderson, Julian. 2001. Spectral Music . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ... more details
The spectral resolution of a spectrograph , or, more generally, of a frequency spectrum , is a measure of its ability to resolve features in the electromagnetic spectrum . It is usually denoted by math Delta lambda math , and is closely related to the resolving power of the spectrograph, defined as math R lambda over Delta lambda math , where math Delta lambda math is the smallest difference in wavelength s that can be distinguished at a wavelength of math lambda math . For example, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph STIS can distinguish features 0.17 nanometre nm apart at a wavelength of 1000 nm, giving it a resolution of 0.17 nm and a resolving power of about 5,900. An example of a high resolution spectrograph is the Cryogenic High Resolution Infrared IR Echelle grating Echelle Spectrograph CRIRES installed at ESO s Very Large Telescope , which has a spectral resolving power of up to 100,000 ref http www.eso.org instruments crires CRIRES Instrument page at ESO ref . Doppler effect The spectral resolution can also be expressed in terms of physical quantities, such as velocity then it describes the difference between velocities math Delta v math that can be distinguished through the Doppler effect . Then, the resolution is math Delta v math and the resolving power is math R c over Delta v math where math c math is the speed of light . The STIS example above then has a spectral resolution of 51 kilometres per second km s . IUPAC definition IUPAC defines resolution in optical spectroscopy as the minimum wavenumber, wavelength or frequency difference between two lines in a spectrum that can be distinguished. ref GoldBookRef title resolution in optical spectroscopy file R05319 ref Resolving power, R , is given by the transition wavenumber, wavelength or frequency, divided by the resolution. ref GoldBookRef title resolving power, R, in optical spectroscopy file R05322 ref See also Angular resolution Resolution mass spectrometry References reflist Further reading Kim ... more details
In operator theory, a set math X subseteq mathbb C math is said to be a spectral set for a possibly unbounded linear operator math T math on a Banach space if the Spectrum of an operator spectrum of math T math is in math X math and von Neumann s inequality holds for math T math on math X math i.e. for all rational functions math r x math with no pole complex analysis poles on math X math math left Vert r T right Vert leq left Vert r right Vert X sup left left vert r x right vert x in X right math This concept is related to the topic of analytic functional calculus of operators. In general, one want to get more details about the operators constructed from functions with the original operator as the variable. DEFAULTSORT Spectral Set Category Functional analysis Mathanalysis stub ... more details
unreferenced date February 2008 In telecommunications , a spectral mask , also known as a channel mask or transmission mask, is a math ematically defined set of line mathematics lines applied to the levels of radio or optical transmission telecommunications transmission s. The spectral mask is generally intended to reduce adjacent channel interference by limiting excessive radiation at frequencies beyond the necessary bandwidth signal processing bandwidth . Attenuation of these spurious emission s is usually done with a band pass filter , Tuned filter tuned to allow through the correct center frequency of the carrier wave , as well as all necessary sideband s. The spectral mask is usually one of the things defined in a bandplan for each particular band radio band . It is essential in assuring that a transmission stays within its channel communications channel . An FM broadcasting FM radio station , for example, must attenuate everything beyond 75 kHz from the center frequency by a few decibel s, and anything beyond 100 kHz the channel boundary by much more. Emissions on further adjacent channel s must be reduced to almost zero. FM broadcasting FM broadcast subcarrier s are normally required to stay under 75 kHz and up to 100 kHz if attenuation reduced to comply with the mask. The introduction of in band on channel IBOC digital radio in the United States has been slowed down by issues concerning the subcarriers it uses &ndash and the corresponding increase in the amount of energy in the sidebands &ndash overstepping the bounds of the spectral mask set forth for FM by the National Radio Systems Committee NRSC and enforce d by the Federal Communications Commission FCC . Other types of modulation have different spectral masks for the same purpose. Many digital modulation methods such as OFDM use the electromagnetic spectrum very efficiently, allowing for a very tight spectral mask. This allows placement of broadcast stations or other transmissions on channels ... more details
The spectral centroid is a measure used in digital signal processing to characterise a spectrum . It indicates where the center of mass of the spectrum is. Perceptually, it has a robust connection with the impression of brightness of a sound. ref name greygordon78 Grey, J. M., Gordon, J. W., 1978. Perceptual effects of spectral modifications on musical timbres. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 63 5 , 1493 1500, doi 10.1121 1.381843 ref It is calculated as the weighted mean of the frequencies present in the signal, determined using a Fourier transform , with their magnitudes as the weights ref http recherche.ircam.fr equipes analyse synthese peeters ARTICLES Peeters 2003 cuidadoaudiofeatures.pdf A Large Set of Audio Features for Sound Description technical report published by IRCAM in 2003. Section 6.1.1 describes the spectral centroid. ref math Centroid frac sum n 0 N 1 f left n right x left n right sum n 0 N 1 x left n right math where x n represents the weighted frequency value, or magnitude, of Histogram bin number n , and f n represents the center frequency of that bin. Alternative usage Some people use spectral centroid to refer to the median of the spectrum. This is a different statistic, the difference being essentially the same as the difference between the unweighted median and mean statistics. Since both are Average measures of central tendency , in some situations they will exhibit some similarity of behaviour. But since typical audio spectra are not normal distribution normally distributed , the two measures will often give strongly different values. Grey and Gordon in 1978 found the mean a better fit than the median. ref name greygordon78 Applications Because the spectral centroid is a good predictor of the brightness of a sound, ref name greygordon78 it is widely used in digital audio and music processing as an automatic measure of musical timbre ... proceedings ICMPC8 PDF AUTHOR MP040215.PDF title Spectral centroid and timbre in complex, multiple ... more details
No footnotes date September 2008 Image Spectral lines continous.png thumb Continuous spectrum Image Spectral lines emission.png thumb Emission spectrum Emission lines Image Spectral lines absorption.png ..., pointing east at around 3 or 4 pm i.e., Sun in the West on a clear day. A spectral line .... Types of line spectra Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system ... in an emission line. Spectral lines are highly atom specific, and can be used to identify the chemical ... . Several elements were discovered by spectroscopic means, such as helium , thallium , and cerium . Spectral ... spectral lines. Depending on the exact physical interaction with molecules, single particles, etc ... Strong spectral lines in the visible spectrum visible part of the spectrum often have a unique Fraunhofer ... lines or Molecular spectra or band spectra band designation for molecular lines . Many spectral lines of atomic hydrogen also have designations within their respective Hydrogen spectral series series , such as the Lyman series or Balmer series . Spectral line broadening and shift A spectral line extends over a range of frequencies, not a single frequency i.e., it has a nonzero spectral linewidth ... result from changes to the spectral distribution of the radiation as it traverses its path to the observer ... in the gas. Since the spectral line is a combination of all of the emitted radiation, the higher the temperature of the gas, the broader will be the spectral line emitted from that gas. This broadening ... title Theory of the pressure broadening and shift of spectral lines journal Advances in Physics volume ... Atomic spectral line Bohr model Electron configuration Emission spectrum Spectrum analysis Fraunhofer ... isbn 0 521 45504 9 cite book first Hans R. last Griem year 1974 title Spectral Line Broadening ... Notes Reflist group note References reflist DEFAULTSORT Spectral Line Category Spectroscopy Category ... pl Linie spektralne pt Raia espectral ru simple Spectral line sk Spektr lna ... more details
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