Diagram of a human sperm cell The term sperm is derived from the Greek word sperma meaning ... one being termed the male or sperm cell. A uniflagellar sperm cell that is Motility motile is referred to as a spermatozoon , whereas a non motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium . Sperm ... needed date January 2011 Sperm develops in the testicles . Etymology The term sperm probably comes .... They are carried out of the male body in a fluid known as semen . Human sperm cells can survive within ... FW 1984 Assessment of human sperm function after recovery from the female reproductive tract. Biol Reprod 31,888 894. ref Sperm cells in algal and many plant gametophyte s are produced in male Gametangium gametangia Antheridium antheridia via mitosis mitotic division. In flowering plant s, sperm nuclei are produced inside pollen . citation needed date January 2011 Anatomy File Sperm egg.jpg thumb right 200px Sperm fertilizing a female s egg The sperm cell consists of a head, a midpiece and a tail ... January 2011 During fertilization , the sperm provides three essential parts to the oocyte 1 a signalling ... PA3 author Hewitson, Laura & Schatten, Gerald P. ref Motile sperm cells File Plant sperm.png thumb Motile sperm cells of algae and seedless plants. ref name Raven cite book last Raven first Peter ... and Company Publishers year 2005 location New York pages isbn 0 7167 1007 2 ref Motile sperm cells ... for fertilization. In animals most of the energy for sperm motility is derived from the metabolism of fructose carried in the semen seminal fluid . This takes place in the mitochondria located in the sperm s midpiece at the base of the sperm head . These cells cannot swim backwards due to the nature of their propulsion. The uniflagellated sperm cells with one flagellum of animal s are referred to as Spermatozoon ... sperm are also produced by many protist s and the gametophyte s of bryophyte s, fern s and some gymnosperm s such as cycad s and ginkgo . The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life ... more details
Infobox Film name The Sperm image The Sperm movie poster.jpg caption The Thai theatrical poster. director Taweewat Wantha producer Prachya Pinkaew writer Siwaporn Pongsuwan br Kiat Songsanant br Taweewat Wantha narrator starring Leo Putt music cinematography Taweewat Wantha editing Lee Chatametikool distributor Sahamongkol Film International released flagicon Thailand March 22, 2007 runtime country Cinema of Thailand Thailand language Thai language Thai budget 40 million baht preceded by followed by The Sperm lang th , or Asujaak is a 2007 in film 2007 Cinema of Thailand Thai science fiction comedy film directed by Taweewat Wantha. Plot A young, struggling Bangkok rock musician, Sutin, constantly dreams about having almost sex with sexy model actress La mai, but always wakes up before he can actually have sex. When he wins a chance to appear in a battle of the bands contest, and La mai presents the prize, he is not sure he is dreaming, so he crudely propositions La mai on live television. Embarrassed by what he s done, Sutin proceeds to go out to dinner with his bandmates and become very intoxicated. Later that night, he masturbates in front of a poster of La mai, and then the next day thousands of women in the city become pregnancy pregnant . The women then give birth to abnormal, fast growing babies that all look like Sutin. Observing the proceedings is a scientist, Dr. Satifeung, and assisted by his daughter, he tries to come up with a way to stop the look alike gang , but soon there are bigger problems. Cast Leo Putt as Sutin Pimpaporn Leenutapong as La mai Somlek Sakdikul as Dr. Satifeung Dollaros Dachapratumwan as Doctor s daughter Nuttawut Srimhog as Prasert Chakrapong Siririn as Surachai External links http www.thespermworld.com Official site imdb title id 0969694 title The Sperm DEFAULTSORT Sperm, The Category 2007 films Category Sahamongkol Film International films Category Thai films Category Thai language films Category 2000s comedy films Category ... more details
about a requirement for a chemical reaction a step in a software installation process Product activation the calling of a subroutine Subroutine Activation in bio chemical science s generally refers to the Process science process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction . Chemistry In chemistry , activation of molecule s is where the molecules enter a state that avails for a chemical reaction to occur. The phrase activation energy energy of activation ref http chemed.chem.purdue.edu genchem topicreview bp ch22 activate.html The Activation Energy of Chemical Reactions Bot generated title ref refers to the Energy chemistry energy the reactant s must acquire before they can successfully react with each other to produce the Product chemistry products , that is, to reach the transition state . The energy needed for activation can be quite small and the molecules may have enough energy just from thermal fluctuations the molecules naturally have i.e. lots of reactions ... kinetics . Biology Biochemistry In biochemistry , activation, specifically called bioactivation ... active. Immunology Main Immunologic activation In immunology , activation is the transition of leucocytes ... in the reverse direction. This balance is tightly regulated, since a too small degree of activation causes susceptibility to infections, while, on the other hand, a too large degree of activation causes autoimmune diseases . Activation and deactivation results from a variety of factors, including ... , adhesion molecules , bacterial products and viral products. Physics Similarly, neutron activation ... and energy of the emitted particles. Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis PGNAA is a rapid, nondestructive, instrumental, nuclear technique which is used for trace and major component analysis of various elements. Electrophysiology Activation refers ... references SIA Category Chemical kinetics da Aktivering de Aktivierung fr Activation nl Activering ... more details
publisher Academic press location Carlifornia year 2002 origyear chapter Sperm Motility Activation ...Cleanup date October 2007 Sperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly towards an ovum egg . This can also be thought of as the quality of the sperm, which is a factor in successful pregnancies , as opposed to the quantity . Sperm which do not properly swim , will not reach the egg in order to fertilize it. Sperm motility in mammals also facilitates the passage of the sperm through the cumulus oophorus and zona pellucida , which are a series of layers that surround the ovulated egg cell plasma membrane of a mammalian oocyte . For example, in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus , sperm aggregates form mobile trains that possess an enhanced fertilization capability because they are better suited to navigate the viscous environment of the female reproductive tract. The trains ... depend upon the effectiveness of sperm motility in response to certain factors released from eggs. The migration of sperm through the female reproductive tract internal fertilisation or in water external ... also depends on the ability of sperm to penetrate extracellular matrix surrounding eggs. The sperm ... membrane hyperpolarization . As a result, sperm motility is activated. ref Darszon, A., labarca, P., Nishigaki, T., and Espinosa, F. 1999 . Ion channels in sperm physiology. Physiol. Rev 79 , 481 510 ref . The change in cell volume which alters intracellular ion concentration can also contribute to the activation of sperm motility. In some mammals , sperm motility is activated by increase in pH ... technological intervention, a non motile or abnormally motile sperm is not going to fertilize. Therefore assessing the fraction of a sperm population that is motile is perhaps the most widely used measure of semen quality making sperm motility an important factor of it. Insufficient sperm motility ... Sperm motility, Colorado State University http drmalpani.com book chapter4b.html Semen analysis ... more details
Oocyte or ovum egg activation is a series of processes that occur in the oocyte after fertilisation . Sperm ... by the introduction of phospholipase C isoform zeta PLC from the sperm cytoplasm, although this remains to be established definitively. Activation of the ovum includes the following events Cortical reaction to block against other sperm cells Activation of egg metabolism Reactivation of meiosis DNA synthesis Sperm trigger of egg activation The sperm may trigger egg activation via the interaction between a sperm protein and an egg surface receptor. It is possible that a receptor is activated by the sperm ... signaling system has been implicated as the pathway involved with egg activation. IP sub 3 sub ... is that a soluble sperm factor diffuses from the sperm into the egg cytosol upon sperm oocyte ... messengers . A novel PLC isoform, PLC , may be the equivalent of the mammalian sperm factor. A recent paper shows that mammaliam sperm contain PLC zeta which can start the signaling cascade. ref cite ... PLC zeta a sperm specific trigger of Ca 2 oscillations in eggs and embryo development. journal Development ... See Cortical reaction Polyspermy is the condition when multiple sperm fuse with a single egg. This results .... The resting potential of an egg is 70mV. After contact with sperm, an influx of sodium ions increases ... and the vitelline membrane and cleave the bindin to release the sperm. The mucopolysaccharides attract ... to sperm. Through these molecules the vitelline membrane is transformed into the fertilization ... reaction in sea urchins. The terminal sugars from ZP3 are cleaved to release the sperm and prevent new ... year 2007 ref DNA synthesis 4 hours after fusion of sperm and ovum, DNA synthesis begins. ref name ... The sperm contributes a pronucleus and a centriole to the egg. Most other components and organelles ... metabolic activity of the sperm compared to the egg, due to its motility, there is greater production ..., sperm are exposed to reactive oxygen species from leukocytes in the epididymis during transit. ref ... more details
activation, but Ca sup 2 sup alone contributes sperm chemotaxis in the ascidian, Ciona savignyi. Dev ...Sperm chemotaxis is a form of sperm guidance , in which sperm cells spermatozoa follow a concentration ... the discovery of sperm attraction to the female gametes in Fern ferns over a century ago Pfeffer, 1884 , sperm chemotaxis has been established in a large variety of species Miller, 1985 . Although sperm chemotaxis is prevalent throughout the Metazoa kingdom, from marine species with external fertilization ..., 1985 , most of the current information on sperm chemotaxis is derived from studies of marine invertebrates ... Ralt et al., 1994 . Sperm chemotaxis in non mammalian species In sperm chemotaxis, the oocyte secretes ... gradient towards the oocyte. Sperm chemotaxis was demonstrated in a large number of non mammalian species ... The sperm chemoattractants in non mammalian species vary to a large extent. Some examples are shown in Table 1. So far, most sperm chemoattractants that have been identified in non mammalian ... stable and sensitive to proteases Cosson, 1990 Miller, 1985 . Exceptions to this rule are the sperm chemoattractants of corals, ascidians , plants such as ferns, and algae Table 1 . Table 1. Some sperm ... loops of small radii. In some species for example, herring or the ascidian Ciona activation ... mechanism of sperm chemotaxis is still not fully known. The current knowledge is mainly ... sup . This rise leads to flagellar asymmetry and, consequently, to a turn of the sperm cell Kaupp et al., 2006 . Image Signal transduction in sea urchin sperm chemotaxis.jpg 500px left A model of the signal transduction pathway during sperm chemotaxis of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata . Binding of a chemoattractant ... 2 sup exchange mechanism. Taken from Kaupp et al., 2006 . Sperm chemotaxis in mammals Following the findings ... et al., 1994 . Sperm chemotaxis was later also demonstrated in mice Giojalas and Rovasio, 1998 Oliveira et al., 1999 and rabbits Fabro et al., 2002 . In addition, sperm accumulation in follicular fluid ... more details
wiktionarypar sperm TOCright Sperm commonly refers to Sperm cell , the male gamete involved in heterogamous sexual reproduction Spermatozoon zoosperm , a sperm cell propelled by a single flagellum, found in most animals Semen sperma , the bodily fluid containing spermatozoa Sperm may also refer to Sperm album , the second studio album by the German band Oomph Sperm whale , a whale of the Physeteridae family. disamb ... more details
mediate spermactivation, but Ca2 alone contributes sperm chemotaxis in the ascidian, Ciona savignyi ...Sperm guidance is the process by which sperm cells spermatozoa are directed to the oocyte egg for the aim ... of sperm attraction to the female gametes in Fern ferns over a century ago Pfeffer, 1884 , sperm guidance in the form of sperm chemotaxis has been established in a large variety of species Miller, 1985 . Although sperm chemotaxis is prevalent throughout the Metazoa kingdom, from marine species ... and Tur Kaspa, 1994 Miller, 1985 , most of the current information on sperm chemotaxis is derived from ... . Sperm guidance in non mammalian species Sperm guidance in non mammalian species is performed by chemotaxis ... up the concentration gradient towards the oocyte. Sperm chemotaxis was demonstrated in a large ... and Chandler, 1998 . Chemoattractants The sperm chemoattractants in non mammalian species vary to a large extent. Some examples are shown in Table 1. So far, most sperm chemoattractants that have been ... to this rule are the sperm chemoattractants of corals, ascidians , plants such as ferns, and algae Table 1 . Table 1. Some sperm chemoattractants in non mammalian species class wikitable border 1 Species ... Ciona activation of motility precedes chemotaxis Cosson, 1990 Kaupp et al., 2006 Miller ... The molecular mechanism of sperm chemotaxis is still not fully known. The current knowledge is mainly ... sup . This rise leads to flagellar asymmetry and, consequently, to a turn of the sperm cell Kaupp et al., 2006 . Image Signal transduction in sea urchin sperm chemotaxis.jpg 500px left Figure 1. A model of the signal transduction pathway during sperm chemotaxis of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata ... sup Ca sup 2 sup exchange mechanism. Taken from Kaupp et al., 2006 . Sperm guidance in mammals I. Chemotaxis ... Ralt et al., 1994 . Sperm chemotaxis was later also demonstrated in mice Giojalas and Rovasio, 1998 Oliveira et al., 1999 and rabbits Fabro et al., 2002 . In addition, sperm accumulation ... more details
Sperm heteromorphism is the simultaneous production of two or more distinguishable types of sperm by a single male . The sperm types might differ in size, shape and or chromosome complement. Sperm heteromorphism is also called sperm polymorphism or sperm dimorphism for species with two sperm types . Typically, only one sperm type is capable of fertilizing ovum eggs . Fertile types have been called eusperm or eupyrene sperm and infertile types parasperm or apyrene sperm . One interpretation of sperm polymorphism is the kamikaze sperm hypothesis Baker and Bellis, 1988 , which has been widely discredited. The kamikaze sperm hypothesis states that the polymorphism of sperm is due to a subdivision of sperm into different functional groups. There are those that defend the egg from fertilization by other male sperm, and those that fertilize the egg. However, the polymorphism of sperm is probably only due to genetic variance not some organised military like operation conducted by sperm. The sole purpose of every sperm is to impregnate the female and continue the proliferation of its own genes ... No evidence for killer sperm or other selective interactions between human spermatozoa in ejaculates ... ref Distribution Sperm heteromorphism is known from several different groups of animals. Insects Lepidoptera i.e. butterflies and moths Almost all known species produce two sperm types. The fertilizing ... group of species in the genus Drosophila is sperm heteromorphic. As with the Lepidoptera, there is a long ..., haploid chromosome complement. It is not known why the shorter sperm are infertile, though it has ... infertile type. Carabidae ground beetles some species produce large, infertile sperm that may ... sperm types. The infertile types may be large carrier types the fertile sperm attach to for transport, or lancet types. The lancet sperm sometimes contain many lysosomes . Fish Some Sculpin may be sperm heteromorphic. Their ejaculates appear to contain fertile sperm as well as disc shaped, infertile ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove January 2010 globalize January 2010 A sperm bank , semen bank or cryobank is a facility that collects and stores human spermatozoon sperm mainly from sperm donation sperm donor ... by artificial insemination . Sperm donated in this way is known as donor sperm . General The development of sperm banks, whilst considered by some to be controversial, has enabled people to have greater control over their reproductive lives. By providing sperm from donors who are checked and screened ..., and also from the fact that single women and coupled lesbians frequently use sperm banks in order ... sperm banks nevertheless enables more and more people to have choices over the whole issue of reproduction ... to use a surrogate to bear their children, using eggs provided by the woman and sperm from a donor. Sperm ..., but equally, women may choose to have children by a number of different donors. Sperm banks sometimes ... are planned. Sperm banks increasingly adopt a less formal approach to the provision of their services ... who choose to donate sperm through a sperm bank also have the security of knowing that they are helping ..., will not have any legal or other responsibility for the children produced from their sperm. Whether a donor is anonymous or not, this factor is important in allowing sperm banks to recruit sperm donors and to use their sperm to produce whatever number of pregnancies from each donor as are permitted ... sperm banks are not allowed to be established or to operate. Sperm banks do not provide a cure for infertility in that it is the sperm donor who reproduces himself, not a partner of the recipient woman. Most societies are built upon the family model and sperm banks may be seen as a threat to this, particularly where a sperm bank makes its services available to unmarried women. Where sperm ... who would be opposed to sperm donors producing tens or scores of children as to provide a justifiable safeguard. However, such legislation usually cannot prevent a sperm bank from supplying donor sperm ... more details
Orphan date June 2009 Catch the Sperm is a Swiss computer game recognized as an entertaining way for health ... Catch the Sperm computer game on the internet for AIDS prevention , Int Conf AIDS . 2002 Jul 7 12 14 abstract no. TuPeF5284. ref The original Catch the Sperm now known as CTS Style I is a 3.4 ... international distribution. Copyright of the Catch The Sperm series is owned by Scandinavian Games http www.games.is . Various versions Catch the Sperm is available in seven versions CTS Style 1 2001 ... own theme, spermatozoon sperm characters, virus villain villains , and screen graphics, some of which ... cts1 page.html . CTS Style 1 The original Catch the Sperm CTS Style 1 was created in 2001. It is set .... The characters are a Neutral Sperm, a Dual Techno Sperm, and a Precious Sperm. Various viruses are included as the villains. CTS Style 2 CTS Style 2 is a 2002 update of the original Catch the Sperm ... depths or outer space, it features a Frozen Sperm, a Supersperm, a Fool Sperm, a Jungle Sperm, an I Sperm, and a Jurassic Precious Sperm. Carnival The Carnival edition of Catch the Sperm is set against ... are a Waggis , a Joker, a Sambina, a Lipstick, a Clown, and Gold, Silver, and Bronze Sperm. There are six virus es. Summer The Summer edition of Catch the Sperm is set in a sunny Caribbean ocean ... , an Orca , a Swimmer, a Water, and a Diver Sperm. As with the Carnival edition, the Summer version also includes six viruses. Christmas The Christmas edition of Catch the Sperm is a winter landscape over which the sperm characters fly rather than swim. As they travel through the frosty night ... are a Chocolate Sperm that, as its name suggests, resembles milk chocolate a bearded Santa Claus Sperm, wearing a red stocking hat with a white pompom and a red flannel body suit a Cold Sperm, wearing a blue and green stocking cap and matching earmuffs a white Snowy Sperm, wearing a black top hat and a Wrapped Sperm that is decorated with a bright red bow. International versions In addition, Catch ... more details
A sperm granuloma is a lump of extravasated sperm that appears along the vasa deferentia or epididymides in vasectomy vasectomized men. Sperm granulomas are rounded or irregular in shape, one millimeter to one centimeter or more, with a central mass of degenerating sperm surrounded by tissue containing blood vessels and immune system cells. ref name mcdonald McDonald S. Cellular responses to vasectomy. International Review of Cytology. 2000 199 295 339. PMID 10874581 ref Sperm granulomas can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic, i.e. painful. Sperm granulomas are present in the vast majority of vasectomy vasectomized men as a result of the pressure induced changes of vasectomy . ref name silber Silber S. Reversal of vasectomy and the treatment of male infertility role of microsurgery, vasoepididymostomy, and pressure induced changes of vasectomy. Urologic Clinics of North America. 1981 8 53 62. PMID 7210354 ref References reflist Category Contraception for males Category Human reproduction Category Male genital surgery Category Sterilization ... more details
Sperm donation is the provision or donation by a man, known as a sperm donor , of his sperm , with the intention that it be used to impregnate a woman who is not his sexual partner. While the sperm ... obligations. Sperm is often donated through a sperm bank or clinic, which are subject to varying state regulations, including restrictions on donor anonymity and number of offspring. By having sperm ... recipients of donor sperm. ref http www.singlemothersbychoice.com Single Mothers by Choice.com ref When going through a sperm bank, they may select their donor on the grounds of looks, personality, academic ability, race, and many other factors. Some sperm banks, either by choice or regulation .... Pregnancies are usually achieved using donated sperm by artificial insemination either by Intracervical ... NI . The general process of sperm donation is described as third party reproduction . Laws main Sperm donation laws by country Laws regulating sperm donation address issues such as Permissible reimbursement or payment Is it legal to pay for sperm? Is there a maximum payment? Rights and responsibilities ... support? When, if ever, can a donor have the right be part of the child s life? Anonymity of sperm ... that they were born via sperm donation? What, if any, obligations does a donor have to provide ongoing information about himself and his health? Other regulation of non private sperm donation What medical ... likely disregard the sperm donor s biological link to the child, so that he will neither have child support obligations nor rights to the child, when sperm donation happens in a clinical setting and or under medical supervision. Absent specific legal protection, courts may order the sperm donor to pay child support or recognize his parental rights. ref Cite news last Malvern first Jack title Sperm ... location London ref ref Cite web last Neil first Martha title Court Says Sperm Donor Owes Child Support url http abajournal.com news court says sperm donor owes child support date 2007 05 10 accessdate ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Sperm Type Album Artist Oomph Cover Sperm album.jpg Released 2 May 1994 Recorded 1994 Genre Industrial metal br Neue Deutsche H rte Length 49 04 br 71 21 Re release Label Dynamica Records Language German, English Last album Oomph album Oomph br 1992 This album Sperm br 1994 Next album Defekt br 1995 Sperm is the second studio album by the Germany German band Oomph . This album would drastically change the direction and sound of the band from their heavily synthesizer based, electronic body music EBM Oomph album debut album . The band at this point decided to change to a Heavy metal music heavy metal based style while retaining many elements of their EBM origins and influences. Sperm is also regarded as one of the establishing albums of the Neue Deutsche H rte genre. Track listing Suck Taste Spit 3 16 Sex 3 07 War 4 13 Dickhead 3 44 Schisma small Schism small 1 05 Feiert das Kreuz small Celebrate the Cross small 4 55 Love 4 22 Das ist Freiheit small That is Freedom small 5 39 Kismet 2 47 Breathtaker 4 55 Ich bin der Weg small I am the Way small 5 05 U Said 4 22 New Edition Tracklist Suck Taste Spit Sex War Dickhead Schisma small Schism small Feiert das Kreuz small Celebrate the Cross small Love Das ist Freiheit small That is Freedom small Kismet Breathtaker Ich bin der Weg small I am the Way small U Said Live Sex Angelgrinder Mix Feiert das Kreuz Pope Mix Suck Taste Spit Milk Mix Das ist Freiheit Jailhouse Mix U Said Alzheimer Mix Singles Breathtaker Sex 3 1 Videos Sex Oomph DEFAULTSORT Sperm Album Category Oomph albums Category 1994 albums 1990s metal album stub de Sperm es Sperm lbum hy Sperm fr Sperm it Sperm pl Sperm pt Sperm ru Sperm fi Sperm albumi sv Sperm ... more details
Sperm competition is a term used to refer to the competitive process between Spermatozoon spermatozoa .... Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects, Biological Reviews 45 525 567 ... title Sexual conflict resulting from adaptations to sperm competition journal volume 12 pages 154 159 publisher Trends Ecol. Evol. ref Sperm competition is an evolutionary pressure on males, and has led ... cite journal last1 Wedell first1 Nina year 2002 title Sperm competition, male prudence and sperm limited females journal volume 17 pages 313 20 publisher Trends Ecol. Evol ref Sperm competition results ... female re mating tendencies to cope with sperm competition. ref name Simmons cite journal last1 ... publisher Princeton University Press ref Offensive tactics of sperm competition involve direct ... another male s sperm prior to mating with a female. ref name birkhead cite journal last1 Birkhead ... Nat. Rev. ref Sperm competition is often compared to having ticket admission ticket s in a raffle ... sperm he inseminates a female with . However, sperm are not free to produce, ref Olsson et al., 1997 Wedell et al., 2002 ref and as such males are predicted to produce sperm of a size and number that will maximize their success in sperm competition. By making many spermatozoa, males can buy more raffle tickets , and it is thought that selection for numerous sperm has contributed greatly to the evolution of anisogamy because of the energy trade off between sperm size and number . Alternatively males may evolve faster sperm to enable their sperm to reach and fertilize the ovum first. Dozens of adaptations have been documented in males that help them succeed in sperm competition. Defensive adaptations Mate guarding is a defensive behavioral trait that occurs in response to sperm competition ... by subsequent copulations from another male, by physically blocking the transfer of sperm. ref name ..., sperm, or seminal proteins in mated female Drosophila melanogaster journal volume 14 issue 16 ... more details
Female Sperm is a term that refers to a sperm that contains an X chromosome , produced in the usual way by a male, referring to the fact that when such a sperm fertilizes an egg, a female child is born. However, since the late 1980s, scientists have explored how to produce sperm whereby all of the chromosomes ... a partial reality when scientists in Japan developed chicken female sperm by injecting bone marrow stem cell s from a female chicken into a rooster s testicles. ref name chicken sperm cite journal ... expectations, however, and has not yet been successfully adapted for use on humans. Female sperm production Creating female sperm was first raised as a possibility in a patent filed in 1991 ref cite ... by creating chicken female sperm in a similar manner. However, the ratio of produced W chromosome bearing .... ref name chicken sperm These simple transplantation methods follow from earlier observations by developmental ... to become both sperm and eggs. One potential roadblock to injecting a woman s cells into a man ... system will not attack foreign cells such as a woman s cells injected into the sperm producing part ... into sperm. However, there are more serious roadblocks. Biologists have well established that male sperm production relies on certain genes on the Y chromosome , which, when missing or defective, lead to such men producing little to no sperm in their testicles. An analogy, then, is that a cell from ..., and their effects are needed to be compensated for to convert cells from a woman into sperm ... Synthetic Nanobiology publisher Gregory Aharonian ref on methods for creating human female sperm using ... archive sprmpict.pdf title Color illustration of female sperm making procress publisher Human Samesex Reproduction Project ref Key to successful creation of female sperm and male ... epigenet.htm title EPIGENETICS the key to healthy female sperm publisher Human Samesex ... partly developed sperm cells, otherwise known as spermatogonial stem cells, from the bone marrow of both ... more details
Sperm Bluff coor dm 77 5 S 161 36 E is a prominent dark bluff, 3 nautical miles 6 km long and over 1,000 m high, forming the northeast extremity of Clare Range , in Victoria Land . Charted and named by the Terra Nova Expedition British Antarctic Expedition , 1910 1913. When viewed from the east, the north face of the bluff suggests the blunt head of a sperm whale. Category Cliffs of Victoria Land Category Scott Coast ScottCoast geo stub usgs gazetteer ... more details
Sperm sorting is a means of choosing what type of sperm cell is to Fertilisation fertilize the egg cell . It can be used to sort out sperm that are most healthy, as well as determination of more specific traits, such as sex selection in which spermatozoa are separated into X female and Y male chromosome ... health DNA damage in sperm cells may be detected by using Raman spectroscopy . ref name MIT http www.technologyreview.com biomedicine 21982 page1 Ranking sperm cells could improve the odds of in vitro ... enough to detect individual traits, however. ref name MIT The sperm cells having least DNA damage may subsequently be injected into the egg cell by intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI . ref name MIT For sex selection Methods Sperm sorting utilizes the technique of flow cytometry to analyze ... sperm for artificial insemination. Subsequently, the first patent application disclosing the method to sort two viable subpopulations enriched for x or y sperm ref US Patent 5,021,244, column 9, Sorting Sperm http patft.uspto.gov netacgi nph Parser?Sect1 PTO1&Sect2 HITOFF&d PALL&p 1&u 2Fnetahtml ... Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories and the USDA were only sorting fixed sperm nuclei, ref L ... filing a new technique was utilized by the USDA where sperm were briefly sonicated to remove tails . ref L. A. Johnson, J. P. Flook and M. V. Look, Flow cytometry of X and Y chromosome bearing sperm ... ref USDA in conjunction with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Beltsfield Sperm Sexing ... spermatozoa. Reproduction 2002 124 733 743. ref Accuracy While highly accurate, sperm sorting ... be some male sperm among the female sperm and vice versa. The exact percentage purity of each ... Ethical concerns For the most part, sperm sorting shares the ethical concerns implicit to the idea of sex selection. However, the fact that sperm sorting is in effect sex preselection, with the sex ... an ethical standpoint. Regulation In the US, for humans, the practice of sperm sorting is tightly ... more details
File Physeter macrocephalus1.jpg thumb right Sperm whale Sperm whaling is the hunting of sperm whale ... motivation Spermaceti is the semi liquid, waxy substance found in the sperm whale s head. Spermaceti ... Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus pages 1165 1172 editor Perrin, W., W rsig B. and Thewissen ... cite book title Sperm Whales Social Evolution in the Ocean author Whitehead, H. year 2003 pages 8 9 chapter The Peculiar Anatomy of the Sperm Whale The Spermaceti Organ publisher University of Chicago Press isbn 0 226 89518 1 ref Spermaceti and sperm oil were much sought after by 18th ... 1829 page 566 publisher H. Fisher, Son & Co. ref ref cite web title Aquarium of the Pacific Sperm Whale url http www.aquariumofpacific.org onlinelearningcenter print sperm whale accessdate 2008 10 11 ref Ambergris , a solid, waxy, flammable substance produced in the digestive system of sperm whales ... where much sperm whaling originated Historically, whaling took a heavy toll on sperm whale populations. Prior to the early 18th century, very little hunting of sperm whales took place, mostly ..., was blown offshore by a northerly wind, where he encountered a school of sperm whales and killed ..., B. publisher Nantucket Historical Association ref Although the story may not be true, sperm whales ... to catch sperm whales sometime around 1720. ref name dudley cite book title Philosophical Transactions ... sperm whales were recorded to have been caught during the first few decades 1709 1730s of offshore ... of spermaceti candles before 1743 , American vessels appear to have begun to take sperm whales in earnest ... found three other sloops with sperm whales being Flensing flensed alongside off the coast of North Carolina ... to Nantucket in the summer 1744 on a subsequent sperm whaling voyage he noted that 45 spermacetes are brought in here this day, another indication that American sperm whaling was in full swing. ref name leviathan Late 1700s Image Whaling of sperm whale.jpg thumb left Sperm whaling American sperm ... more details
Sperm washing is a term used to describe the process in which individual spermatozoon sperms are separated from the seminal fluid . The sperms are then used in intrauterine insemination IUI or in vitro fertilization IVF . Sperm washing is a standard procedure used in infertility treatment. Sperm may be washed by density gradient centrifugation or by a direct swim up technique that doesn t involve centrifugation. In normal semen samples, centrifugation causes no more DNA damage to spermatozoa than a direct swim up technique. ref cite journal author Younglai EV, Holt D, Brown P, Jurisicova A, Casper RF title Sperm swim up techniques and DNA fragmentation journal Hum. Reprod. volume 16 issue 9 pages 1950 3 year 2001 month September pmid 11527903 doi url ref Decreased HIV transmission It can be used to decrease the risk of HIV transmission in HIV positive fathers, because the HIV infection is carried by the seminal fluid rather than the sperm. One Italian study from 2005 of 567 serodiscordant couples treated with sperm washing resulted in no horizontal to the woman or vertical to the child HIV seroconversion . ref name about http aids.about.com cs womensresources a washing.htm About.com HIV and Sperm Washing. By Mark Cichocki, R.N. Updated December 18, 2009 ref However, there is no 100 guarantee that washed sperm is free from virus. ref name about History Sperm washing was first used in Milan , Italy and has so far not resulted in any female becoming HIV positive. The oldest child conceived using this method is now about 11 and is HIV negative. The first known American baby conceived this way, Baby Ryan, was born in 1999 ref cite web url http americanradioworks.publicradio.org features evading virus concryan.html title Conceiving Ryan publisher American Radio Works ref through ... evading virus howworks.html title Sperm Washing How it Works publisher American Radio Works ref ... Bedford Research Foundation DEFAULTSORT Sperm Washing Category HIV AIDS Category ... more details
COI date June 2011 Infobox book name Sperm Wars title orig translator image File Original Fourth Estate Cover for Sperm Wars 1996.jpg 200px image caption Front cover of original 1996 publication author ... sperm wars 3A infidelity 2C sexual conflict 2C and other bedroom battles&lang en&isbn &submit Begin ... isbn 978 1857023565 oclc dewey congress preceded by followed by Sperm Wars is a nonfiction book by evolutionary ... ref http www.robin baker.com books sperm wars ref and in 2006 a 10th anniversary edition ref Name Amazon ... them, Baker proposes evolutionary functions for sexual habits, mostly on the principle of sperm competition competition between sperm of different men for a prized egg. ref name Amazon The sperm wars include both literal battles between sperm inside a woman s reproductive tract, as well as figurative ... baker.com books sperm wars status ref both because of its explanations of homosexuality , rape , and prostitution ... as a Sperm Competition Strategy in Humans. Evolutionary Psychology, 2, 12 23. ref Male masturbation is said to discard old, dying sperm, so that an ejaculate contains younger sperm that will stay ... . Baker also proposes that men adjust the amount of sperm they ejaculate based on the time their mate has spent away from them. ref Baker, R.R. & Bellis, M.A. 1989 . Number of sperm in human ejaculates varies in accordance with sperm competition theory. Anim. Behav., 37, 867 869. ref Likewise, women are found to be more likely to engage in extra pair copulation and retain larger amounts of sperm ... partner during the infertile phase. ref Bellis, M.A. & Baker, R.R. 1990 . Do females promote sperm competition? Data for humans. Anim. Behav., 40, 997 999. ref A major focus of the book is sperm heteromorphism ... University Press, Cambridge ref of sperm apparent in every normal human ejaculate but also at any ... in vitro. Hum. Reproduc. 6, Suppl. 1, Abst 238 ref A similarly low proportion of fertile sperm is found ... and the relevance of different sperm egg concentrations and volumes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 66, 237 ... more details
Taxobox name Sperm Whale ref name msw3 MSW3 Cetacea id 14300131 ref status VU status system iucn3.1 status ref ref name iucn image Sperm whale 12.jpg image caption image2 Sperm whale size.svg image2 caption ... caption Sperm whale range in blue The sperm whale , Physeter macrocephalus , is a marine mammal species ... from the milky white waxy substance, spermaceti , found in the animal s head. The sperm whale is the only ... species . It is one of three extant species in the sperm whale family sperm whale superfamily , along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale . A mature male can grow to convert 20.5 m ft ... diving mammal. Its diet includes giant squid and colossal squid . The sperm whale s clicking ... 2003 11 1103 031103 tvspermwhale.html accessdate 2011 12 28 title Sperm Whale Voices Used to Gauge .... The sperm whale has few natural predators, since few are strong enough to successfully attack a healthy adult orcas attack units and are capable of killing the calves. The sperm whale can live for more than 70 years. Historically, the sperm whale was also known as the common cachalot cachalot is derived ... until the late 20th century, the sperm whale was whaling hunted to obtain spermaceti and other products, such as sperm oil and ambergris . Spermaceti found many important uses, such as candle s, soap , cosmetics and machine oil. Due to its size, the sperm whale could sometimes defend itself effectively against whalers. In the most famous example, a sperm whale attacked and sank the American whaleship Essex whaleship Essex in 1820. As a result of whaling, the sperm whale is currently listed as vulnerable ... IUCN . Name The name sperm whale is an apocope apocopation of spermaceti whale . Spermaceti , originally mistaken for the whales sperm , is the semi liquid, waxy substance found in the spermaceti ... in a sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus L journal The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ... ref name encyc ref name whiteheadsperm cite book title Sperm Whales Social Evolution ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Sperm Warfare Type EP Artist Arthur Loves Plastic Cover Arthur Loves Plastic Sperm Warfare.jpg Released 27 March 1995 Recorded 1994 Genre Electronica Length 33 45 Label T.E.Q. Music? Producer Arthur Loves Plastic Bev Stanton Reviews Chronology Arthur Loves Plastic other Last album This album Sperm Warfare br 1995 Next album DCremixes br 1998 Sperm Warfare is the debut Extended play EP from Arthur Loves Plastic and was released in 1995. ref name citypaper http www.washingtoncitypaper.com display.php?id 22776 Washington City Paper interview with Bev Stanton . ref ref name monk http www.monk.com display.php?p People&id 22 Monk Magazine interview with Bev Stanton . ref ref name blade http www.washblade.com advertising eTearsheets 05 14 2004 054.pdf Washington Blade Spin Under The Stars With Arthur Loves Plastic . ref ref name discogs http www.discogs.com release 829945 Discogs listing for Sperm Warfare CD . ref Release notes Arthur indulges in a bliss fest of happy house, trippy trance, and a smidgeon of techno boosting SPERM WARFARE into overdrive. A seven track mini delight lightening the burden of life in the fast lane. Audio previews The EP can be previewed in its entirety or downloaded for free from The Zero State Internet Archive page. ref name ia http www.archive.org details alpzero Internet Archive The Zero State page . ref Track listing CD TEQM95014 tracklist collapsed no headline total length 33 45 all writing Arthur Loves Plastic Bev Stanton title1 I Love You length1 3 04 title2 Souvenir length2 4 19 title3 The Plastic Men length3 4 19 title4 Urges length4 4 15 title5 Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah length5 4 13 title6 Take Me Away length6 4 27 title7 Nine Minute Souvenir length7 9 08 Credits Arthur Loves Plastic is Bev. S All music written and recorded by Bev. S in the basement Sexy Sperm courtesy John Lynch Sleeve design Deadhead Media References reflist External links Audio previews downloads from Sperm Warfare http ... more details
unref date July 2011 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Activation Portal Type studio Artist Alien Project Cover Activation Portal.jpeg Released 2007 Recorded Genre Length Label Producer Last album Space Jam br 2004 This album Activation Portal br 2007 Next album Activation Portal is the latest album by Alien Project . Track listing Super Buster Missing Linker NRG Tweaky rmx Deeper Activation Portal Get Up Groovy rmx Yellow Blaze Aztechno Dream rmx 2000s trance album stub Category 2007 albums Category Alien Project albums ... more details
Spreading activation is a method for searching associative networks, neural network s, or semantic network ... network with weights or activation and then iteratively propagating or spreading that activation out to other nodes linked to the source nodes. Most often these weights are real values that decay as activation ... to as marker passing. Activation may originate from alternate paths, identified by distinct markers, and terminate when two alternate paths reach the same node. Spreading activation models are used in cognitive psychology ref name collins Collins, Allan M. Loftus, Elizabeth F., A spreading activation .... http act r.psy.cmu.edu publications pubinfo.php?id 66 A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1983 ref to model the fan out effect. Spreading activation can also be applied in information retrieval , ref name preece S. Preece, A spreading activation .... ref ref name crestani Fabio Crestani. Application of Spreading Activation Techniques in Information ... 1...N each having an associated activation value A i which is a real number in the range 0.0 ... 1.0 ... Boosting item keyword search with spreading activation Aswath, D. Ahmed, S.T. Dapos cunha, J. Davulcu ... setting all activation values A i to zero. Set one or more origin nodes to an initial activation value ... having an activation value A i greater than the node firing threshold F For each Link i , j ... factor. If a target node receives an adjustment to its activation value so that it would exceed 1.0, then set its new activation value to 1.0. Likewise maintain 0.0 as a lower bound on the target node s activation value should it receive an adjustment to below 0.0. Once a node has fired it may not fire .... Nodes receiving a new activation value that exceeds the firing threshold F are marked for firing on the next spreading activation cycle. If activation originates from more than one node, a variation of the algorithm permits marker passing to distinguish the paths by which activation is spread ... more details
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