Activation key may refer to Product activation Product key Volume license key Key changer software Dab Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
marketing Marketing activation is the execution of the marketing mix as part the marketing process. The activation ... analytics . Depending on the business objective, two types of marketing activation can be used as part of a marketing strategy. Brand activation, sometimes called brand engagement which focuses on building a longer term emotional connection between the brand and the customer. Activation based on direct response marketing will focus on generating immediate sales transactions. Planning the activation ... customer groups to target. By focusing on some fewer influencers only, activation can become more efficient ... source of information for planning marketing activation. A common practice is to use customer relationship management tools and techniques to augment the impact of marketing activation because CRM provides an integrative framework in which marketing activation and customer activities ... DILIMA accessdate 18 August 2011 ref Challenges A successful marketing activation will allow businesses ... will face in putting in place a marketing activation program. One of the challenges is dealing ... to adapt rapidly. This poses a challenge because, for example, direct marketing activation triggers ... accessdate 18 August 2011 ref Another challenge related to marketing activation has to do with reaching ..., it engages in unique marketing activation, including strong use of PR and events targeted at black ... PRWeek date October 1, 2010 ref Data driven marketing activation Over the years, marketing activation has become more and more data driven. This allows marketers to be more precise in their actions ... important because marketing activation usually entails a universal blast of information to all consumers. Oftentimes, only a small proportion of the consumers react positively to such activation ... in marketing activation. For example, video based measurement ... provides visibility into shopper engagement and behaviour relative to exact marketing activation, enabling a holistic approach to shopper ... more details
is now energetically favorable. In chemistry , activation energy is a term introduced in 1889 by the Swedish ... reaction to occur. Activation energy may also be defined as the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction. The activation energy of a reaction is usually denoted by E sub a sub , and given in units of joule per mole kilojoules per mole . Activation energy can be thought of as the height ... than the activation energy. At a more advanced level, the Arrhenius Activation energy term from the Arrhenius ... of the reaction rate to temperature. There are two objections to associating this activation ... reaction rates. Negative activation energy In some cases, rates of reaction decrease with increasing ... reactions exhibiting these negative activation energies are typically barrierless reactions, in which ... The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the rate at which a reaction proceeds. From the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy ... rate constant reaction rate coefficient . While this equation suggests that the activation ... Catalysis Image Activation energy.svg right thumb 360px The relationship between activation energy ... to initiate the reaction. A substance that modifies the transition state to lower the activation ... the catalyst lowers the activation energy, it does not change the energies of the original reactants or products. Rather, the reactant energy and the product energy remain the same and only the activation ... Mean kinetic temperature External links http www.iupac.org goldbook A00102.pdf Activation energy from ... bp ch22 activate.html The Activation Energy of Chemical Reactions Category Chemical kinetics Category ... fr nergie d activation gl Enerx a de activaci n ko id Energi aktivasi it Energia ... more details
In immunology , activation is the transition of leucocytes and other cell types involved in the immune system . On the other hand, deactivation is the transition in the reverse direction. This balance is tightly regulated, since a too small degree of activation causes susceptibility to infection s, while, on the other hand, a too large degree of activation causes autoimmune diseases . Factors Activation and deactivation results from a variety of factors, including cytokines , soluble receptor s, arachidonic acid metabolites, steroids , receptor antagonists , adhesion molecules , bacterial products and viral products. class wikitable Overview of activating and deactivating factors. Activation Deactivation Cytokines IFN GM CSF M CSF Interleukin 6 IL 6 TNF Macrophage migration inhibitory factor MIF CCL2 Interleukin 4 IL 4 Interleukin 10 IL 10 Interleukin 13 IL 13 TGF Soluble receptor s sIL 1R sIL 6R sTNFR sCD14 Arachidonic acid metabolites PGE2 LTB4 Steroids Corticosteroids Receptor antagonists IL 1Ra Adhesion molecules 2 integrins Fc receptors CD14 P selectin CD45 Bacterial products lipopolysaccharide LPS fMetLeuPhe Viral products dsRNA BCRF1 Interleukin 10 IL 10 homologue T2 biochemistry T2 sTNFR homologue M T7 sINF R homologue See also Immune system Category Immunology ... more details
Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nucleus atomic nuclei capture free neutron s, becoming heavier and entering excited state s. The excited nucleus often decays immediately by emitting particles such as neutrons, proton s, or alpha particle s. The neutron capture , even after any intermediate decay, often results in the formation of an unstable activation product . Such radioactive nuclei can exhibit half life half lives ranging from small fractions of a second to many years. An example of this kind of a nuclear reaction occurs in the production of cobalt 60 within a nuclear reactor nuclide cobalt 59 n nuclide cobalt 60 The cobalt 60 decays by the emission of a beta particle plus gamma ray s into nickel 60. This reaction has a half life of about 5.27 years, and cobalt 60 is a valuable source of nuclear radiation for radiotherapy . In other cases, and depending on the kinetic energy of the neutron, the capture of a neutron can cause nuclear fission the splitting of the atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei. If the fission requires an input of energy, that comes from the kinetic energy of the neutron. An example of this kind of fission in a light element can occur when the only stable isotope of beryllium ... neutron flux es, such as within the cores of nuclear reactors, neutron activation contributes to material ... materials are more subject to neutron activation than others, so a suitably chosen low activation ... activation of the bomb itself and the surrounding material, in addition to fission product s. Neutron activation also has a practical use. Neutron activation analysis is one of the most sensitive ... of art. Although the activation induces radioactivity in the object, its level is typically low and its lifetime may be short, so that its effects soon disappear. In this sense, neutron activation is a non ... reports series 156.pdf Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross Sections, IAEA, 1974 http www.nacdl.org ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Plasma activation or Plasma functionalization . It is done with the intent to alter or improve adhesion properties of surfaces prior to coating, painting, etc. In most cases, the surface in question is surface of a polymer material and weakly ionised oxygen plasma physics plasma is used. Surface activation is a result of following processes Removal of weak boundary layers. Plasma removes surface layers with the lowest molecular weight , at the same time it oxidation oxidises the uppermost atomic layer of the polymer. Cross linking of surface molecules. Oxygen radicals and UV radiation , if present help break up bonds and promote the three dimensional chemical bond cross bonding of molecules Generation of polar groups. Oxidation of the polymer is responsible for the increase in chemical polarity polar groups which is directly related to the adhesion properties of the polymer surface. See also List of plasma physics articles DEFAULTSORT Plasma Activation Category Plasma processing Chem stub ru ... more details
Refimprove date April 2011 Product activation is a license validation procedure required by some Proprietary software proprietary computer software programs. In one form, product activation refers to a method invented by Ric Richardson and patented US 5,490,216 by Uniloc where a software application Hash function hashes hardware serial numbers and an ID number specific to the product s license a product key to generate a unique CD key installation ID . This installation ID is sent to the manufacturer to verify the authenticity of the product key and to ensure that the product key is not being used for multiple installations. Alternatively, the software vendor sends the user a unique product serial number. When the user installs the application it requests that the user enter their product serial number, and checks it with the vendor s systems over the Internet . The application obtains the license ... required with the vendor s systems. Some activation systems also support activation on user systems ... terminal. Microsoft first used product activation in Microsoft Word Microsoft Word 97 sold ... Microsoft Publisher 98 in the Brazil ian market. Microsoft then rolled out product activation ... the product via the Internet. After its success, the product activation system was extended ... before reactivating it on the new machine. An early example of product activation was in the MS DOS ... key, the software deliberately crashed. The software has long since had the entire activation ... require users to transfer activation when moving a product from one computer to another, when ... date September 2009 See also Microsoft Product Activation CD key Digital rights management Dongle References ... Activation http www.vttoth.com dontactivate.asp table List of products requiring activation http agilis sw.com casestudy NumeriX.html Case study of a software vendor s use of activation DEFAULTSORT Product Activation Category Software licenses ar ca Activaci de producte de Produktaktivierung ... more details
The entropy of activation is one of the two parameters typically obtained from the temperature dependence of a reaction rate, when these data are analysed using the Eyring equation . Symbolized S sup sup , the entropy of activation provides clues about the molecularity of the rate determining step in a reaction, i.e. whether the reactants are bonded to each other, or not. Positive values suggest that entropy increases upon achieving the transition state, which often indicates a Dissociative substitution dissociative mechanism . Negative values for S sup sup indicate that entropy decreases upon achieving the transition state, which often indicates an Associative substitution associative mechanism . Values near zero are difficult to interpret. ref J. H. Espenson Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism McGraw Hill, 1981, ISBN 0 070019667 2. ref References references Category Chemical kinetics ... more details
Activation products are materials made radioactive by neutron activation . Fission products and actinide s produced by neutron absorption of nuclear fuel itself are normally referred to by those specific names, and activation product reserved for products of neutron capture by other materials, such as structural components of the nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb , the reactor coolant, control rods or other neutron poison s, or materials in the environment. All of these, however, need to be handled as radioactive waste . Some nuclides originate in more than one way, as activation products or fission products. Activation products in a reactor s primary coolant loop are a main reason why reactors use a chain of two or even three coolant loops linked by heat exchanger s. Fusion reactor s will not produce radioactive waste from the fusion product nuclei themselves, which are normally just helium 4 , but generate high neutron fluxes, so activation products are a particular concern. Activation product radionuclides include class wikitable sortable Nuclide See also Halflife br years Parent Tritium 12.3 Lithium 6,7 br Boron 10 br Deuterium Beryllium 10 1,530,000 Boron 10 Carbon 14 5,730 Nitrogen 14 br Carbon 13 Sodium 24 Fast breeder 0.0017 Sodium 23 Sulfur 35 0.24 Chlorine 35 1 branch Chlorine 36 301,000 Chlorine 35 Argon 39 269 Argon 38 Iron 55 2.73 Iron 54 Nickel 59 76,000 Nickel 58 Cobalt 60 5.27 Cobalt 59 Nickel 63 100 Nickel 62 Molybdenum 93 4,000 Molybdenum 92 Niobium 93m 16 Niobium 94 20,300 Niobium 93 Technetium 99 LLFP 211,000 Molybdenum 98 Silver 108m 418 Silver 107 Cadmium 113m 13 Cadmium 112 Tin 121m http www.nrc.gov reading rm doc collections nuregs contract cr6567 cr6567.pdf 56 Tin 120 Lead 205 Q 51KeV 15,300,000 Lead 204 Polonium 210 LBE 0.379 Bismuth 209 External links http www nds.iaea.org reports new tecdocs technical reports series 156.pdf Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross Sections, IAEA, 1974 http www.nndc.bnl.gov databases databases.html Nuclear Structure ... more details
. This activation function is linear, and therefore has the same problems as the binary function. In addition ... function sigmoid activation function. One realistic model stays at zero until input current is received ... s is a sigmoidal activation function in the form of a hyperbolic tangent. Two forms of this function ... with certain types of computational problems. Alternative structures A special class of activation ... , which are extremely efficient as universal function approximators. These activation functions .... Support vector machines SVMs can effectively utilize a class of activation functions that includes ... hyperplane based on a few training inputs called support vectors math x math . The activation ... to the activation function, but they take a unique form in the perceptron as math , phi v i tanh ... certain conditions for convergence. These machines can also accept arbitrary order polynomial activation ... year 1998 publisher Prentice Hall location isbn 0 13 273350 1 ref Activation function having types Identity ... more details
Behavioral activation is a third generation behavior therapy for treating major depressive disorder depression ... underpinnings Behavioral activation emerged from a component analysis of cognitive behavioral ... and reduce punishment. The theoretical underpinnings of behavioral activation ref Jacobson, N.S. Martell, C.R. & Dimidjian, S. 2001 . Behavioral Activation for depression Returning to contextual roots ... long term patterns which may lead to dysthymia . Methods The behavioral activation BA approach to depression ..., D.W. year 2004 title A Brief Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression journal Behavior ... group who did not receive the same treatment. The results of those who received behavioral activation ... since piloted ref Cullen, J.M. Spates, C.R. Pagoto, S. & Doran, N. 2006 . Behavioral Activation ..., C.R. Pagoto, S. & Kalata, A. 2006 . A Qualitative And Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation ... ref Research support A recent review of behavioral activation studies for depression found ... name spates pagoto kalata 2006 A large scale treatment study found behavioral activation to be more ... author Dimidjian, S. year 2006 title Randomized Trial of Behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy ... activation has been applied to anxiety and appears to give promising results. ref Hopko, D.R. Robertson, S.M.C. & Lejuez, C.W. 2006 . Behavioral Activation for Anxiety Disorders. The Behavior ..., M. year 2006 title Effect of Behavioral Activation Treatment on Fibromyalgia Related Pain Anxiety ... therapy believe that behavioral activation will have much to offer other areas such as post traumatic ... generation behavior therapies Behavioral activation comes under the heading clinical behavior analysis ... psychotherapy FAP . Behavioral activation owes its basis to Charles Ferster s Functional Analysis ... in behavior therapy which covers behavioral activation. ref http worldcenterba.com index.html World Association for Behavior Analysis ref References reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Behavioral Activation Category ... more details
Sorry not sure where to put talk P added refs and rewritten. dopant activation isnt always done with rapid thermal processing so think needs it own stub Dopant Activation is the process of obtaining the desired electronic contribution from dopant impurity species in a semiconductor host. ref cite book title Dopant dopant and dopant defect processes underlying activation kinetics last Mokhberi first Ali authorlink coauthors year 2003 publisher Stanford Unniversity location isbn page pages 186 url accessdate ref The term is often restricted to the application of thermal energy following the ion implantation of dopants. In the most common industrial example, rapid thermal processing is applied to silicon following the ion implantation of dopants such as phosphorus, arsenic and boron. ref cite journal last1 Pelaz first1 last2 Venezia first2 year 1999 title Activation and deactivation of implanted B in Si journal Applied Physics Letters volume 75 issue pages 662 publisher doi url http apl.aip.org resource 1 applab v75 i5 p662 s1 accessdate ref Vacancies generated at elevated temperature 1200 C facilitate the movement of these species from crystallographic defect interstitial to crystallographic defect substitutional lattice sites while amorphous solid amorphization damage from the implantation process recrystallization recrystallizes . A relatively rapid process, peak temperature is often maintained for less than one second to minimize unwanted chemical diffusion . ref http www.thinfilmmfg.com subscribers article06 junctions10Mar06.htm faster New activation anneals help dopants stay put ref References references Category Semiconductor material structures Electronics stub ... more details
Endothelial activation is a proinflammatory and Coagulation procoagulant state of the endothelial cell s lining the Lumen anatomy lumen of blood vessel s. It is most characterized by an increase in interactions with white blood cell s leukocytes , and it is associated with the early states of atherosclerosis and sepsis , among others. ref name Alom cite journal author Alom Ruiz SP, Anilkumar N, Shah AM title Reactive oxygen species and endothelial activation journal Antioxid Redox Signal year 2008 volume 10 issue 6 pages 1089 100 pmid 18315494 doi 10.1089 ars.2007.2007 ref It is also implicated in the formation of deep vein thrombosis . ref name Whatis cite journal author Bovill EG, van der Vliet A title Venous valvular stasis associated hypoxia and thrombosis what is the link? journal Annu Rev Physiol year 2011 volume 73 issue pages 527 45 pmid 21034220 doi 10.1146 annurev physiol 012110 142305 ref As a result of activation, enthothelium releases Weibel Palade body Weibel Palade bodies . ref name Lopez cite journal author L pez JA, Chen J title Pathophysiology of venous thrombosis journal Thromb Res year 2009 volume 123 issue Suppl 4 pages S30 4 pmid 19303501 doi 10.1016 S0049 3848 09 70140 9 ref See also Endothelial dysfunction References reflist circulatory stub Category Circulatory system ... more details
Activation syndrome is a form of sometimes suicidal or homicidal stimulation or agitation that can occur in response to some psychoactive drug s. ref http www.breggin.com recentregulatory.pbreggin.2006.pdf ref A study of paroxetine found that 21 out of 93 23 percent of youth taking Paxil reported manic like symptoms which included hostility, emotional lability and nervousness. ref citation url http www.lib.umd.edu drum handle 1903 6668 title Adolescents and Antidepressants Analyzing a Social Scientific Controversy author AD Nelson year 2007 ref Pfizer has denied that sertraline can cause such effects. ref http www.healyprozac.com AcademicStalking Post 203 20 20Pfizer 20letter 20re 20Healy.pdf ref ref http www.ahrp.org ethical HealyResponseToPfizer.pdf ref Approximately 25 to 40 perecent of patients who take tricyclic antidepressant s experience activation syndrome upon initial titration. ref http www.aafp.org afp 980515ap saeed.html ref References reflist Category Psychoactive drugs disease stub ja ... more details
Allergic symptoms are caused by an initial systemic histamine release by activated basophil es and mast cell s, that may lead to shock with laryngeal edema , lower airway obstruction and hypotension . This is why basophiles are considered with mast cells to be the key cells in allergic diseases. Image Degranulationright.JPG framed basophil activation and labeling Activation process Immunoglobulin E IgE is a class of antibody or immunoglobulin isotype that has only been found in mammals. It plays an important role in allergy, and is especially associated with type 1 hypersensitivity . There are receptors Fc R against the constant region of IgE, the Fc region , on several types of cells, including Mast cells and Basophils. Basophils contain many granules inside the cell, which are filled with a variety of active substance triggering an allergic response upon degranulation. The cells get activated and start degranulation when the IgE antibody, bound to an allergen which can bind to the specific variable region of the IgE, the Fab region , bind to the Fc receptor in vitro allergy test method In most cases, a positive skin test is used to identification of allergies, but the activation of basophilic granulocytes with anti IgE, the expression of the CD63 antigen on the cell surface plasma membrane allows identification of the allergen responsible for the hypersensitivity reaction without performing the common scratch test . Only a little amount of blood is needed for this experiment, which makes it comfortable to use since one can perform it in parallel to a normal blood checkup. Degranulation Degranulated cell expose CD63 ref name Janeway5 cite book author Charles Janeway Janeway CA, Jr. et al. title Immunobiology. edition 5th ed. publisher Garland Publishing year 2001 id http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?call bv.View..ShowTOC&rid imm.TOC&depth 10 electronic full text via NCBI Bookshelf ISBN 0 8153 3642 X ref molecules on their outer cell membrane, hence the granul ... more details
RNA activation RNAa is a small RNA guided gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter targeted short double stranded RNA dsRNA induces target gene expression at the transcriptional level. RNAa was first reported in a 2006 PNAS paper by Li et al. ref name li pnas cite journal pages 17337 42 doi 10.1073 pnas.0607015103 title Small dsRNAs induce transcriptional activation in human cells year 2006 last1 Li first1 Long Cheng last2 Okino first2 Steven T. last3 Zhao first3 Hong last4 Pookot first4 Deepa last5 Place first5 Robert F. last6 Urakami first6 Shinji last7 Enokida first7 Hideki last8 Dahiya first8 Rajvir journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 103 issue 46 pmid 17085592 pmc 1859931 psc date December 2011 ref who also coined the term RNAa as a contrast to RNA interference RNAi ref name li pnas to describe such gene activation phenomenon. Soon after, several groups made similar observation in different mammalian species including human, non human primates, rat and mice, ref name ncb cite journal pages 166 73 doi 10.1038 nchembio860 title Activating gene expression in mammalian cells with promoter targeted duplex RNAs year 2007 last1 Janowski first1 Bethany A last2 Younger first2 Scott T last3 Hardy first3 Daniel B last4 Ram first4 Rosalyn last5 Huffman first5 Kenneth E last6 Corey first6 David R journal Nature Chemical Biology volume 3 issue 3 pmid 17259978 ... coreychembio cite journal pages 1344 55 doi 10.1016 j.chembiol.2010.10.009 pmc 3071588 title Activation ... gene activation phenomenon has also been observed in plants. ref cite journal pages 1660 5 doi 10.1073 pnas.0809294106 pmc 2629447 title RNA directed DNA methylation induces transcriptional activation ... pmc 2995069 title Involvement of argonaute proteins in gene silencing and activation by RNAs complementary ...&pg PA189 last Li first Long Cheng year 2008 chapter Small RNA mediated gene activation editor1 ... to RNAi, promoter targeted agRNAs induce prolonged activation of gene expression associated with epigenetic ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration PESA is a technique used to determine sperm count s in the event of a possible blockage of the vas deferens . A small needle is inserted through the skin of the scrotum to collect sperm from the epididymis , where sperm are usually stored after production in the testes . It can also be used to extract sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI . DEFAULTSORT Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration Category Male genital procedures Biology stub ... more details
are shown in orange Symbol Major Sperm Protein, MSP AltSymbols ATC prefix ATC suffix ATC supplemental ... ECnumber Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The major sperm protein MSP is a nematode specific ... sperm. It is the most abundant protein present in nematode sperm , comprising 15 of the total ... i as cytosolic component it is responsible for the crawling movement of the mature sperm without flagellum ... name Dickinson07 Functions Sperm motility Nematode sperm move in an amoeboidal manner by extending ... elements such as actin monomers or tubulin dimers, nematode sperm locomotion is based on a pseudopod ... motion, which corresponds to the crawling locomotion of nematode sperm. ref name Bottino Nematode sperm motility is based on a push pull mechanism which requires two forces triggered by a pH gradient ... membrane phosphoprotein , the major sperm protein polymerization organization protein MPOP , is the starting ... sperm motility. Attachment of the cytoskeleton to the substratum is required to generate a directional ... and RAN 1. MSP binding prevents this inhibition and results in activation of MAPK pathway. ref ... References Reflist refs ref name Scott cite journal author Scott AL title Nematode sperm journal ... VQ, Lee MH, Kosinski M, Schedl T, Caprioli RM, Greenstein D title A sperm cytoskeletal protein that signals ... major sperm protein MSP of Ascaris suum journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 263 issue 2 pages 284 96 year ... of the motile major sperm protein MSP of Ascaris suum evidence for two manganese binding sites ... structure of helices of the motile major sperm protein MSP of Caenorhabditis elegans journal J. Mol ... Structure and macromolecular assembly of two isoforms of the major sperm protein MSP from the amoeboid sperm of the nematode, Ascaris suum journal J. Cell. Sci. volume Pt 4 issue pages 847 57 series ... RB, Purich DL title Nematode sperm motility nonpolar filament polymerization mediated by end ... Roberts TM, Stewart M title Nematode sperm locomotion journal Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. volume 7 issue ... more details
Testicular sperm extraction TESE is the process of removing a small portion of tissue from the testicle under local anesthesia and extracting the few viable Spermatozoon sperm cell s present in that tissue for the purpose of intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI . ref cite book last D.Graham first Sam coauthors James Francis Glenn, Thomas E. Keane title Glenn s urologic surgery publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins date 2004 pages 472 482 url http books.google.co.uk books?id AeZJK Pj4xkC&pg PA472&dq Testicular sperm extraction&as brr 3&client firefox a v onepage&q Testicular 20sperm 20extraction&f false isbn 9780781740821 ref The testicular sperm extraction process is recommended to men who are unable to produce sperm by ejaculation as a result azoospermia , such as caused by primary testicular failure, congenital absence of the vas deferens or non reconstructed vasectomy . Intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI and testicular sperm extraction TESE have reduced the need for donor sperm. Serum inhibin B weakly indicates presence of sperm cells in the testes, raising chances for successfully achieving pregnancy through TESE, although the association is not very substantial, having a sensitivity of 0.65 95 confidence interval CI 0.56 0.74 and a specificity of 0.83 CI 0.64 0.93 for prediction the presence of sperm in the testes in non obstructive azoospermia. ref cite doi 10.1093 humupd dmq024 ref See also Azoospermia References Reflist Category Fertility medicine human repro stub ... more details
Genetically modified sperm is sperm that has undergone genetic modification for biomedical purposes, such as the elimination of genetic disease s or infertility for example. ref http www.applesforhealth.com PetHealth afgms5.html Animals From Genetically Modified Sperm ref Although the procedure has already been tried on animals such as fish ref http www.isb.vt.edu articles apr0401.htm Genetically modified sperm in fish ref , pigs, ref cite doi 10.1073 pnas.0604938103 ref and rabbits ref cite pmid 11808625 ref , it remains largely untried on humans. ref http www.theaustralian.com.au news health science scientists five years away from creating human sperm and eggs in a laboratory story e6frg8gf 1225792318475 Scientists five years away from creating human sperm and eggs in a laboratory ref In the case of pigs, the goal of research is to produce inexpensive organs that would remove an existing shortage of donated human organs. ref name pig organ cite news first last coauthors authorlink title Human genes placed in pigs date 2002 10 22 publisher url http www.highbeam.com doc 1G1 93187334.html work The Cincinnati Post pages accessdate 2010 02 08 language ref Researchers have said that the potential of GM sperm is promising, although it would likely take many years for it to successfully be used in the detection and elimination of genetic diseases. This topic notably came up in a recent case where an American teenager was allowed to sue a sperm bank because she had been born with fragile X syndrome. ref name fragile x lawsuit cite news first last coauthors authorlink title Sperm bank sued under product liability law date 2009 04 08 publisher url http www.newscientist.com article mg20227032.400 sperm bank sued under product liability law.html work New Scientist pages accessdate 2010 02 08 language ref References references biology stub Category Semen ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Sperm mediated gene transfer , or SMGT, is a technique used to produce transgenic animal s. ref cite journal author Smith K, Spadafora C title Sperm mediated gene transfer applications and implications journal Bioessays volume 27 issue 5 pages 551 62 year 2005 month May pmid 15832378 doi 10.1002 bies.20211 ref Genetic material is introduced into sperm , which are used to fertilize Egg biology eggs . The embryo embryos are carried to term. The offspring may be transgenic, mosaic genetics mosaic , or neither. References reflist Category Genetic engineering molecular biology stub ... more details
Automatic Taxobox name Dwarf sperm whale ref name MSW3 MSW3 Cetacea id 14300129 ref status DD status system iucn3.1 status ref ref name iucn IUCN2008 assessors Taylor, B.L., Baird, R., Barlow, J., Dawson ... title Kogia sima downloaded 7 October 2008 ref image Dwarf sperm whale size.svg image caption Size ... Owen Owen , 1866 range map Cetacea range map Dwarf Sperm Whale.png range map caption Dwarf sperm whale range The Dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima is one of three species in the sperm whale family . They are not often .... Taxonomy Today, the dwarf sperm whale is generally classified as one of two species, along with the Pygmy sperm whale , in the Kogiidae family and Kogia genus, however it was not until 1966 that the two ... Kogiinae of Physeteridae . Physical description The Dwarf sperm whale is the smallest species ... it is usually observed only in very calm seas Beaufort scale Beaufort 0 1 . The Dwarf sperm whale is similar in appearance and behavior to its cousin the Pygmy sperm whale. Identification may be close ... as the rat porpoise in the Netherlands Antilles Lower Antilles . Like other sperm whales, the Dwarf sperm whale has a spermaceti organ in its forehead. Like the pygmy, the dwarf is able to expel a dark reddish substance when frightened or attacked&mdash possibly to put off any predators. Dwarf sperm ... and crab . Population and distribution The Dwarf sperm whale prefers deep water, but is more coastal than the pygmy sperm. Its favorite habitat appears to be just off the continental shelf . In the Atlantic ... sperm whale was actively hunted by commercial whalers. Occasional harpoon kills are still made by Indonesian ... threaten the species survival. Conservation The Draft sperm whale is covered by the Agreement ... Pacific Cetaceans MoU References Reflist Portal Cetaceans Pygmy and Dwarf Sperm Whales by Donald ... and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region Cetacea O.1 DEFAULTSORT Dwarf Sperm Whale Category Sperm whales Category Fauna of Southeast Asia Category Cetaceans of Thailand Category Fauna of the Indian ... more details
Interventions infobox Name Intracytoplasmic sperm injection Image Icsi.JPG Caption Oocyte is injected during ICSI ICD10 ICD9unlinked MeshID D020554 OPS301 OtherCodes Intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI ... fertilization in vitro fertilization procedure in which a single spermatozoon sperm is injected ... infertility problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in addition to sperm donation . It can be used in teratozoospermia , because once the egg is fertilized, abnormal sperm morphology does not appear to influence blastocyst development ..., microscopy can still detect the few sperm cells that have a normal morphology, allowing ... Intracytoplasmic sperm injection facilitates pregnancies even in the most severe forms of male .... From the opposite side a thin, hollow glass micropipette is used to collect a single sperm ... through the oolemma and into the inner part of the oocyte cytoplasm . The sperm is then released into the oocyte ... day for signs of fertilization . In contrast, in natural fertilization sperm compete and when the first sperm penetrates the oolemma, the oolemma hardens to block the entry of any other sperm. Concern has been raised that in ICSI this sperm selection process is bypassed and the sperm is selected by the embryologist ... embryologists to select mature sperm for ICSI based on sperm binding to hyaluronan , the main ... sperm on the microdot, selects and captures sperm that bind to the dot. Basic research on the maturation of sperm shows that hyaluronan binding sperm are more mature and show fewer DNA strand breaks and significantly lower levels of aneuploidy than the sperm population from which they were selected. A brand name for one such sperm selection device is PICSI. ref http www.prweb.com releases 2006 07 prweb407895.htm New Sperm Selection Technology for Assisted Reproductive Technology ART Cleared by FDA ref Washed or unwashed sperm may be used in the process. Addition of a GNRH agonist for luteal support ... more details
File D.melanogaster Female Sperm Storage.jpg thumb Sperm storage organs in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . Female was first mated with GFP male and then re mated with RFP male. Female sperm storage is a biological process in which spermatozoa sperm cells transferred to a female during mating ... that appear to function solely for sperm retention, such as insect spermatheca ref Klowden MJ. 2003 .... 1266. ref and bird sperm storage tubules bird anatomy , ref Liem KL, Bemis WE, Walker WF & Grande ... Cole Thomson Learning. Pp703. ref ref Birkhead TR. 1998. Sperm Competition in Birds mechanisms and function. In Birkhead TR & M ller AP eds. 1998. Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. San Diego ... to which sperm associate before fertilization, such as the caudal portion of the cow oviduct containing sperm associating annexin s. ref Ignotz GG, Cho MY & Suarez SS. 2007. Annexins are candidate oviductal receptors for bovine sperm surface proteins and thus may serve to hold bovine sperm in the oviductal reservoir. Biology of Reproduction 77 906 913. ref Female sperm storage is an integral ... biological functions including Supporting the sperm by a. enabling sperm to undergo biochemical ... of sperm in the oviduct. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 37 140 143. ref ref Suarez SS. 2008. Control of hyperactivation in sperm. Human Reproduction Update 14 6 647 657. ref and b. maintaining sperm viability until an oocyte is ovulated e.g. insects and mammals . ref name sss02 ref Allen AK ... selection and the temporal separation of reproductive events sperm storage data from reptiles, birds ... JJ. 2009. Prudent sperm use by leaf cutter ant queens. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 ... 330 331. ref Serving as an arena in which sperm from different mating males compete for access to oocytes, a process called sperm competition , and in which females may preferentially utilize sperm from some males over those of others, called female sperm preference or cryptic female choice e.g. many ... more details
Reproductive law s related to sperm donation differ between countries. For example most countries have limits for how many children one single sperm donor may give rise to. The main reason to limit sperm ..., limiting sperm donation is a factor for triggering fertility tourism to other countries. Overview ... ref Sperm donors may be sued for paternity by single mothers and lesbians ref Hong Kong, China 3 children ... downloads sperm donor info.pdf Monash IVF sperm donor info ref In Western Australia , the Human ... 1990s Belgian fertility clinics or sperm banks imported large amounts of donor sperm from other countries ... There is no upper limit to the number of donor offspring in Canada, but sperm banks generally follow ... 9062 Women shopping for super sperm Sue Montgomery, CanWest News Service Montreal Gazette. Published ... numbers. Single women and coupled lesbians are not permitted to have treatment using donor sperm. Women ... in these countries frequently bought in sperm supplies from abroad to satisfy demand. Germany Legislation ... seeking to become pregnant through the use of donor sperm and Spanish clinics were purchasing donor sperm from other countries in order to satisfy demand see Onselling in main article . Many UK women were travelling to Spain at that time to be impregnated with sperm imported from clinics in the UK ... of human cells. Sperm donation is only permitted by anonymous donation. Surrogacy is not allowed. Sweden ... upload SU omrade oss reproduktionsmedicin Spermadonatorinformation.pdf Sahlgrenska Hospital s sperm ... 351 ref Switzerland In Switzerland sperm donation is only allowed for married heterosexual couples not for unmarried ... may set a lower limit and may impose conditions on the use of his sperm. Until April 2010 there was no prohibition on the export of sperm from the UK provided that the number of families created ... is required from the HFEA for the export of embryos. A shortage of sperm donors in the UK led ... basis. In the meantime, some clinics continue to export sperm and to import vials from clinics ... more details
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