Infobox Anatomy Name Spermatid Latin GraySubject 258 GrayPage 1243 Image Germinal epithelium testicle.svg Caption Germinal epithelium of the testicle . BR 1 basal lamina BR 2 spermatogonia BR 3 spermatocyte 1st order BR 4 spermatocyte 2nd order BR 5 spermatid BR 6 mature spermatid BR 7 Sertoli cell BR 8 tight junction blood testis barrier Image2 Gray1150.png Caption2 Transverse section of a tubule of the testis of a rat . 250. System MeshName Spermatids MeshNumber A05.360.490.890.860 The spermatid is the haploid male gametid that results from division of secondary spermatocyte s. As a result of meiosis , each spermatid contains only half of the genetic material present in the original primary spermatocyte. Spermatids are connected by cytoplasmic material and have superfluous cytoplasmic material around their nuclei. When formed, early round spermatids must undergo further maturational events to develop into spermatozoa , a process termed spermiogenesis also termed spermeteliosis . The spermatids begin to grow a living thread, develop a thickened mid piece where the mitochondria become localised, and form an acrosome . Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The DNA is packaged firstly with specific nuclear basic proteins, which are subsequently replaced with protamines during spermatid elongation. The resultant tightly packed chromatin is transcriptionally inactive. Additional images gallery Image Gray7.png Scheme showing analogies in the process of maturation of the ovum and the development of the spermatids young spermatozoa . gallery External links BUHistology 17804loa Male Reproductive System testis, early spermatids BUHistology 17805loa Male Reproductive System testis, late spermatids http www.cvm.okstate.edu instruction mm curr histology MR HiMRp3.htm Histology at okstate.edu Male reproductive system Category Reproductive system Category Germ cells Category Andrology ar ca Esperm tida cs Spermatida de Spermatide es Esperm tida ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 A gametid is a kind of germ cell that results from the meiosis of a gametocyte . Male gametids are spermatid s, while female gametids are ootid s. The development of a gametids is called gametidogenesis . Cell biology stub Category Germ cells es Gameto th ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Gray1150.png thumb 350px right Cross section of the epithelium of a seminiferous tubule showing various stages of spermatocyte development Image Gray7.png thumb 350px right Scheme showing analogies in the process of maturation of the ovum and the development of the spermatids young spermatozoa . Spermatidogenesis is the creation of spermatid s from spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis . Secondary spermatocytes produced earlier rapidly enter meiosis meiosis II and divide to produce haploid spermatid s. The brevity of this stage means that secondary spermatocytes are rarely seen in histological preparations. Male reproductive system Category Male reproductive system Cell biology stub ru ... more details
A gonocyte is a long lived germ cell responsible for gametogenesis , which is spermatogenesis in males, and oogenesis in females. Gonocytes include gametogonium gametogonia Spermatogonium spermatogonia and Oogonium oogonia , oocyte s, ootid s, and Ovum ova . The term often also refers to the primordial germ cells . It often does not include the short lived spermatocyte , spermatid , or sperm cells. Fact date April 2008 Reproductive physiology Category Developmental biology Category Reproductive system Category Germ cells cell biology stub pl Gonocyt ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Germinal epithelium testicle.svg Caption Germinal epithelium of the testicle . 1 basal lamina , 2 spermatogonia , 3 spermatocyte 1st order, 4 spermatocyte 2nd order, 5 spermatid , 6 mature spermatid, 7 Sertoli cell , 8 tight junction blood testis barrier Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre e 13 DorlandsSuf 12339107 The germinal epithelium is the innermost layer of the testicle . Germinal epithelium is also known as the wall of the seminiferous tubule within the testes. It is cells in the epithelium are connected via tight junctions. External links BUHistology 17803loa Male Reproductive System testis, germinal epithelium AnatomyAtlasesMicroscopic 02 21 Stratified Germinal Epithelium EmbryologySwiss cgametogen spermato02 Gray s genitourinary stub Category Male reproductive system Male reproductive system ... more details
Multiple issues orphan April 2009 expert April 2009 Spermatozoon Spermatozoa develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. During their development the Spermatogonium spermatogonia proceed through meiosis to become spermatozoa. Many changes occur during this process the DNA in nuclei becomes condensed the acrosome develops as a structure close to the nucleus. The acrosome is derived from the Golgi apparatus and contains hydrolytic enzymes important for fusion of the spermatozoon with an Ovum egg cell . During spermiogenesis the nucleus condenses and changes shape. Abnormal shape change is a feature of sperm in Infertility male infertility . The acroplaxome is the name that has been given to describe a structure that is found between the acrosomal membrane and the Nuclear envelope nuclear membrane . ref name Kiersz03 cite journal author Kierszenbaum AL, Rivkin E, Tres LL title Acroplaxome, an F actin keratin containing plate, anchors the acrosome to the nucleus during shaping of the spermatid head journal Mol. Biol. Cell volume 14 issue 11 pages 4628 40 year 2003 month November pmid 14551252 pmc 266778 doi 10.1091 mbc.E03 04 0226 url http www.molbiolcell.org cgi content full 14 11 4628 ref The acroplaxome contains structural proteins including keratin 5, Actin F actin ref name Kiersz03 and profilin IV. ref cite journal author Obermann H, Raabe I, Balvers M, Brunswig B, Schulze W, Kirchhoff C title Novel testis expressed profilin IV associated with acrosome biogenesis and spermatid elongation journal Mol. Hum. Reprod. volume 11 issue 1 pages 53 64 year 2005 month January pmid 15591451 doi 10.1093 molehr gah132 url http molehr.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 11 1 53 ref References cite journal author Kierszenbaum AL, Tres LL title The acrosome acroplaxome manchette complex and the shaping of the spermatid head journal Arch. Histol. Cytol. volume 67 issue 4 pages 271 84 year 2004 month November pmid 15700535 reflist Category Cell biology ... more details
Image Complete diagram of a human spermatozoa en.svg thumb 300px Complete diagram of a human spermatozoon Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis , which sees the maturation of spermatid s into mature, motile spermatozoon spermatozoa . The spermatid is more or less circular cell containing a nucleus, Golgi apparatus, centriole and mitochondria. All these components take part in forming the spermatozoon. Phases The process of spermiogenesis is traditionally divided into four stages the Golgi phase, the cap phase,formation of tail , and the maturation stage. ref http anatomy.iupui.edu courses histo D502 D502f04 lecture.f04 Malef04 Male 20Reproduction 06.htm ANAT D502 Basic Histology Bot generated title ref Golgi phase The spermatids, which up until now have been mostly Symmetry biology radially symmetrical , begin to develop polarity. The head forms at one end, and the Golgi apparatus creates enzymes that will become the acrosome . At the other end, it develops a thickened mid piece, where the mitochondrium mitochondria gather and the distal centriole begins to form an axoneme . Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The DNA is packaged first, with specific nuclear basic proteins, which are subsequently replaced with protamine s during spermatid elongation. The resultant tightly packed chromatin is transcriptionally inactive. Cap phase The Golgi apparatus surrounds the condensed nucleus, becoming the acrosome acrosomal cap . Image Gray1150.png thumb 300px Note how the tails of the sperm point inward. This orientation occurs during the acrosomal phase. Formation of Tail One of the centriole s of the cell elongates to become the tail of the sperm. A temporary structure called the manchette assists in this elongation. During this phase, the developing spermatozoa orient themselves so that their tails point towards the center of the lumen, away from the epithelium. Maturation phase The excess cytoplasm , known as residual bodies , ... more details
Wikify date April 2012 The Nebenkern is a mitochondrial formation in the sperm of insects such as Drosophila . Spermatid mitochondria wrap around each other to form a spherical aggregate, adjacent to the nucleus. ref name devbio cite web url http 8e.devbio.com article.php?ch 19&id 194 title Fuzzy Onions and the Nebenkern publisher Sinauer Associates, Inc accessdate February 29, 2012 ref The nebenkern proceeds to elongate into a double stranded helical structure. ref name devbio ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com medical nebenkern title The Mirriam Webster Unabridged Dictionary publisher Mirriam Webster, Inc. accessdate February 29, 2012 ref References reflist Category Germ cells ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Spermatogonium Latin GraySubject 258 GrayPage 1243 Image Germinal epithelium testicle.svg Caption Germinal epithelium of the testicle. 1 basal lamina , 2 spermatogonia , 3 spermatocyte 1st order, 4 spermatocyte 2nd order, 5 spermatid , 6 mature spermatid, 7 Sertoli cell , 8 tight junction blood testis barrier Image2 Testicle histology boar.jpg Caption2 Histological section through testicular parenchyma of a boar . 1 Lumen of Tubulus seminiferus contortus , 2 spermatids , 3 spermatocytes , 4 spermatogonia, 5 Sertoli cell , 6 Myofibroblasts , 7 Leydig cell s, 8 capillaries Width 325 System MeshName Spermatogonia MeshNumber A05.360.490.890.900 A spermatogonium plural spermatogonia is an intermediary male gametogonium ref cite web url http www.biology online.org dictionary Spermatogonium title Spermatogonium definition work Biology Online.org accessdate 21 December 2011 ref a kind of germ cell in the production of spermatozoa . There are three subtypes Type A d cells, with dark nuclei. These cells replicate to ensure a constant supply of spermatogonia to fuel spermatogenesis. Type A p cells, with pale nuclei. These cells divide by mitosis to produce Type B cells. Type B cells, which divide to give rise to primary spermatocytes . Each primary spermatocyte duplicates its DNA and subsequently undergoes meiosis I to produce two haploid secondary spermatocytes. Each of the two secondary spermatocytes further undergo meiosis II to produce two spermatids haploid . 1 primary spermatocyte 4 spermatids The spermatids then undergo spermiogenesis to produce spermatozoa . Additional images gallery Image Gray1150.png Transverse section of a tubule of the testis of a rat . X 250. Image Spermatocytogenesis.png Schematic diagram of Spermatocytogenesis gallery References Reflist Category Germ cells Male reproductive system Cell biology stub ca Espermatogoni de Spermatogonium es Espermatogonia fr Spermatogonie it Spermatogonio pt Espermatog nia ru ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Germinal epithelium testicle.svg Caption Germinal epithelium of the testicle . 1 basal lamina , 2 spermatogonia , 3 spermatocyte 1st order, 4 spermatocyte 2nd order, 5 spermatid , 6 mature spermatid, 7 Sertoli cell , 8 tight junction blood testis barrier Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The blood testis barrier abbreviated as BTB is a physical barrier between the blood vessel s and the seminiferous tubule s of the animal testicle testes . The name blood testis barrier is misleading in a sense that it is not a blood organ barrier sensu strictu, but is formed between Sertoli cell s of the seminiferous tubule and as such isolates the further developed stages of germ cells from the blood. A more correct term is the Sertoli cell barrier SCB . The barrier is formed by tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions between the Sertoli cell s, which are sustentacular cell s supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules , and divides the seminiferous tubule in a basal compartment outer side of the tubule, in contact with blood and lymph and an adluminal compartment inner side of the tubule, isolated from blood and lymph . The presence of the SCB allows Sertoli cell to control the adluminal environment in which germ cells spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm develop by influencing the chemical composition of the luminal fluid. The barrier also prevents passage of cytotoxicity cytotoxic agents bodies or substances that are toxicity toxic to cell biology cell s into the seminiferous tubules. Auto immune response The blood testes barrier can be damaged by trauma to the testes including torsion or impact , by surgery or as a result of vasectomy . When the blood testes barrier is breached, and sperm enters the bloodstream, the immune system mounts an autoimmune response against the sperm. The anti sperm antibody antibodies generated by the immune ... more details
PBB geneid 7141 Spermatid nuclear transition protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNP1 gene . ref name pmid2249851 cite journal author Luerssen H, Mattei MG, Schroter M, Grzeschik KH, Adham IM, Engel W title Nucleotide sequence of the gene for human transition protein 1 and its chromosomal localization on chromosome 2 journal Genomics volume 8 issue 2 pages 324 30 year 1991 month Jan pmid 2249851 pmc doi 10.1016 0888 7543 90 90289 7 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene TNP1 transition protein 1 during histone to protamine replacement url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 7141 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Meistrich ML, Mohapatra B, Shirley CR, Zhao M title Roles of transition nuclear proteins in spermiogenesis. journal Chromosoma volume 111 issue 8 pages 483 8 year 2004 pmid 12743712 doi 10.1007 s00412 002 0227 z cite journal author Chirat F, Martinage A, Briand G, et al. title Nuclear transition protein 1 from ram elongating spermatids. Mass spectrometric characterization, primary structure and phosphorylation sites of two variants. journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 198 issue 1 pages 13 20 year 1991 pmid 2040274 doi 10.1111 j.1432 1033.1991.tb15980.x cite journal author Baskaran R, Rao MR title Interaction of spermatid specific protein TP2 with nucleic acids, in vitro. A comparative study with TP1. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 265 issue 34 pages 21039 47 year 1991 pmid 2250010 doi cite journal author Kleene KC, Borzorgzadeh A, Flynn JF, et al. title Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding mouse transition protein 1. journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta volume 950 issue ... 1, 2 spermatid specific linker histone H1 like protein transcripts in spermatozoa from normozoospermic ... more details
journal author Nelson JE, Krawetz SA title Linkage of human spermatid specific basic nuclear protein ... spermatid specific linker histone H1 like protein transcripts in spermatozoa from normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic ... more details
Image Antheridia.jpg right thumb 240px Diagram of antheridium anatomy An antheridium or antherida plural antheridia is a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gamete s called antherozoids or sperm . It is present in the gametophyte phase of lower plant s like moss es and fern s, and also in the primitive vascular Psilotophyta psilotophytes . Many alga e and some Fungus fungi , for example ascomycete s and water mould s, also have antheridia during their reproductive stages. An antheridium typically consists of sterile cell biology cell s and spermatogenous tissue biology tissue . The sterile cells may form a central support structure or surround the spermatogenous tissue as a protective jacket. The spermatogenous cells give rise to spermatid s via mitotic cell division . In bryophyte s, the antheridium is borne on an antheridiophore , a stalk like structure that carries the antheridium at its apex. In many gymnosperm s and all angiosperm s, the male gametophytes have been reduced to Pollen pollen grains and their antheridia have been reduced to a single generative cell within the pollen grain. During pollination , this generative cell divides and gives rise to two sperm nuclei. The female counterpart to the antheridium is the archegonium . References C.Michael Hogan. 2010. http www.eoearth.org article Fern Fern . Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment . Washington, DC Gallery gallery Image Hypnum cupressiforme perichaetialblaetter.jpeg center Magnified view of developing antheridia in Hypnum cupressiforme center gallery Category Plant anatomy Category Plant reproduction Botany stub bg ca Anteridi cs Pelatka de Antheridium es Anteridio fr Anth ridie gl Anter deo io Anteridio he kk lv Anter dijs nl Antheridium pl Plemnia pt Anter deo ru tr Anterozoit uk zh ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 A manchette is a term used to describe a sleeve or glove covering the hand or forearm or as a printing term to describe a vertical heading within a newspaper or similar publication. This term comes to English from the original French word manchette or michette, from the word manche, sleeve. It is related to the Spanish word mancha, as in Don Quixote de la Mancha. Usage Fencing In fencing , Sabre fencing sabreurs wear a special glove called a manchette on their weapon hand. Covered by a type of brocade d Cloth fabric with inwoven metal threads that serve as a conductive surface that aids in the practice of electric fencing , the manchette is worn on the hand and wrist. The manchette is conducting up to but not exceeding the wrist area. It is worn in conjunction with a lam fencing lam . Cycling In cycling, a sleeve for the forearm, worn especially by Triathlon triathletes , is called a manchette. The sleeve is often made of a satin weave knit blend of polypropylene , spandex , or other advanced sport fabrics coated with an ultrasmooth synthetic coating, such as polytetrafluoroethylene , to reduce wind drag. Furniture In furniture making a manchette refers to an upholstered arm on a wooden frame chair like a berg re or fauteuil . The manchette is most often upholstered in silk lampas , silk jacquard , or brocade . Medical In the medical fields, a manchette refers to a conically shaped array of microtubules that completely covers the nucleus of a spermatid. Printing Manchette is also used as a printing term to indicate a vertical heading within a newspaper article or increasingly a computer generated image. Historical use Bread making A manchette or manchet is a sweet bread not a sweetbread that has largely fallen out of favour but was so called because it was small enough to be carried in a gloved hand. The preference for similar sized french rolls had replaced the common usage in England of manchet tes by the mid Victorian period. See ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 55342 Spermatid perinuclear RNA binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STRBP gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene STRBP spermatid perinuclear RNA binding protein url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 55342 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Schumacher JM, Lee K, Edelhoff S, Braun RE title Spnr, a murine RNA binding protein that is localized to cytoplasmic microtubules journal J. Cell Biol. volume 129 issue 4 pages 1023 32 year 1995 pmid 7744952 doi 10.1083 jcb.129.4.1023 pmc 2120489 cite journal author Schumacher JM, Artzt K, Braun RE title Spermatid perinuclear ribonucleic acid binding protein binds microtubules in vitro and associates with abnormal manchettes in vivo in mice journal Biol. Reprod. volume 59 issue 1 pages 69 76 year 1998 pmid 9674995 doi 10.1095 biolreprod59.1.69 cite journal author Coolidge CJ, Patton JG title A new double stranded RNA binding protein that interacts with PKR journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 28 issue 6 pages 1407 17 year 2000 pmid 10684936 doi 10.1093 nar 28.6.1407 pmc 111047 cite journal author Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA title DNA Cloning Using In Vitro Site Specific Recombination journal Genome Res. volume 10 issue 11 pages 1788 95 year 2001 pmid 11076863 doi 10.1101 gr.143000 pmc 310948 cite journal author Wiemann S title Toward a Catalog of Human Genes and Proteins Sequencing and Analysis of 500 Novel Complete Protein Coding Human cDNAs journal Genome Res. volume 11 issue 3 pages 422 35 year 2001 pmid 11230166 doi 10.1101 gr.GR1547R pmc 311072 author separator , author2 Weil B author3 ... deficient for spermatid perinuclear RNA binding protein show neurologic, spermatogenic, and sperm ... more details
protein Name H1 histone family, member N, testis specific caption image width HGNCid 24893 Symbol H1FNT AltSymbols HANP1, H1T2 EntrezGene 341567 OMIM RefSeq NM 181788 UniProt Q75WM6 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 12 Arm q Band 13.11 LocusSupplementaryData H1 histone family, member N, testis specific is a member of the histone family of nuclear protein s which are a component of chromatin . In humans, this protein is encoded by the H1FNT gene. ref name pmid15710904 cite journal author Martianov I, Brancorsini S, Catena R, et al. title Polar nuclear localization of H1T2, a histone H1 variant, required for spermatid elongation and DNA condensation during spermiogenesis journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America volume 102 issue 8 pages 2808 13 year 2005 month February pmid 15710904 pmc 549447 doi 10.1073 pnas.0406060102 url issn ref The H1FNT protein is essential for nuclear formation in spermatozoa , and is involved in the replacement of histones with protamine s during spermiogenesis . ref name pmid16533358 cite journal author Tanaka H, Matsuoka Y, Onishi M, Kitamura K, Miyagawa Y, Nishimura H, Tsujimura A, Okuyama A, Nishimune Y title Expression profiles and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of human HANP1 H1T2 encoding a histone H1 like protein journal International journal of andrology volume 29 issue 2 pages 353 9 year 2006 month April pmid 16533358 doi 10.1111 sj.1365 2605.2005.00600.x url issn ref References Reflist External links MeshName H1FNT protein, human Category Article Feedback 5 gene 12 stub ... more details
protein name heat shock 70kDa protein 1B caption image width HGNCid 5233 Symbol HSPA1B AltSymbols EntrezGene 3304 OMIM 603012 RefSeq NM 005346 UniProt P08107 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 6 Arm p Band 21.3 LocusSupplementaryData Heat shock 70kDa protein 1B , also known as HSPA1B , is a human gene . ref name pmid1700760 cite journal author Milner CM, Campbell RD title Structure and expression of the three MHC linked HSP70 genes journal Immunogenetics volume 32 issue 4 pages 242 51 year 1990 pmid 1700760 url doi 10.1007 BF00187095 ref This intron less gene encodes a 70kDa heat shock protein which is a member of the Hsp70 heat shock protein 70 family. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene HSPA1A heat shock 70kDa protein 1B url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 3304 accessdate ref Function In conjunction with other heat shock proteins, this protein stabilizes existing proteins against aggregation and mediates the folding of newly translated proteins in the cytosol and in organelles. It is also involved in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway through interaction with the AU rich element RNA binding protein 1. The gene is located in the major histocompatibility complex class III region, in a cluster with two closely related genes which encode similar proteins. ref name entrez ref name pmid9685725 cite journal author Ito Y, Ando A, Ando H, Ando J, Saijoh Y, Inoko H, Fujimoto H title Genomic structure of the spermatid specific hsp70 homolog gene located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex of mouse and man journal J. Biochem. volume 124 issue 2 pages 347 53 year 1998 month August pmid 9685725 url http jb.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 9685725 ref Disease linkage Patients with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection who harbor a HSPA1B 1267 single nucleotide polymorphism have a higher risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma . ref name pmid18344806 cite journal author Jeng JE, ... more details
PBB geneid 29999 Fascin 3 also known as testis fascin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FSCN3 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene fascin homolog 3 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 29999 accessdate ref ref name pmid11925108 cite journal author Tubb B, Mulholland DJ, Vogl W, Lan ZJ, Niederberger C, Cooney A, Bryan J title Testis fascin FSCN3 a novel paralog of the actin bundling protein fascin expressed specifically in the elongate spermatid head journal Exp. Cell Res. volume 275 issue 1 pages 92 109 year 2002 month April pmid 11925108 doi 10.1006 excr.2002.5486 url ref See also Fascin References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Maruyama K, Sugano S title Oligo capping a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. journal Gene volume 138 issue 1 2 pages 171 4 year 1994 pmid 8125298 doi 10.1016 0378 1119 94 90802 8 cite journal author Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. title Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full length human and mouse cDNA sequences journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 99 issue 26 pages 16899 903 year 2002 pmid 12477932 pmc 139241 doi 10.1073 pnas.242603899 cite journal author Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, et al. title Human Chromosome 7 DNA Sequence and Biology journal Science volume 300 issue 5620 pages 767 72 year 2003 pmid 12690205 pmc 2882961 doi 10.1126 science.1083423 cite journal author Tubb BE, Bardien Kruger S, Kashork CD, et al. title Characterization of human retinal fascin gene FSCN2 at 17q25 close physical linkage of fascin and cytoplasmic actin genes journal Genomics volume 65 issue 2 pages 146 56 year 2000 pmid 10783262 doi 10.1006 geno.2000.6156 cite journal author Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. title Construction and characterization of a full length enriched and a 5 end enriched cDNA library journal Gene volume 200 issue 1 2 page ... more details
PBB geneid 338323 NLRP14 , short for NOD like receptor family pyrin domain containing 14, is an intracellular protein of mammals associated with a role in spermatogenesis . It is also known as NALP14, NOD5, GC LRR, Nalp iota, PAN8, and CLR11.2, and is one of 14 pyrin domain containing members of the NOD like receptor family of cytoplasm ic receptors. ref name pmid12563287 cite journal author Tschopp J, Martinon F, Burns K title NALPs a novel protein family involved in inflammation journal Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. volume 4 issue 2 pages 95 104 year 2003 month February pmid 12563287 doi 10.1038 nrm1019 url ref NLRP14 is found exclusively in the testes where it is expressed within spermatogonia , spermatocyte s and spermatid s. ref name pmid16931801 cite journal author Westerveld GH, Korver CM, van Pelt AM, et al. title Mutations in the testis specific NALP14 gene in men suffering from spermatogenic failure journal Hum. Reprod. volume 21 issue 12 pages 3178 84 year 2006 month December pmid 16931801 doi 10.1093 humrep del293 url ref References Reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Enjuanes A, Benavente Y, Bosch F, et al. title Genetic variants in apoptosis and immunoregulation related genes are associated with risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. journal Cancer Res. volume 68 issue 24 pages 10178 86 year 2008 pmid 19074885 doi 10.1158 0008 5472.CAN 08 2221 cite journal author Inohara N, Nu ez G title NODs intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis. journal Nat. Rev. Immunol. volume 3 issue 5 pages 371 82 year 2003 pmid 12766759 doi 10.1038 nri1086 cite journal author Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. title Diversification of transcriptional modulation large scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. journal Genome Res. volume 16 issue 1 pages 55 65 year 2006 pmid 16344560 doi 10.1101 gr.4039406 pmc 1356129 refend NOD like receptors Category LRR proteins protein stub ... more details
spermatid s haploid N 23 1C 23 spermiogenesis four functional spermatozoid s haploid N 23 1C 23 spermiation ... a spermatogonium to a spermatid is incomplete the cells remain connected to one another by bridges ... spermatogenesis. Spermatidogenesis main Spermatidogenesis Spermatidogenesis is the creation of spermatid ... mitochondria gather and form an axoneme . Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming ... replaced with protamine s during spermatid elongation. The resultant tightly packed chromatin ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Sertoli cell Latin GraySubject 258 GrayPage 1243 Image Germinal epithelium testicle.svg Caption Germinal epithelium of the testicle . br 1 basal lamina br 2 spermatogonia br 3 spermatocyte 1st order br 4 spermatocyte 2nd order br 5 spermatid br 6 mature spermatid br 7 Sertoli cell br 8 tight junction blood testis barrier Image2 Testicle histology boar 2.jpg Caption2 Histological section through testicular parenchyma of a boar . br 1 Lumen of Tubulus seminiferus contortus br 2 spermatids br 3 spermatocytes br 4 Spermatogonium spermatogonia br 5 Sertoli cell br 6 Myofibroblasts br 7 Leydig cell s br 8 capillaries System MeshName Sertoli Cells MeshNumber A05.360.444.849.789 A Sertoli cell a kind of sustentacular cell is a nurse cell biology cell of the testicle testes that is part of a seminiferous tubule . It is activated by follicle stimulating hormone and has FSH receptor on its membranes.It is specifically located in the convoluted seminiferous tubules since this is the only place in the testes where the spermatozoa is produced . Functions Because its main function is to nourish the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis , the Sertoli cell has also been called the mother or nurse cell. Sertoli cells also act as phagocytes, consuming the residual cytoplasm during spermatogenesis. Translocation of germ cells from the base to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules occurs by conformational changes in the lateral margins of the Sertoli cells. Secretory Sertoli cells secrete the following substances anti M llerian hormone AMH secreted during the early stages of fetus fetal life. inhibin and activin s secreted after puberty, and work together to regulate Follicle stimulating hormone FSH secretion androgen binding protein also called testosterone binding globulin increases testosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubules to stimulate spermiogenesis estradiol aromatase from Sertoli cells convert testosterone to 17 beta estradi ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Leydig cell Latin GraySubject 258 GrayPage 1243 Image Testicle histology boar 2.jpg Caption Histological section through testicular parenchyma of a boar . 1 Lumen of convoluted part of the seminiferous tubules, 2 spermatid s, 3 spermatocyte s, 4 spermatogonium spermatogonia , 5 Sertoli cell , 6 myofibroblast s, 7 Leydig cells, 8 capillary capillaries Image2 Leydig cells.JPG Caption2 Cross section of seminiferous tubules. Arrows indicate location of Leydig cells. System MeshName Leydig cells MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 18 DorlandsSuf 12224005 Leydig cells , also known as interstitial cells of Leydig , are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes testicle . They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone LH . Leydig cells are polyhedral in shape, display a large prominent cell nucleus nucleus , an eosinophilic cytoplasm and numerous lipid filled vesicles. Nomenclature Leydig cells are named after the German anatomist Franz Leydig , who discovered them in 1850. ref WhoNamedIt synd 625 ref Functions Leydig cells release a class of hormones called androgens 19 carbon steroid s . They secrete testosterone , androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA , when stimulated by the pituitary gland pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone LH . LH increases cholesterol cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme desmolase activity an enzyme associated with the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone , leading to testosterone synthesis and secretion by Leydig cells. Prolactin PRL increases the response of Leydig cells to LH by increasing the number of LH receptors expressed on Leydig cells. The male Leydig cells in some species have also been shown to possess the biosynthetic machinery to manufacture testicular oxytocin de novo , to be specific, in rats that can synthesize Vitamin C endogenously, and in guinea pigs that like humans require an exogenous source of Vitamin C sodium ascorbate in their diets. ref name pmid1456839 cite jou ... more details
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