Unreferenced date February 2007 Interventions infobox Name Anal sphincterotomy Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 49.5 MeshID OPS301 OtherCodes HCPCSlevel2 Anal sphincterotomy is a surgical procedure that involves treating mucosal fissures from the anal canal sphincter . The word is formed from sphincter otomy to cut, to separate . Procedure The surgery can be performed under any kind of anesthesia . After anesthesia is administered, the area is cleaned with an antiseptic solution. The sphincter is separated either by simply stretching or cutting. Cutting the muscle prevents spasm and temporarily weakens the muscles. Both methods help the underlying area to heal. Remove the fissure and any underlying scar tissue . Suture back the wound. See also Lateral internal sphincterotomy Operations and other procedures on the digestive system Ectomy, stomy, and otomy DEFAULTSORT Anal Sphincterotomy Category Digestive system surgery it Sfinterectomia dell ano pl Sfinkterotomia fi Sfinkterotomia ... more details
The sacral spinal nerve 4 S4 is a spinal nerve of the sacral segment . ref http www.ama assn.org ama pub category 7173.html American Medical Association Nervous System Groups of Nerves ref . It originates from the spinal column from below the 4th body of the sacrum Image Gray95.png thumb right 300px Sacrum , showing bodies in center. Muscles S4 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from S4. They are not innervated with S4 as single origin, but partly by S4 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are iliococcygeus muscle iliococcygeus Puborectalis muscle puborectalis Coccygeus muscle coccygeus Sphincter ani externus muscle Sphincter urethrae sphincter urethrae membranaceae Additional Images gallery File Slide21y.JPG Sacral spinal nerve 4 gallery References reflist Spinal nerves Category Neuroanatomy Category Spinal nerves neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Perineal body Latin corpus perineale, centrum tendineum perinei GraySubject 249 GrayPage 1185 Image Gray408.png Caption Muscles of the female perineum. Image2 Gray406.png Caption2 Muscles of male perineum. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 56 DorlandsSuf 12260742 The perineal body or central tendon of perineum is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle . It is found in both males and females. In males, it is found between the bulb of penis and the anus in females, is found between the vagina and anus , and about 1.25 cm in front of the latter. The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, particularly in females. Its rupture during delivery leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the uterine prolapse uterus , rectocele rectum , or even the cystocele urinary bladder . Attachments At this point, the following muscles converge and are attached External anal sphincter muscle Bulbospongiosus muscle Superficial transverse perineal muscle Anterior fibers of the levator ani fibers from external sphincter muscle of urethra external urinary sphincter Deep transverse perineal muscle See also Central tendon of diaphragm Central tendon of thoracic diaphragm External links SUNYAnatomyLabs 42 16 02 01 The Male Perineum and the Penis Muscles of the Superficial Perineal Pouch Gray s General anatomy of perineum Muscles of trunk Category Perineum musculoskeletal stub ... more details
C, Tantiphlachiva K. Total anal sphincter saving technique for fistula in ano the ligation of intersphincteric .... described a technique of total anal sphincter preservation in high fistula in ano, which is based .... ref name matos Matos D, Lunniss PJ, Phillips RKS 1993 Total sphincter conservation in high fistula ... fistula tract from the external opening to the external sphincter , excision of the intersphincteric fistula tract and suture of the internal sphincter defect through the intersphincteric ... if the internal sphincter was damaged and the anal mucosa breached, failure was common despite meticulous ... injury to internal sphincter, but theoretically LIFT causes less trauma of the internal sphincter ... and suturing of the internal anal sphincter defect, in 1993. ref name matos However, Rojanasakul ... tract from external opening Suture closure of external sphincter muscle defect Closure of intersphincteric ... File CloseExtSphinc.JPG Suture close External sphincter Muscle gallery References Reflist External ... more details
Papillary stenosis is a disturbance of the sphincter of Oddi , a muscular valve, that prevents the opening and release of bile or pancreas pancreatic fluids into the duodenum in response to food entering the duodenum. Obstruction of the valve can cause pancreatic pain jaundice bile leaking back into the blood stream. attacks of pancreatitis Causes passage of stones scarring Gluten sensitivity Gluten sensitive enteropathy Gluten sensitive enteropathy ref name pmid10570344 cite journal author Patel RS, Johlin FC, Murray JA title Celiac disease and recurrent pancreatitis journal Gastrointest. Endosc. volume 50 issue 6 pages 823 827 year 1999 pmid 10570344 doi 10.1016 S0016 5107 99 70166 5 ref Autoimmune pancreatitis ref name pmid17238031 cite journal author L hr JM title What are the useful biological and functional markers of early stage chronic pancreatitis? series 42 journal J. Gastroenterol. volume Suppl 17 issue S17 pages 66 71 year 2007 pmid 17238031 doi 10.1007 s00535 006 1932 9 ref Diagnosis and treatment Endoscopic examination ref name pmid1153938 cite journal author Koch H, Classen M, Schaffner O, Demling L title Endoscopic papillotomy. Experimental studies and initial clinical experience journal Scand. J. Gastroenterol. volume 10 issue 4 pages 441 4 year 1975 pmid 1153938 doi ref Usually treated surgically, usually involving papillotomy , that is, an incision in the sphincter. See also Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction External links http www.ddc.musc.edu ddc pub digestiveProbs diseases pancBiliary sphincterOddi.htm Papillary Stenosis Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction References div class references small references div Category Gallbladder disorders pt Estenose papilar ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2011 cleanup November 2009 Iridoplegia is the paralysis of the sphincter of the Iris anatomy iris . It can occur in due to direct orbit al injury , which may result in short lived blurred Visual perception vision . It can be of three types accommodative iridoplegia Noncontraction of pupils during accommodation . complete iridoplegia Iris fails to respond to any stimulation . reflex iridoplegia The absence of light reflex , with retention of accommodation reflex . Also called Argyll Robertson pupil . Category Diseases of the eye and adnexa ... more details
Cricopharyngeal myotomy is a surgical sectioning of the cricopharyngeus muscle , also known as the upper esophageal sphincter , that has been advocated for the treatment of cricopharyngeal spasm , or cricopharyngeal achalasia, that leads to cervical dysphagia in the clinical setting. ref http emedicine.medscape.com article 836966 overview Cricopharyngeal Myotomy eMedicine Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Bot generated title medscape.com ref References reflist surgery stub Category Surgical procedures ... more details
Nofootnotes date November 2007 The anal wink , anal reflex , perineal reflex , or anocutaneous reflex is the reflex ive contraction of the external anal sphincter upon stroking of the skin around the anus. A noxious or tactile stimulus will cause a wink contraction of the anal sphincter muscle s and also flexion. The stimulus is detected by the nociceptor s in the perineal skin to the pudendal nerve , where a response is integrated by the spinal cord sacral segment s S2 S4. The absence of this reflex indicates that there is an interruption of the reflex arc , which may be in the sensory afferent limb or the motor efferent limb. The synapse between the afferent and efferent limbs occurs in the lowest sacral segments of the spinal cord . See also Reflex anal dilatation External links http www.law.umkc.edu faculty projects ftrials mcmartin woodlingtestimony.html Testimony by Dr. Bruce Woodling &mdash Expert testimony in McMartin Child Abuse Case. http www.pathguy.com abuse.htm False allegations of child abuse &mdash Expert opinion on false allegations of child abuse, with mention of anal wink testimony. Category Reflexes de Analreflex pl Odruch odbytniczy uk ... more details
Muscle infobox Name Corrugator cutis ani muscle Latin GraySubject 120 GrayPage 425 Image Caption Origin Insertion Action Blood Nerve The Corrugator Cutis Ani . Around the anus is a thin stratum of involuntary muscular fiber, which radiates from the orifice. Medially the fibers fade off into the submucous tissue, while laterally they blend with the true skin . By its contraction it raises the skin into ridges around the margin of the anus . The name of this muscle is primarily limited to older texts. External links http www.hemorrhoid.net anatomy.php anatomy20 hemorrhoid.net cite journal author Shafik A title A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. III. The longitudinal anal muscle anatomy and role in anal sphincter mechanism. journal Invest Urol volume 13 issue 4 pages 271 7 year 1976 pmid 1245390 Gray s Muscles of trunk Category Muscles of the torso muscle stub ... more details
The sacral spinal nerve 3 S3 is a spinal nerve of the sacral segment . ref http www.ama assn.org ama pub category 7173.html American Medical Association Nervous System Groups of Nerves ref . It originates from the spinal column from below the 3rd body of the sacrum Image Gray95.png thumb right 300px Sacrum , showing bodies in center. Muscles S3 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from S3. They are not innervated with S3 as single origin, but partly by S3 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are iliococcygeus muscle iliococcygeus Puborectalis muscle puborectalis Coccygeus muscle coccygeus Sphincter urethrae sphincter urethrae membranaceae superior gemellus muscle superior gemellus Additional Images gallery File Slide20y.JPG Sacral spinal nerve 3 gallery References reflist Spinal nerves Category Neuroanatomy Category Spinal nerves neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Distinguish2 the Duodenal cap also known as the Duodenal Ampulla, the first part of the duodenum Infobox Anatomy Name Ampulla of Vater Latin Ampulla hepatopancreatica, ampulla Vaterii GraySubject 250 GrayPage 1199 Image Biliary system new.svg Caption A diagram of the Biliary system . Note that the ampulla of Vater is behind the Major duodenal papilla . Image2 Ampulla endo.jpg Width 200px Caption2 The Major duodenal papilla , seen on duodenoscopy at the time of ERCP . This is the protrusion of the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum. System Precursor MeshName Ampulla of Vater MeshNumber A03.159.183.079.300.950 DorlandsPre a 32 DorlandsSuf 12127886 Bile ducts and pancreas The ampulla of Vater , also known as the lang la hepatopancreatic ampulla , is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct . The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla . The ampulla of Vater is an important landmark, halfway along the second part of the duodenum , that marks the anatomical transition from foregut to midgut and hence the point where the celiac trunk stops supplying the gut and the superior mesenteric artery takes over . Function Various smooth muscle sphincter s regulate the flow of bile and pancreatic juice through the ampulla the sphincter of the pancreatic duct , the sphincter of the bile duct , and the hepatopancreatic sphincter Sphincter of Oddi . The sphincter of Oddi controls the introduction of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum, as well as preventing the entry of duodenal contents into the ampulla. Related disorders Pancreatitis can result from a failure of pancreatic secretions to drain properly. One possible cause of impaired drainage of pancreatic juice is blockage of the hepatopancreatic ampulla. A common culprit to cause blockage is a gallstone in the common bile duct . Eponym The eponymical term ampulla of Vater is named after Abraham Vater 1684 1751 , a German anatomist who first published a description of it ... more details
GE junction is the anatomically indistinct but physiologically demonstrable lower esophageal sphincter ... esophageal sphincter ref name accessmedicine.com however, by definition, the cardia does not contain the lower esophageal sphincter. Although the topic was previously disputed, current consensus ... sphincter LES ref name accessmedicine.com also termed cardiac sphincter , ref eMedicineDictionary cardiac sphincter ref gastroesophageal sphincter , and esophageal sphincter ref http www.mcg.edu Otolaryngology ... . This is in contrast to the upper esophageal sphincter contained in the hypopharynx area extending ... the esophageal sphincter ES , and this, along with the angle of His formed here, prevents gastric juice ... in one direction by the diaphragm anatomy diaphragm . The ES is a functional sphincter but not an anatomical sphincter. Citation needed reason this has been under debate for some time, but my university anatomy lecturer is positive there is no anatomical sphincter. Can t find much on the internet ... muscle, as in the pyloric sphincter, chyme is usually prevented from travelleling back from the stomach ... more details
groove, separating the internal sphincter from the anal mucosa by blunt dissection, and dividing the internal sphincter using scissors. the closed technique or subcutaneous technique involves ... to the internal sphincter and advancing it along the intersphincteric groove, and then rotating the scalpel towards the internal sphincter and dividing it. In both techniques the lower one third to one half of the internal sphincter is divided, to lower the resting pressure without destroying the effect of the sphincter. The closed technique results in a smaller wound, but both techniques appear ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Functional constipation , known as chronic idiopathic constipation CIC , is constipation that does not have a physical anatomical or physiology physiological hormonal or other body chemistry cause. It may have a neurology neurological , psychology psychological or psychosomatic cause. A person with functional constipation may be healthy, yet has difficulty defecation defecating . Symptoms and diagnosis Chronic idiopathic Constipation is similar to constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome IBS C , however people with CIC do not have other symptoms of IBS, such as abdominal pain. ref name ACG http www.acg.gi.org patients gihealth pdf functional.pdf Americal College of Gastroenterology Fuinctional Bowel Disorders ref Diagnosing CIC can be difficult as other syndromes must be ruled out as there is no physiological cause for CIC. Doctors will typically look for other symptoms, such as blood in stool, weight loss, low blood count, or other symptoms. To be considered functional constipation, symptoms must be present at least a fourth of the time. ref name ACG Functional constipation, as medically defined by the Rome III criteria, Citation needed date July 2008 has many causes, including Anismus Descending perineum syndrome Hirschsprung s disease Other inability or unwillingness to control the external anal sphincter , which normally is under volition voluntary control A bad diet nutrition diet An unwillingness to defecate Nervous reactions, including prolonged and or chronic stress and anxiety, that close the Sphincter ani internus muscle internal anal sphincter , a muscle that is not under voluntary control Deeper psychosomatic disorders which sometimes affect digestion and the absorption small intestine absorption of water in the Colon anatomy colon See also Functional symptom Sacral nerve stimulation References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Functional Constipation Category GI tract disorders Med sign stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2008 SLUDGE is a mnemonic for the pathological effects indicative of massive discharge of the parasympathetic nervous system . Unlikely to occur naturally, SLUDGE is usually encountered only in cases of drug overdose, ingestion of certain mushroom poisoning poisonous mushroom s particularly the muscarine containing members of the genera Inocybe and Clitocybe , or exposure to nerve agent nerve gases . Nerve gases irreversibly inhibit the enzyme Cholinesterase acetylcholinesterase this results in a chronically high level of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses throughout the body, thus chronically stimulating acetylcholine receptors throughout the body. The symptoms of SLUDGE are due to chronic stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors , in organs and muscles innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system. It is useful to remember some of the symptoms of increased cholinergic stimulation through the mnemonic SLUDGE Salivation stimulation of the salivary glands Lacrimation stimulation of the lacrimal glands Urination relaxation of the internal sphincter muscle of urethra , and contraction of the Detrusor urinae muscle detrusor muscles Defecation relaxation of the internal anal sphincter Nausea Gastrointestinal upset Smooth muscle tone changes causing gastrointestinal problems, including diarrhea Emesis Vomiting An extension is SLUDGEM , where the additional M indicates Miosis stimulation of the Iris sphincter muscle pupillary constrictor muscles or Muscle spasm stimulation of skeletal muscle Another mnemonic is DUMBBELSS which stands for diarrhea, urination, miosis muscle weakness, bronchorrhea, bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, salivation sweating. One common cause of SLUDGE is exposure to organophosphates organophosphorus insecticides including parathion , malathion , and diazinon or nerve gas , such as sarin . These agents phosphorylate acetylcholinesterase, thereby irreversibly deactivating acetylcholinesterase and raising acety ... more details
Orphan date December 2011 Pneumobilia is the presence of gas in the biliary system . Causes include a biliary enteric anastomosis , an incompetent sphincter of Oddi and spontaneous biliary enteric fistula. Image http commons.wikimedia.org wiki File 1471 2482 7 6 1 l.jpg Pathogenesis In a normal healthy individual with a normally functioning sphincter of oddi there should be no air within the biliary tree. Pneumobilia is commonly seen after biliary instrumentation but can be seen due to other causes such as Incompetent Sphincter of Oddi, Biliary enteric surgical anastomosis, Spontaneous biliary enteric fistula Cholecystoduodenal 70 , Infection emphysematous cholecystitis , Bronchopleuralbiliary fistula rare and Congenital anomalies. Spontaneus billiary enteric communication can be further broken down into multiple causes. Biliary enteric communication can be established when a gall stones erodes into the intestinal lumen, in which case it forms a cholecystoduodenal fistula. It might also be formed if an duodenal ulcer erodes into the biliary duct choledochoduodenal fistula which is less commonly seen. other rarer pathological processes which can cause billiary enteric fistula include duodenal diverticulum, paraduodenal abscess, operative trauma, and carcinoma of the duodenum, stomach and bile duct. It is essential to distinguish between air in the biliary tree from air in the portal venous system in making a diagnosis of pneumobilia. ref cite journal last Sherman first SC coauthors Tran, H title Pneumobilia benign or life threatening. journal The Journal of emergency medicine date 2006 Feb volume 30 issue 2 pages 147 53 pmid 16567248 doi 10.1016 j.jemermed.2005.05.016 ref References Reflist cite journal author Sherman SC, Tran H title Pneumobilia benign or life threatening journal The Journal of emergency medicine volume 30 issue 2 pages 147 53 year 2006 month February pmid 16567248 doi 10.1016 j.jemermed.2005.05.016 url Category Hepatology med stub ... more details
The sacral spinal nerve 2 S2 is a spinal nerve of the sacral segment . ref http www.ama assn.org ama pub category 7173.html American Medical Association Nervous System Groups of Nerves ref . It originates from the spinal column from below the 2nd body of the sacrum Image Gray95.png thumb right 300px Sacrum , showing bodies in center. Muscles S2 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from S2. They are not innervated with S2 as single origin, but partly by S2 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are Sphincter urethrae sphincter urethrae membranaceae gluteus maximus muscle piriformis muscle piriformis obturator internus muscle superior gemellus muscle superior gemellus semitendinosus muscle semitendinosus gastrocnemius muscle gastrocnemius Flexor hallucis longus muscle flexor hallucis longus Abductor digiti minimi muscle foot abductor digiti minimi quadratus plantae muscle quadratus plantae Additional Images gallery File Slide9y.JPG Sacral spinal nerve 2 File Slide19y.JPG Sacral spinal nerve 2 File Slide6z.JPG Sacral spinal nerve 2 gallery References reflist Spinal nerves Category Neuroanatomy Category Spinal nerves neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Nutcracker manometry.jpg Caption Diagram of esophageal motility study in nutcracker esophagus . The disorder shows peristalsis with high pressure esophageal contractions exceeding 180 mmHg and contractile waves with a long duration exceeding 6 seconds. ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 89.32 OPS301 OPS301 1 313 MeshID OtherCodes An esophageal motility study EMS or esophageal manometry is a test to assess motor function of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter UES , Esophageal body and Lower Esophageal Sphincter LES . Indications An EMS is typically done to evaluate suspected disorders of motility or peristalsis of the esophagus. These include achalasia , esophageal spasm diffuse esophageal spasm , nutcracker esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter . These disorders typically present with dysphagia , or difficulty swallowing, usually to both solids and liquids even initially. Other patients with spasm disorders may have the test done to diagnose chest pain thought not to be of cardiac cause. The test is not useful for anatomical disorders of the esophagus that is, disorders that distort the anatomy of the esophagus , such as esophageal stricture peptic strictures and esophageal cancer . Procedure A technician places a catheter into the nose and guides it into the stomach. Once placed, the catheter is slowly withdrawn, allowing it to detect pressure changes and to record information for later review. The patient will be asked at various times to take a deep breath or to take some swallows of water. The degree of discomfort varies among patients. Patients are not sedated because sedatives would alter the functioning of the esophageal muscles. Overall the procedure takes about 45 minutes. After the procedure is complete, patients can usually resume their normal daily activities. Recent advances in esophageal motility testing Recently, high resolution manometry HRM has been developed that significantly reduces ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Cycloplegia Image Cyclopentolate 1 percent Pupils.jpg Caption Cycloplegia caused by Cyclopentolate 1 instilled into both eyes DiseasesDB 17379 ICD10 ICD10 H 52 5 h 49 ICD9 ICD9 367.51 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the Human eye eye , resulting in a loss of accommodation eye accommodation . ref DorlandsDict two 000026607 cycloplegia ref Anatomy The iris anatomy iris is the heavily pigmented colored part of the eye. It has a contractile diaphragm in front of the lens with a central opening called the pupil. It is located between the lens and the cornea, and is attached radially to the ciliary body and the cornea via ligaments called pectinate ligaments. The iris contains two sets of muscles a radial group for enlargement of the pupil dilator pupillae a circular group set to decrease pupil size on contraction sphincter pupillae . The muscles regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The sphincter pupillae is stimulated through muscarinic receptor s by the parasympathetic nervous system. The dilator pupillae is stimulated through noradrenergic receptors by the sympathetic nervous system . Photophobia Destruction of the sphincter pupillae from any cause can result in permanent photophobia . Light entering an eye with a destroyed sphincter will result in pain, because the pupil can not constrict. Cycloplegic drugs Cycloplegic drugs are generally muscarinic receptor blockers. These include atropine , cyclopentolate , homatropine , scopolamine and tropicamide . They are indicated for use in Refraction Clinical significance cycloplegic refraction to paralyze the ciliary muscle in order to determine the true refractive error of the lens and the treatment of uveitis . Many cycloplegics are also mydriasis mydriatic pupil dilating agents and are used as such during Eye examination Ophthalmoscopy ophthalmoscopic examinations to better visualize the retina . When cycloplegic dru ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Deep perineal pouch Latin saccus profundus perinei GraySubject 120 GrayPage 428 Image Gray407.png Caption Coronal section of anterior part of pelvis, through the pubic arch. Seen from in front. Deep perineal pouch not labeled, but is between the superior layer and inferior layer labeled at bottom left. Image2 Gray1156.png Caption2 Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra. Cowper s gland and membranous portion of urethra visible at center bottom. System Artery branches of internal pudendal artery Vein branches of internal pudendal veins Nerve branches of perineal nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre s 01 DorlandsSuf 12717311 The deep perineal pouch also deep perineal space is a human anatomical term that refers to the space enclosed in part by the perineum , and located superior to the perineal membrane . Structure The deep perineal pouch is bordered inferiorly by the perineal membrane, also known as the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. It is bordered superiorly by the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. ref Netter, F., Atlas of Human Anatomy. 4th Ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2006. ref The deep pouch is now described as the region between the perineal membrane and pelvic diaphragm. ref Netter, F., Atlas of Human Anatomy. 5th Ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2010. ref Contents The deep perineal pouch contains muscles Deep transverse perineal muscle External sphincter muscle of urethra External sphincter muscle of female urethra Compressor Urethrae Muscle ref name EssentialClinical Essential Clinical Anatomy 4th Edition. p.255 ref External sphincter muscle of female urethra Urethrovaginal Sphincter female ref name EssentialClinical other Membranous portion of the urethra males proximal portion of urethra females Bulbourethral gland males . Note The Bartholin gland is the female counterpart to the bulbourethral gland in males, but it is located in the superficial perineal pouch . Vagina females Urogenital diaphragm Older ... more details
Image Illu capillary.jpg thumb 300px A Metarteriole or arterial capillary is a short vessel that links arterioles and venules. Instead of a continuous tunica media, they have individual smooth muscle cells placed a short distance apart, each forming a precapillary sphincter that encircles the entrance to that capillary bed. Constriction of these sphincters reduces or shuts off blood flow through their respective capillary beds. This allows the blood to be diverted to elsewhere in the body. External links eMedicineDictionary metarteriole http www.sci.sdsu.edu class bio590 pictures lect5 5.3.html Diagram at sci.sdsu.edu http www.uni mainz.de FB Medizin Anatomie workshop EM EMArteriole.html Histology at uni mainz.de Category Arteries circulatory stub pl Metaarteriola pt Metarter ola ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin ostium urethrae internum GraySubject 255 GrayPage 1232 Image Illu bladder.jpg Caption Urinary bladder Image2 Gray1140.png Caption2 The interior of bladder. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre o 09 DorlandsSuf 12602099 The internal urethral orifice is the opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra . It is placed at the apex of the Trigone of urinary bladder trigonum vesicae , in the most dependent part of the bladder, and is usually somewhat crescent shaped the mucous membrane immediately behind it presents a slight elevation in males, the uvula vesicae , caused by the middle lobe of the prostate . See also Internal sphincter muscle of urethra External links eMedicineDictionary Internal urethral orifice SUNYAnatomyLabs 44 06 01 06 The Male Pelvis The Urethra Gray s genitourinary stub Category Urinary system Male reproductive system ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm Latin fascia inferior diaphragmatis pelvis GraySubject 119 GrayPage 421 Image Gray402.png Caption Coronal section of pelvis , showing arrangement of fasciae. Viewed from behind. Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre f 03 DorlandsSuf 12355174 The diaphragmatic part of the pelvic fascia covers both surfaces of the Levatores ani . The inferior layer is known as the anal fascia it is attached above to the obturator fascia along the line of origin of the Levator ani, while below it is continuous with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm , and with the fascia on the Sphincter ani internus . Gray s Muscles of trunk Category Pelvis anatomy stub ... more details
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