This article is about the skeletal structure. See also Spicule solar physics and Spicule glass manufacture . Spicules are tiny spike like structures of diverse origin and function found in many organisms, such as the Copulation copulatory spicules of certain roundworm nematodes or the grains on the skin of some frog s. main sponge spicule In sponges, spicules perform a structural function. References Reflist Category Poriferans Category Skeletal system de Sklerit es Esp cula fa fr Spicule biologie gl Esp cula ko it Spicola spugne pt Esp cula biologia ... more details
is one of the largest determining factors in sponge taxonomy . Types of spicule Megascleres are large ... of 1 10 m per hour. Once the spicule reaches a certain length it protrudes from the sclerocyte ... may begin a second spicule while the first is still in progress. Interaction with light Research ... more details
This article is about glass manufacture. See also Spicule solar physics and Spicule . Spicules are tiny glass flakes which are formed during the manufacture of glass vials. A glass tube is extruded at a constant rate and a jet of water applied to the hot glass is used to cut the blank tube to length. The bottom and lip of the vial are formed by swaging or upset forming while the glass is still hot. Spicules are formed in a cloud when the glass literally explodes from the contact of the cold jet. These are held to the glass blank during forming, and if the vial is not reheated or cleaned after manufacture, these spicules can drift off into the mixture subsequently placed in the vial. This is a serious problem in the manufacture of soft contact lenses or pharmaceutical products. Glass engineering stub Category Glass engineering and science ... more details
a spicule. There is still however some controversy about the issue in the solar physics community ... November 2, 2008 The Sun DEFAULTSORT Spicule Solar Physics Category Solar phenomena ca Esp cula astronomia de Spikulen fr Spicule astronomie ko hr Spikule it Spicula ja no Spikul pl Spikula pt Esp cula astronomia ro Spicule solare ru sk Spikula Slnko sv Spikul th tr ne ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2009 Confusing date October 2009 In parasitology , the gubernaculum is a sclerotized structure in the nematode nematodal cloaca wall that is instrumental in guiding the protrusion of the spicule . Category Parasitology Biology stub ... more details
Sclerocytes are spicule secreting cells, found in sponge s. They secrete calcareous or siliceous spicules which are found in the mesohyl layer of sponges. The sclerocytes produce spicules via formation of a cellular triad. The triad of cells then undergo mitosis , creating six sclerocytes. In pairs, the sclerocytes secrete the minerals which create the spicules. Fact date February 2007 http acd.ufrj.br labpor 4 Bibliografia Pdfs Imsiecke95a.pdf Category Poriferans Category Animal cells pl Skleroblast ... more details
Taxobox fossil range Late Ediacaran, Fossil range 558 555 image Fedomia.svg image caption Simplified line drawing of a radial Fedomia specimen. Note star shaped structures. Scale bar 1cm regnum Animal ia genus Fedomia genus authority Serezhnikova & Ivantsov 2007 species F. mikhaili Fedomia is a genus of Ediacaran organism resembling a sponge . ref name Serezhnikova2007 citation author Serezhnikova, E. A. Ivantsov, A. Y. year 2007 title Fedomia mikhaili A new spicule bearing organism of sponge grade from the Vendian Ediacaran of the White Sea, Russia journal Palaeoworld volume 16 issue 4 pages 319 324 doi 10.1016 j.palwor.2007.07.004 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1871174X07000273 ref The organisms look like sacs, often connected and occasionally radiating from a central point, and are millimetres to centimetres in length. Their surface is often patterned with a number of concave, star shaped, spicule like structures with six to eight points, with a diameter of 2 5 mm these were probably flexible rather than rigid. ref name Serezhnikova2007 See also List of Ediacaran genera References reflist Category Precambrian sponges paleo stub sponge stub ... more details
Taxobox name Clathrina contorta image image caption regnum Animalia phylum Porifera classis Calcarea subclassis Calcinea ordo Clathrinida familia Clathrinidae genus Clathrina species C. contorta binomial Clathrina contorta binomial authority James Scott Bowerbank Bowerbank , 1866 Clathrina contorta is a species of calcareous sponge belonging to the family Clathrinidae . This is a whitish sponge which appears as a mass of irregular, convoluted tubes. It is very similar to Clathrina clathrus but usually differs in colour C. clathrus is usually yellow and by the presence of terminal oscula on vertical tubes absent in C. clathrus . When viewed microscopically, the sponge spicule spicule structure of the two species is very different, C. contorta possessing two pointed diactines and four pointed tetractines as well as the three pointed triactines which C. clathrus is exclusively made up of. This sponge is found on north east Atlantic coasts from the Arctic to the Mediterranean , usually on rocks at depths of 10 30 m, but occasionally in shallower water. References http species identification.org species.php?species group sponges&id 178&menuentry soorten Clathrina contorta at Marine Species Identification Portal Category Clathrina sponge stub nl Clathrina contorta ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 A trab is structural element within a sponge formed by the fusion of dendroclones. In the Anthaspidellid ae, when sponge spicule spicules usually dendroclones connect at their tips to form a ladder like structure, trabs may be formed. ref name Kruse cite doi 10.1080 03115518308619633 ref sponge spicule Oxeas are sometimes employed in the central rod. ref name Kruse ref name Liu Trabs have a pinnate feather like structure, or may form rods. ref name Kruse ref cite jstor 1303055 ref Trabs are usually regularly spaced, usually at sub millimetric intervals. ref name Kruse Further dendroclones may interconnect adjacent trabs, forming ladder like structures. ref name Liu Cite jstor 4094792 ref The presence and alignment of trabs is often related to the internal structure of canals within sponges. ref name Rigby2004 Cite book author1 Rigby, J.K. year 2004 title Sponges of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale and Stephen Formations series Royal Ontario Museum Contributions in Science volume 1 author2 Collins, D. ref Verify source date April 2010 References Reflist Category Sponge anatomy poriferan stub Animal anatomy stub ... more details
About the internal buds of freshwater sponges the proposed mechanism of heredity Gemmule pangenesis Gemmules are internal bud s found in sea sponge sponge s that are the result of asexual reproduction , and are a response to a hostile environment.They are resistant to desiccation drying out , freezing, and Hypoxia medical anoxia lack of oxygen and can lie around for long periods of time. These are similar to a bacterium s endospore . Gemmules are made up of amoebocytes surrounded by a layer of Sponge spicule spicules and can survive conditions that would kill adult sponges. When the environment becomes less hostile, the gemmule resumes growing. References Feldkamp, Susan 2002 . Modern Biology. United States Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 695. Accessed on May 23, 2006. Category Poriferans fr Gemmule sr ... more details
Taxobox name Grantia regnum Animal ia phylum sea sponge Porifera classis Calcarea subclassis Calcaronea ordo Leucosolenida familia Grantiidae genus Grantia genus authority John Fleming naturalist Fleming , 1828 subdivision ranks Species include subdivision Grantia arctica br Grantia asconoides br Grantia capillosa br Grantia comoxensis br Grantia compressa br Grantia intermedia br Grantia singularis Grantia is a genus of calcareous sponge s belonging to the family Grantiidae . Grantias contain spicule s and spongin fibers. References http sn2000.taxonomy.nl Taxonomicon TaxonTree.aspx?id 11268 Taxonomicon http www.tmbl.gu.se libdb taxon neat pdf NEAT Porifera.pdf North East Atlantic Taxa sponge stub Category Poriferans pt Grantia ... more details
taxobox image image caption name Lyssacinosa regnum Animalia phylum Porifera classis Hexactinellida subclassis Hexasterophora ordo Lyssacinosa subdivision ranks Families include subdivision Caulophacidae br Euplectellidae br Leucopsacadidae br Rossellidae Lyssacinosa is an order of glass sponge s belonging to the subclass Hexasterophora . These sponges can be recognized by the parenchymal spicule s usually being unconnected, unlike in other sponges in the subclass where the spicules form a more or less tightly connected skeleton. References http kord.kober.us hexactinellida hexasterophora lyssacinosa Identification key for Lyssacinosa sponge stub Category Poriferans ... more details
Caryophyllidia are sensory tubercle s, surrounded by spicule s, present on the outer Mantle mollusc mantle of Doridacea dorid sea slugs. ref cite web title slugophile.com url http slugophile.com pages anatomy.php?show caryophyllidia ref ref cite web title Marine species identification portal glossary url http species identification.org species.php?species group mollusca&selected definitie&menuentry woordenlijst&record caryophyllidia ref ref cite journal title Caryophyllidia bearing dorid nudibranchs Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Doridacea from Costa Rica author1 Camacho Garc a, Y.E. author2 Vald s, . year 2003 publisher California Academy of Sciences url http researcharchive.calacademy.org research scipubs pdfs v54 proccas v54 n04.pdf ref References reflist Category Mollusc anatomy animal anatomy stub ... more details
Taxobox name Siliceous sponges image Sponge spicule hg.jpg image caption Hexactinellid spicule regnum Animal ia phylum Porifera unranked classis Silicispongia unranked classis authority Schmidt, 1862 subdivision ranks Classes subdivision Demospongiae br Hexactinellida The siliceous sponges form a major group of the phylum Porifera , consisting of classes Demospongiae and Hexactinellida . They are characterized by spicules made out of silicon dioxide , unlike calcareous sponge s. Individual siliachoates silica skeleton scaffolding can be arranged tightly within the sponginocyte or crosshatched and fused together. Siliceous spicules come in two sizes called megascleres and microscleres. Systematics Most studies support the monophyly of siliceous sponges. ref cite journal journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America title Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA author M nica Medina, Allen G. Collins, Jeffrey D. Silberman & Mitchell L. Sogin url http www.pnas.org content 98 17 9707.full date August 14, 2001 volume 98 issue 17 doi 10.1073 pnas.171316998 pmid 11504944 pmc 55517 ref The group, as a part of the phylum Porifera, has been named Silicispongia Schmidt, 1862 and Silicea Bowerbank, 1864. ref cite journal title The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryots with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists author Adl et al. year 2005 journal Journal of eukaryotic microbiology volume 52 issue 5 page 399 451 url http ddr.nal.usda.gov bitstream 10113 25585 1 IND44165046.pdf ref Silicarea is a proposed new phylum based on molecular studies of the phylum Porifera . source? date November 2011 It consists of the Poriferan classes Demospongiae and Hexactinellida . Some scientists believe that Porifera is polyphyletic paraphyletic , and that some sponges, the Calcarea , are a separate phylum which was the first to diverge from the main line of kingdom Animalia . Silicarea is considered ... more details
saved book title big big The Sun big big subtitle cover image Sun920607.jpg cover color black text color yellow The Sun Overview Sun Internal Structure Standard solar model Solar core Radiation zone Convection zone Atmosphere Stellar atmosphere Photosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule solar physics Granule Facula Sunspot Sp rer s law Joy s Law astronomy Joy s Law Chromosphere Chromosphere Plage astronomy Plage Spicule solar physics Spicule Moreton wave Corona Corona Solar transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Coronal radiative losses Solar prominence Helmet streamer Nanoflares Variation Solar variation Solar cycle List of solar cycles Solar maximum Solar minimum Wolf number Solar flare Helioseismology 160 minute solar cycle Solar neutrino problem Solar rotation Differential rotation Carrington rotation Tachocline Sp rer Minimum Maunder Minimum Dalton Minimum Modern Maximum Heliosphere Heliosphere Solar wind Heliospheric current sheet Bow shock Faint young Sun paradox Solar probe missions Pioneer 5 Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9 Helios spacecraft Helios International Cometary Explorer Ulysses spacecraft Ulysses WIND spacecraft WIND Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Solar and Heliospheric Observatory SOHO Advanced Composition Explorer Genesis spacecraft Genesis STEREO Proposed missions Solar Sentinels Solar Probe Plus Solar Orbiter Category Wikipedia books on astronomy The Sun ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Promontory of tympanic cavity Latin promontorium tympani GraySubject 230 GrayPage 1042 Image Gray911.png Caption View of the inner wall of the tympanum. Promontory visible near center. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 36 DorlandsSuf 12669937 The promontory of the tympanic cavity , better known as the cochlear promontory is a rounded hollow prominence, formed by the projection outward of the first turn of the cochlea . It is placed between the fenestrae , and is furrowed on its surface by small grooves, for the lodgement of branches of the tympanic plexus . A minute spicule of bone frequently connects the promontory to the pyramidal eminence . Additional images gallery Image Gray913.png Coronal section of right temporal bone. Image Gray914.png The medial wall and part of the posterior and anterior walls of the right tympanic cavity, lateral view. gallery External links NormanAnatomy lesson3 Gray s Auditory and vestibular anatomy Category Ear Musculoskeletal stub fr Promontoire oreille moyenne ... more details
Taxobox image Sponge.noaa.jpg image width 250px image caption Halichondria panicea name Halichondrida regnum Animal ia phylum sea sponge Porifera classis Demospongiae ordo Halichondrida ordo authority John Edward Gray Gray , 1867 subdivision ranks Families subdivision Axinellidae br Bubaridae br Dictyonellidae br Halichondriidae br Heteroxyidae Halichondrida is an order of marine demosponge s. Demosponges with simple spicule s and a generally confused skeletal arrangement are presently grouped into this order although its monophyly is considered suspect and further taxonomic revision can be expected. References http www.marinespecies.org porifera porifera.php?p taxdetails&id 131596 Taxon page in World Porifera Database http www.icm.csic.es scimar pdf 57 sm57n4283.pdf A systematic revision of the central West Atlantic Halichondrida Demospongiae, Porifera . Part III Description of valid species sponge stub Category Poriferans fr Halichondrida it Halichondrida nl Halichondrida pt Halichondrida ... more details
italictitle Taxobox regnum Animal ia phylum Porifera classis Demosponge Demospongiae ordo Poecilosclerida familia Cladorhizidae genus Chondrocladia subgenus Meliiderma species C. turbiformis binomial Chondrocladia turbiformis binomial authority Vacelet, Kelly & Schlacher Hoenlinger, 2009 Chondrocladia turbiformis is a recently discovered species of carnivorous sponge animal sponge . ref cite web url http species.asu.edu 2010 species10 title Killer Sponge accessdate June 7, 2010 work International Institute For Species Exploration ref ref cite journal author J. Vacelet, M. Kelly & M. Schlacher Hoenlinger year 2009 title Two new species of Chondrocladia Demospongiae Cladorhizidae with a new spicule type from the deep south Pacific, and a discussion of the genus Meliiderma journal Zootaxa volume 2073 pages 57 68 url http www.mapress.com zootaxa 2009 f zt02073p068.pdf format Portable Document Format PDF ref References reflist Category Demospongiae Category Animals described in 2009 invertebrate stub ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Homaxinella image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Porifera classis Demospongiae ordo Hadromerida familia Suberitidae genus Homaxinella genus authority Topsent, 1916 ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author van Soest, Rob year 2006 title Homaxinella Topsent, 1916 id 131777 accessdate 2012 02 24 db porifera ref synonyms Pachaxinella small Burton, 1930 small species see text Homaxinella is a genus of sea sponge s, demosponge s in the family biology family Suberitidae . The type species is Homaxinella balfourensis . ref name Google cite book title Systema Porifera a guide to the classification of sponges, Volume 1 last Hooper first John N. A. coauthors R. W. M. van Soest, Philippe Willenz year publisher Google Books isbn page 231 pages url http books.google.co.uk books?id OQoxzqjQXWEC&pg PA231&lpg PA231&dq Homaxinella genus&source bl&ots uka 3y4Bq&sig 6tZBZYZN66qj3t3tU8kMThD Wnw&hl en&sa X&ei w99HT9 XC8Gj0QWOwr2BDg&ved 0CEEQ6AEwBjgK v onepage&q Homaxinella 20genus&f false ref Description Homaxinella was originally included in the sponge family Axinellidae but the structure of the skeleton shows that it lacks a reticulation and has bundles of calcareous spicule s at the surface which lead to its inclusion in Suberitidae. ref name Google The members of the genus are rooted to the Substrate biology substrate and have stalks, a much branched habit of growth and an axially condensed choanosomal skeleton. They have an extra axial skeleton of bundles of Sponge spicule megascleres which are exclusively styles, and a profusion of further incoherently arranged styles, in a wide range of sizes. There are no Sponge spicule microscleres . ref name Google Species The World Porifera Database recognises the following species ref name WoRMS Homaxinella balfourensis small Ridley & Dendy, 1886 small Homaxinella brevistyla small Hoshino, 1981 small Homaxinella ensifera small Lamarck, 1815 small Homaxinella erecta small Br ndsted, 1924 small Homaxinella flagelliformis ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Sticholonche domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Rhizaria phylum Radiolaria classis Sticholonchea ordo Taxopodida genus Sticholonche species S. zanclea binomial Sticholonche zanclea binomial authority Hertwig, 1877 Sticholonche is a genus of protozoa n with a single species, S. zanclea , found in open ocean s at depths of 99 510 metres. It is generally considered a heliozoa n, placed in its own order, called the Taxopodida. However it has also been classified as an unusual radiolaria n, and this has gained support from genetic studies, which place it near the Acantharea . Sticholonche are usually around 200 Micrometre &mu m , though this varies considerably, and have a bilaterally symmetric shape, somewhat flattened and widened at the front. The axopods are arranged into distinct rows, six of which lie in a dorsal groove and are rigid, and the rest of which are mobile. These are used primarily for buoyancy, rather than feeding. They also have fourteen groups of prominent spines, and many smaller spicule s, although there is no central capsule as in true radiolarians. References cite journal author T. Cavalier Smith title Kingdom Protozoa and Its 18 Phyla journal Microbiological Reviews year 1993 volume 57 pages 953 994 pmid 8302218 issue 4 pmc 372943 Rhizaria Category Radiolarians es Sticholonche pt Sticholonche sr Sticholonche ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Anterior clinoid process Latin p. clinoideus anterior GraySubject 35 GrayPage 151 Image Gray147.png Caption Sphenoid bone . Upper and posterior surfaces. Anterior clinoid process visible at top left. Image2 Processusclinoideusanterior.PNG Caption2 Base of the skull. Upper surface. Label for anterior clinoid process visible at center left. Sphenoid bone is yellow. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 34 DorlandsSuf 12667364 In the sphenoid bone , the posterior border, smooth and rounded, is received into the lateral fissure of the brain the medial end of this border forms the anterior clinoid process , which gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli it is sometimes joined to the middle clinoid process by a spicule of bone, and when this occurs the termination of the groove for the internal carotid artery is converted into a foramen carotico clinoid . File Anterior clinoid process.jpg thumb 300px Anterior clinoid process Etymology Clinoid likely comes from the Greek root klinein or the Latin clinare , both meaning sloped as in inclined. External links RocheLexicon 34257.000 2 SUNYAnatomyLabs 22 os 09 10 eMedicineDictionary Anterior clinoid process Gray s Skull Category Bones of the head and neck musculoskeletal stub hu Processus clinoideus anterior ... more details
Refimprove type animal date December 2009 Taxobox image image caption name Hexasterophora regnum Animalia phylum Porifera classis Hexactinellida subclassis Hexasterophora subclassis authority Schulze, 1886 subdivision ranks Orders subdivision Lyssacinosa br Hexactinosa br Lychniscosa Hexasterophora are sponges, a Class biology subclass in the class Hexactinellida ref name Access Science . The Hexasterophora first appeared in the Ordovician and is separated into five recent orders, including the Lyssacinosa , the Hexactinosa , and the Lychniscosa , all of which have living representatives in the seas today. Hexasterophorans have skeletons composed of overlapping six rayed spicule s. ref name Access Science http www.accessscience.com abstract.aspx?id 317600&referURL http www.accessscience.com content.aspx 3fid 3d317600 Access Science ref The sponge is commonly firmly attached by its base to a hard substratum less often rooted by the anchoring spicules and rarely inserted directly into the loose bottom sediments. The three groups are differentiated by the extent of fusion of adjacent spicules. The Lyssacinosa, Hexactinosa, and Lychniscosa appear sequentially in the fossil record. The least fused group, the Lyssacinosa, appears in the Ordovician , while the intermediate group, the Hexactinosa is known from the Devonian . Finally, the Lychniscosa, with the most tightly interlocking spicules is first found in rocks of Triassic age. Reflist Category Poriferans Sponge stub de Hexasterophora pt Hexasterophora ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2009 Original research date March 2009 A nodule in petrology or mineralogy is a secondary structure, generally spherical or irregularly rounded in shape. Nodules are typically solid replacement bodies of chert or iron oxide s formed during diagenesis of a sedimentary rock . Nodules may be hollow as geode s or vug s or filled with crystals and intricate geometric shrinkage patterns as in septarian nodule s. There is an important distinction to draw between nodules and concretions the latter being formed from mineral precipitation around some kind of nucleus while the former is a replacement body . Manganese nodule s are rounded accumulations of manganese , iron and other metal oxides that accumulate on the deep ocean floor. Chert and flint nodules are commonly found in horizontal layer in limestone and chalk formations respectively. They form from the recrystallisation of amorphous silica arising from different marine organisms after their death siliceous spicule s of sponge s, or debris from radiolaria . Diatom s are also a widespread source of biogenic silica in marine sediments. Silicic volcanic rocks also form nodular segregations during cooling and recrystallization of rhyolite rhyolitic and obsidian flows. Thunderegg s are geode like nodules that form in volcanic ash deposits during diagenesis. See also Concretion s, formed from mineral precipitation in the pores of a sediment, not to be confused with nodules Chert Flint Category Minerals Category Mineralogy Category Petrology Category Sedimentary rocks geology stub es N dulo geolog a he ja uk ... more details
Taxobox name Desmoscolecida regnum Animal ia phylum Nematoda classis Adenophorea subclassis Chromadoria ordo Desmoscolecida Desmoscolecida is an order of marine nematode s. In a worm of this order, the body tapers towards each end and is marked by a number of well defined ridges. Their number varies in the different species. The head bears four movable seta e, and some of the ridges bear a pair either dorsally or ventrally. Two pigment spots between the fourth and fifth ridges are regarded as eyes. The Desmoscolecida move by looping their bodies like Geometer moth geometrid caterpillars or leech es, as well as by creeping on their setae. The mouth is terminal, and leads into a muscular esophagus oesophagus which opens into a straight intestine terminating in an anus, which is said to be dorsal in position. The sexes are distinct. The testis is single, and its duct opens into the intestine and is provided with two chitin ous spicule s. The ovary is also single, opening independently and anterior to the anus. The nervous system is as yet unknown. Genera include Desmoscolex , Greeffiella , and Tricoma . References Panceri, Atti Acc. Napoli. vii. 1878 Greef, Arch. Naturg. 35 i. 1869 , p. 112. A. E. S. 1911 Category Nematodes ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Dichelyne alatae regnum Animalia phylum Nematoda classis Secernentea subclassis ordo Spirurida familia genus Dichelyne species D. alatae binomial Dichelyne alatae binomial authority De & Maity, 1995 Dichelyne alatae is a species of nematode , described on the basis of the worms recovered from the intestine of the whiting, Gangetic whiting Sillaginopsis panijus from the estuary of the Hooghly River at Kalyani, West Bengal Kalyani , West Bengal , India . Dichelyne alatae is unique in having a small body size, deirids posterior to the oesophagus , short and wide wiktionary caudal caudal Ala anatomy ala e at the level of cloaca l opening, unequal, wiktionary alate alate spicule s, a shield shaped Gubernaculum parasitology gubernaculum , a different number of caudal wikt papilla papilla e and a conical tail with spines in its wiktionary distal distal region. ref name Citation last De first N.C.. last2 Maity first2 R.N. title A new nematode, Dichelyne alatae sp. n. Cucullanidae , from Sillaginopsis panijus Pisces of West Bengal, India. journal Folia Parasitologica volume 42 pages 220 226 year 1995 pmid 8774775 issue 3 ref References references DEFAULTSORT Dichelyne Alatae Category Parasites Category Nematodes nematode stub parasite stub ... more details
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