metaphase of mitosis In cell biology , spindleapparatus refers to the subcellular structure that segregates ... spindle during mitosis or the meiotic spindle during meiosis . While the spindleapparatus ... microtubules interdigitate at the spindle midzone and push the spindle poles apart via motor proteins. Astral microtubules anchor the spindle poles to the cell membrane. Microtubule polymerization is nucleated at the microtubule organizing center . The cellular spindleapparatus includes the spindle ... 224 isbn 0 8053 7171 0 ref The spindleapparatus is vaguely ellipsoid in cross section and tapers at the ends. In the wide middle portion, known as the spindle midzone, Antiparallel biochemistry antiparallel microtubules are bundled by kinesin s. At the pointed ends, known as spindle poles, microtubules ... 71330 ref Organizing the spindleapparatus File Spindle assembly models.svg thumb left On the left is the conventional ... of a tumor mass. References reflist DEFAULTSORT SpindleApparatus Category Cell anatomy Category Mitosis ...About the cellular structure other uses Spindle disambiguation File Kinetochore.jpg thumb 250 px Micrograph ... Mechanisms of Mitotic Spindle Assembly and Function journal International Review of Cytology year 2008 volume 265 pages 111 158 ref the fundamental machinery are the spindle microtubule s. Attachment of microtubules to chromosomes is mediated by kinetochore s, which actively monitor spindle assembly checkpoint spindle formation and prevent premature anaphase onset. Microtubule polymerization ... of the sister chromatids to opposite poles. Spindle Structure File Spindle apparatus.svg thumb 400 px This diagram depicts the organization of a typical mitotic spindle found in animal cells. Chromosomes ... at the spindle poles. ref name Campbell cite book last Campbell first Neil A. coauthors Jane B. Reece ... centrosomes or asters at the spindle poles, respectively, and occur for example during gametogenesis ... form between spindle pole body spindle pole bodies embedded in the nuclear envelope . Most plants ... more details
wiktionary spindle The term spindle may refer to In textiles and manufacturing Spindle textiles , a device to spin fibres into thread Spindle tool , is the main rotating part of a machine tool, woodworking machine, etc. Segmented spindle , a spindle consisting of discrete elements that can be assembled and disassembled on the fly In computing Spindle, the axis or alternate name of a computer Hard disk drive Spindle hard disk drive Spindle disc packaging , a plastic case for bulk optical discs In biology Spindleapparatus , a cellular structure organizing and separating the chromosomes during cell division Muscle spindle , a specialized innervated muscle structure involved in the reflex action and in proprioception Spindle neuron s are a specific class of neurons that participate in signal transmission in the nervous system Sleep spindle , an EEG waveform that occurs during sleep The genus Euonymus also called spindles are deciduous and evergreen shrubs and small trees Other uses Spindle automobile , a part of a car s suspension system Spindle furniture , an axially symmetric part of furniture or other woodwork Spindle stationery , a device for holding paper documents Spindle fire making , a straight wooden rod used in fire making Spindle torus , in mathematics, a self intersecting torus Spindle sculpture , a 40 foot sculpture made from cars in Berwyn, Illinois See also Axis of rotation Spindling disambiguation cs V eteno de Spindel io Spindelo nl Spindel simple Spindle ... more details
Wiktionary apparatusApparatus may refer to Technical term for body of the Soviet and post Soviet governments see Apparatchik Machine Equipment Critical apparatus , the critical and primary source material that accompanies an edition of a text See also Fire apparatus Gymnastics Kipp s apparatus , an apparatus designed for preparation of small volumes of gases Golgi apparatus , an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells Apparatus theory The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus , a post hardcore band Ideological state apparatuses, a Louis Althusser Ideological state apparatuses philosophical construct by Louis Althusser disambig ca Aparell de Apparat eu Aparatu argipena fr Appareil ia Apparato disambiguation it Apparato pl Aparat ru uk ... more details
Spindle Galaxy may refer to one of two galaxies NGC 5866 in the constellation Draco constellation Draco which may also be Messier 102 M102 NGC 3115 in the constellation Sextans constellation Sextans disambig de Spindelgalaxie es Galaxia de Spindle fr Galaxie du Fuseau tr Spindle G kadas ... more details
Spindle oils are a type of low viscosity mineral oil s marketed for use in lubrication of high speed machine spindle tool spindle s. ref name BP References Reflist refs ref name BP cite web title Product Information BP Spindle Oil url http www.bp.com liveassets bp internet lubricants bp north america STAGING local assets downloads b BP7769.pdf ref Category Lubricants zh ... more details
A Spindle , in furniture , is an rotational symmetry cylindrically symmetric shaft, usually made of wood. A spindle is usually made of a single piece of wood and typically has decoration also axially symmetric fashioned by hand or with a lathe . The spindle was common at least as early as the 17th century in Western Europe as an element of chair and table legs, stretcher furniture stretchers , candlestick s, baluster s ref http www.allyourstairs.co.uk ref , and other pieces of cabinet making cabinetry . By definition, the axis of a spindle is straight hence, for example, a spindle legged chair is a straight legged design, even though cylindrical symmetry allows decoration of elaborate notches or bulbs, so long as the cylindrical symmetry is preserved. The spindle leg design is characteristic of many Victorian and earlier Nursing chairs, exposed wood armchairs and a variety of cabinets and tables. In French furniture, the spindle leg may be found on Fauteuil s, chairs, a variety of tables and other pieces. Reflist See also Gateleg table Category Furniture Furniture stub ... more details
. The checkpoint ensuring that chromosome segregation is correct is termed spindle assembly checkpoint SAC , spindle checkpoint or mitotic checkpoint. During mitosis or meiosis , the spindle checkpoint prevents Mitosis Anaphase anaphase onset until all chromosome s are properly attached to the Spindleapparatusspindle . To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochore s on the sister chromatid s must be attached to opposite spindle poles bipolar orientation . Only this pattern of attachment ... spindle , due to its characteristic shape, holding the chromosomes between the two centrosomes. Both ... to the mitotic spindle are correct to achieve bipolarity Mitosis anchoring of chromosomes to the spindle and chromosome segregation see also kinetochore File Kinetochore.jpg thumb 300px Image of a human cell during mitosis microtubule s are shown in green forming the mitotic spindle , chromosome s are in blue in the spindle equator and kinetochores in red. During S phase, the centrosome ... progresses, both centrosomes separate to generate the mitotic spindle. ref name Mayor99 cite journal ... spindle has two poles emanating microtubules. Microtubules MTs are long proteic filaments, with asymmetric ... attached to the spindle via the kinetochore of one of its sister chromatids. As it happens that sister ... error free is controlled by spindle forces year 2007 last1 Lon arek first1 Jadranka last2 Kisurina ... title Tension between two kinetochores suffices for their bi orientation on the mitotic spindle ... named merotelic , which is not detected by the spindle checkpoint but that may generate lagging chromosomes ... Clinical Cancer Research volume 14 issue 6 pmid 18347165 ref Discovery of the Spindle Assembly ... Irradiation of Newt Cell Cytoplasm Spindle Destruction, False Anaphase, and Delay of True Anaphase .... Using drugs such as nocodazole and colchicine , the mitotic spindle disassembles and the cell ... Journal of Cell Science ref , the putative control mechanism was named Spindle Assembly Checkpoint ... more details
Missing information High speed spindles date July 2010 In machine tool s, a spindle is a Axis of rotation rotating axis of the machine, which often has a Drive shaft shaft at its heart. The shaft itself is called a spindle, but also, in shop floor practice, the word often is used metonymy metonymically to refer to the entire rotary unit, including not only the shaft itself, but its bearings and anything attached to it chuck engineering chuck , etc. . A machine tool may have several spindles, such as the headstock and tailstock spindles on a Lathe metal bench lathe . The main spindle is usually the biggest one. References to the spindle without further qualification imply the main spindle. Some machine tools that specialize in high volume mass production have a group of 4, 6, or even more main spindles. These are called multispindle machines. For example, Drill Drill press gang drills and many screw machine s are multispindle machines. Although a bench lathe has more than one spindle counting the tailstock , it is not called a multispindle machine it has one main spindle. Examples of spindles include On a lathe whether wood lathe or Lathe metal metal lathe , the spindle is the heart of the Lathe metal Headstock headstock . In rotating cutter woodworking machinery, the spindle is the part on which shaped milling cutter s are mounted for cutting features such as rabbet rebates , beads, and curves into Molding decorative moulding s and similar wikt millwork millwork . Similarly, in rotating ... , the spindle is the shaft to which the tool such as a drill bit or milling cutter is attached ... HwacheonCentreLathe headstock mask legend.jpg Lathe headstock H4 Spindle File HwacheonCentreLathe tailstock mask legend.jpg Lathe tailstock T5 Spindle File Multi spindle lathe 2.JPG Multi spindle lathe File Milling machine Vertical, Manual NT.PNG Vertical milling machine single spindle 2 Spindle gallery ... Society of Manufacturing Engineers Spindle Bearing Basics Woodworking Category Machine tools metalworking ... more details
Infobox hot spring name Spindle Geyser photo photo width photo caption name origin location Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park , Teton County, Wyoming lat d 44.5316008 long d 110.7954883 coords ref ref name rcn elevation convert 7346 ft ref cite gnis 7346 Spindle Geyser ref type height duration frequency discharge temperature convert 89.3 C F ref name rcn cite rcn id 5618 name Spindle Geyser ref depth map map caption map width Spindle Geyser is a geyser in the Geothermal areas of Yellowstone Lower Geyser Basin Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming . Spindle Geyser is part of the White Creek Group which includes A 0 Geyser and Botryoidal Spring . It is found along the bank of White Creek about sup 1 sup sub 2 sub mile 0.8 km southeast of the Surprise Pool parking area ref name gosa cite web title Spindle Geyser publisher Geyser Observation and Study Association GOSA url http www.geyserstudy.org geyser.aspx?pGeyserNo SPINDLE ref . It erupts for a duration of a few seconds with an interval of 1&ndash 3 minutes between eruptions. Eruptions tend to be small, sometimes no more than a vigorous roiling of the pool but can reach convert 1 to 3 ft 1 . Prior to 1985, Spindle had eruptions as large as convert 10 ft . Spindle also generates subterranean thumps that can be felt when standing near the geyser. ref name gosa References reflist Lower Midway Wyoming Category Geysers of Wyoming Category Geothermal features of Teton County, Wyoming Category Yellowstone geothermal features nl Spindle Geyser ... more details
unreferenced date April 2011 Image Hunterian Psalter c. 1170 Eve spinning.jpg thumb Eve spinning, the spindle in her right hand Hunterian Psalter , ca 1170 Glasgow University Glasgow University Library File Wirtel01.png thumb Spinning with a spindle below and distaff above A spindle is a wood en spike known as the shaft used for spinning textiles spinning wool , flax , hemp , cotton , and other fibre s into yarn thread . It is commonly weighted at either the bottom sometimes called a drop spindle middle or top, most commonly by a circular or spherical object called a whorl, and may also have a hook, groove or notch, though spindles without these are also common. Spindle whorls have been found in archaeological digs around the world. Modern spindles are commonly available in high whorl, low whorl, centre whorl, or supported varieties. In a high whorl spindle, the whorl sits very close to the top of the shaft. A hook is placed on the top of the shaft to secure the developing yarn, and the newly spun yarn is wound around the shaft underneath the whorl. In a low whorl spindle, the whorl sits ... forms of spindles include supported spindle s, such as the large Navajo spindle and the tiny cotton spinning tahkli . The spinning wheel is also used for the same purpose. The spindle in myth and legend The spindle is closely associated with many goddesses, including the Germanic Holda , Norse Frigg ... done on a spindle. Chief among these is the french fairy tale The Sleeping Beauty , where the princess ..., rather than a spindle. gallery File 1017 Keramikos Museum, Athens Spindle whirls, 10th century BC ... Turkish spindle.jpg Modern Turkish spindle File Ramallah spinner.jpg Ramallah man spinning wool gallery See also Distaff Leto Leto of the golden spindle Leto Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Commonscat Spindles Spinning DEFAULTSORT Spindle Textiles Category Spinning br Gwerzhid cv ... qu Puchka ru simple Spindle textiles fi V rttin sv Sl nda textil uk yi ... more details
A spindle poison , also known as a spindle toxin , is a poison that disrupts cell division by affecting the protein threads that connect the centromere regions of chromosome s, known as spindles. Spindle poisons effectively cease the production of new cells by interrupting the mitosis phase of cell division at the spindle assembly checkpoint SAC . Unfortunately, spindle poisons, as numerous and varied as they are, still are yet to be 100 effective at ending the formation of tumors neoplasms . ref Wood KW, Cornwell WD, Jackson JR. 2001 Past and future of the mitotic spindle as an oncology target. Curr Opin Pharmacol 1 370 377. PubMed ref Although not 100 effective, substantive therapeutic efficacy has been found in these types of chemotherapeutic treatments. The mitotic spindle is composed of microtubules polymerized tubulin that aid, along with regulatory proteins each other in the activity of appropriately segregating replicated chromosomes . Certain compounds affecting the mitotic spindle ... against depolymerization . Even though numerous other spindle proteins exist that could be the target ... to tubulin within existing microtubules . Next, it stabilizes the polymer . big THE SPINDLE .... Early research led scientists to discover that spindle poisons , which were inserted to cells, caused ... mitosis dramatically increased. The SAC spindle assembly checkpoint was found to be the key ... blocks cell cycle progression. The end result is each chromosome is attached to the spindle in the initial ... duration of minutes. During this period, spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes and rectify any ... is turned off and degradation of cyclin B occurs by way of the APC C . Spindle poisons , in contrast, inhibit kinetochores during mitosis and prevent them from forming proper attachments to spindle ... . ref Matson, Daniel R. and Stukenberg, P. Todd 2011 . Spindle Poisons and Cell Fate A Tale of Two Pathways. Molecular Inventions April 2011, 11 2 141 50. ref Some spindle poisons Mebendazole ... more details
Taxobox name Spindle elimia image status VU status system IUCN2.3 regnum Animalia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Sorbeoconcha superfamilia Cerithioidea familia Pleuroceridae genus Elimia species E. capillaris binomial Elimia capillaris binomial authority I. Lea, 1861 synonyms The spindle elimia , scientific name Elimia capillaris , is a species of freshwater snail s with an operculum gastropod operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusk s in the family Pleuroceridae . This species is Endemism endemic to the United States . References Reflist Bogan, A.E. 1996. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 7604 all Elimia capillaris . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. DEFAULTSORT Spindle Elimia Category Fauna of the United States Category Elimia Pleuroceridae stub es Elimia capillaris pt Elimia capillaris sr Elimia capillaris vi Spindle elimia ... more details
Spindle turning , or turning between centers, is a woodturning method referring to a piece of wood on a wood lathe that is being turned on its center axis. ref Clifford, Brian. http www.turningtools.co.uk wtintro grain grain.html Woodturning Grain and other factors , 1999. Accessed April 30, 2007. ref Method For spindle turning, the wood is held on the lathe either by both ends between the headstock and tailstock or by one end only. Wood is generally removed by running a turning tool down the slope of the wood from a larger diameter in the wood to a smaller diameter. Examples Spindle turning is the method used for items such as chair and table legs, lamps, cues, bats, candlesticks etc. i.e. long and thin objects. Notes references Woodworking Category Woodworking ... more details
globalize USA date August 2009 Refimprove date March 2010 Image Pappersspjut.jpg thumb Small piece of paper spindled. A spindle or colloquially, a spike is an upright spike used to hold papers waiting for processing. Spindling or spiking was the act of spearing a paper document onto the spike. Spindling accumulated paperwork in a way that would not permit it to be blown about by the summer breeze common prior to the advent of air conditioning . When the spindle was full, a string would be put through the holes to bundle the papers together, and the bundle would be shipped to the archives. ref name lubar Steven Lubar http design.osu.edu carlson history PDFs lubar hollerith.pdf Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate A Cultural History of the Punch Card Journal of American Culture 1991 ref Many spindles come with a plastic safety cap to prevent injury. Many early spindles have bases that are quite decorative. Another colloquialism arising from the use of this device was spiking , which meant a de facto killing of a controversial newspaper article. Citation needed date March 2010 A prohibition against spindling a document comprised the middle of three barred practices in the famous post World War II injunction printed on punched card documents to be processed by computer, Punched card Do not fold, spindle, or mutilate . ref name lubar References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Spindle Stationery Category Stationery Business stub sv Pappersspjut de Zettelspie er ... more details
A segmented spindle , also known by the trademark Kataka , is a specialized mechanical linear actuator conceived by the Danish mechanical engineer Jens Joerren Soerensen during the mid 1990s. ref Article from Eureka Magazine http www.shelleys.demon.co.uk foct03.htm ref The actuator forms a telescoping tubular column, or spindle, from linked segments resembling curved parallelograms. The telescoping linear actuator has a lifting capacity up to 200 kg 440 pounds for a travel of 400 mm 15.75 inches . ref Technical Specifications KATAKA 400 http kataka.dk media technical 20spec 20sheet kataka technical spec sheet 08.08.pdf ref A short elongated housing forms the base of the actuator and includes an electrical gear drive and storage magazine for the spindle segments. The drive spins a helically grooved wheel that engages the similarly grooved inside face of the spindle segments. As the wheel spins it simultaneously pull the segments from their horizontal arrangement in the magazine and stacks them along the vertical path of a helix into a rigid tubular column. The reverse process lowers the column. See also Helical band actuator Rigid belt actuator Rigid chain actuator References Reflist External links http www.kataka.dk Kataka web site YouTube OiPU9BGQL2M Linear actuator based on the segmented spindle commons category Gears Category Actuators Category Hardware mechanical Category Gears tech stub ... more details
Wikify date April 2012 Orphan date April 2012 Infobox Magazine title Spindle Magazine editor Heather Falconer editor title Editor in Chief frequency Quarterly category Fashion Music Art Design Photography Film firstdate 2010 country Flag United Kingdom language English language English website http www.spindlemagazine.com Spindle Magazine Spindle Magazine is a fashion, music, art and design magazine promoting emerging talent. Established in 2008, Spindle is distributed throughout the UK and also has an active website, www.spindlemagazine.com. Though Spindle is dedicated to showcasing emerging talent, it also contains a mix of interviews and profiles with established artists as well as up and coming individuals. Issues Spindle has so far completed four issues. Each issue has a set theme that numerous contributors across the various fields covered by the magazine write around. class wikitable Issue Publication Date Theme 1 2010 First Edition 2 2010 The Men s Issue 3 2011 International 4 2011 Perfection? 5 2011 Heritage Events Spindle also does various fashion, music and arts based events, showcasing the work of the contributors to the magazine. These include fashion shows, fashion and art sales, gigs and art exhibitions. class wikitable Date Event Location May 2010 Issue 1 Launch Party Brighton June 2010 Spindle Selection Fashion Show for Brighton Fashion Week Brighton September 2010 Issue 2 Launch Party Brighton December 2010 Pop Up Fashion and Art Sale London February 2011 Issue 3 Launch Party Brighton February 2011 London Fashion Week Party London February 2011 Spindle Exhibition Brighton May 2011 First Birthday Party London June 2011 Issue 4 Launch Party Brighton June 2011 Spindle Exhibition Volume Two Brighton References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.spindlemagazine.com http www.spindlemagazine.com http www.facebook.com spindlemag http www.facebook.com ... more details
Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Spindle s End title orig translator image Image Spindles End cover.jpg 200px image caption First edition, 2000 author Robin McKinley illustrator cover artist country United Kingdom language English series Folktales genre Fantasy novel publisher Putnam Publishing Group pub date May 2000 english pub date media type Print Hardcover pages 400pp isbn 0 399 23466 7 congress PZ8.M1793 Sp 2000 oclc 42290485 preceded by Rose Daughter followed by Spindle s End is a retelling of Sleeping Beauty by author Robin McKinley , published in 2000. Plot summary In McKinley s version of the classic fairy tale , Sleeping Beauty , a Wicked fairy godmother wicked fairy named Pernicia appears on the princess name day and places a curse on the baby, claiming that the child will, on her 21st birthday, prick her finger on a Spindle textiles spindle and fall into deathly sleep. The cursed princess is rescued on her name day and secretly taken away by a young fairy, Katriona, to her village, a town called Foggy Bottom, located in the damp and swampy section of the country known as The Gig. There Katriona and her aunt affectionately known as Aunt raise the princess as an ordinary village maiden, naming her Rosie after the last of the princess ... and whittle spindle ends than wear dresses and practice embroidery, as her more lady like friend Peony ..., Spindle s End deals with the importance of family love, especially that between Rosie, Katriona ... a different country. Reception F&SF reviewer Charles de Lint praised Spindle s End as luminescent, characterizing ... http www.bookrags.com Spindle s End Study Guide to Spindle s End http tlg.ninthwonder.com rabbit v8i3 curious.html Essay on Spindle s End Real izing Fantasy The Double Sided Mirror of Magical Realism and the other side of reality in Robin McKinley s Spindle s End by Evelyn Perry, from The Looking ... 47087&q spindle 27s end Review of Spindle s End from School Library Journal , 2004 Sleeping ... more details
Infobox Sculpture image Image Berwyn car spindle 20070707.jpg 200 px title Spindle artist Dustin Shuler ..., Illinois museum Cermak Plaza Spindle was a sculpture created in 1989 by artist Dustin Shuler ... news first Cari last Brokamp title Car Spindle coming down whether it goes back up remains in the air .... ref cite news first Andrew last Herrmann title Spindle is outta here work Chicago Sun Times publisher ... Pointless? , by Bill Griffith ref The impaled cars on the spindle, from top to bottom, were 1967 ... centers due to the quirky art around the center. ref name BERMANT Image Spindle 05022008 b.jpg thumb right Spindle being disassembled on May 2, 2008. In July 2007, it was announced that the shopping ... name TRIBUNE070710 cite news title Berwyn s Spindle car sculpture set to fall work Chicago Tribune ... rode to Spindle in an effort to raise awareness of the sculpture. About 2,000 cyclists made the 14.8 ... cite news title Bikers back Spindle work Chicago Sun Times publisher Sun Times News Group date 28 July 2007 ref Image Spindle 040208 a.jpg thumb right Spindle being disassembled on May 2, 2008 ... was Spindle . He stated that the sculpture s removal had been pushed to September 2007, and that it would ..., Robinette Demolition disassembled Spindle . A large crowd stood near the site taking pictures. The top two cars were removed from the spike by a crane, and stored for future use. The base of the spindle was then cut, and the spindle along with the remaining cars was pushed over with a crane. If sufficient funds can be raised, a new Spindle featuring the old top two cars may be erected. ref http www.suntimes.com news metro 930180,CST NWS spindle03.article Herrmann, Andrew. The Spindle Comes ... title Paying respects to Spindle laid low url http infoweb.newsbank.com iw search we InfoWeb?p action ... commons category Spindle sculpture coord 41.8497 N 87.8014 W display title type landmark DEFAULTSORT Spindle Sculpture Category Berwyn, Illinois Category Outdoor sculptures in Illinois Category ... more details
infobox graph name Moser spindle image File Moser spindle pseudotriangulation.svg 220px namesake Leo ... graph In graph theory , a branch of mathematics, the Moser spindle also called the Mosers spindle or Moser ... publisher Springer pages 14 15 . ref The Moser spindle has also been called the Haj s graph after ... Nelson.svg thumb 240px The Moser spindle embedded as a unit distance graph in the plane, together with a seven coloring of the plane. As a unit distance graph, the Moser spindle is formed by two ... thumb Haj s construction of the Moser spindle The Moser spindle may also be constructed graph ... way of constructing the Moser spindle is as the complement graph of the graph formed from the utility ... spindle requires four colors in any graph coloring in any three coloring of one of the two rhombi from ... to color the Moser spindle, a fact that follows for instance from the fact that its degeneracy graph theory degeneracy is three. An alternative proof that the Moser spindle requires four colors follows from the Haj s construction. Both of the complete graphs from which the Moser spindle is formed ... spindle has at most two vertices, ref name bj11 so it takes at least four independent sets to cover all seven vertices. Since the Moser spindle is a subgraph of the infinite unit distance graph of the plane ... spindle. However, the best upper bound for the chromatic number of the plane is seven, significantly higher than the number of colors required for the Moser spindle. ref name soifer Other properties and applications The Moser spindle is a planar graph , meaning that it can be drawn without crossings ... a unit distance drawing that is, it is not a matchstick graph . The Moser spindle is also ... . ref Adding any edge to the Moser spindle results in a graph that cannot be embedded in the plane as a unit distance graph, and there does not exist a graph homomorphism from the Moser spindle to any smaller unit distance graph. These two properties of the Moser spindle were used by harvtxt Horvat ... more details
Infobox neuron neuron name Spindle neuron image neuron Spindle cell.png caption neuron Cartoon of a spindle ... state neurotransmitter morphology Unique spindle shaped projection neuron afferents Local input ... Image Spindle neurons very high mag cropped.jpg thumb right Micrograph showing a spindle neuron of the cingulate . H&E stain HE LFB stain . Spindle neurons , also called von Economo neurons VENs , are a specific class of neuron s that are characterized by a large Spindle textiles spindle shaped soma ... opposite. Whereas other types of neurons tend to have many dendrites, the polar shaped morphology of spindle ... 10.1016 j.neulet.2008.02.048 ref Spindle cells are also found in the brains of the humpback whale s, fin ... cerebral cortex. London Oxford University Press ref Function of spindle neurons Spindle neurons ... large brains of Hominidae great ape s, Elephant idaes, and cetaceans Cetacea . Spindle neurons ... pitch perfect pitch to dyslexia and autism . While rare in comparison to other neurons, spindle neurons ... . Evolutionary significance The observation that spindle neurons only occur in a highly significant ... of orangutans from the African great apes. The discovery of spindle neurons in diverse whale species ... . ACC spindle neurons Unreferenced section date May 2010 In 1999, Professor John Allman , a neuroscientist , and colleagues at the California Institute of Technology first published a report on spindle .... Neuronal volumes of ACC spindle neurons were larger in humans and the gracile chimpanzees than the spindle ... the level of brain infrastructure to investigate how spindle neurons function at the superstructural level, focusing on their role as air traffic controllers for emotion s. Allman s team reports that spindle ..., may be related to the fact that spindle cells located at crucial neural network hubs have only two dendrites rather than many, resulting in reduced neurological integration. Fronto insular spindle neurons At a Society for Neuroscience meeting in 2003, Allman reported on spindle cells his team ... more details
Image Uprights.JPG thumb Spindles or uprights Jaguar left and Holden Gemini right In an automobile , the spindle is a part of the suspension vehicle suspension system that carries the hub for the wheel and attaches to the upper and lower control arms. The spindle is referred to as an Upright in UK built vehicles and in areas dominated by these cars like Australia , New Zealand etc. Design There are several considerations when designing an upright. Loads and forces need to be considered. Vertical and horizontal forces greater than those due to 5 times the acceleration of gravity, that is, over about 50 meters per second per second, are sometimes considered desirable. Non driven wheel The main forces on a non driven wheel are braking and turning forces. Driven wheel The forces on a driven wheel include forward and reverse propulsion as well as the braking and turning forces. References reflist http www.oz clubbies.com forums index.php?showtopic 11477 List of Spindles Uprights available in Australia suitable for Race, Modified and Individuality Constructed Vehicles Category Automotive suspension technologies automotive part stub ... more details
reflex to resist muscle stretch. Image muscle spindle model.jpg thumb 450px right Mammalian muscle spindle showing typical position in a muscle left , neuronal connections in spinal cord middle and expanded schematic right . The spindle is a stretch receptor with its own motor supply consisting of several ... model.html File Muscle Spindle LM HE stain.jpg thumb right alt A Light microscope photograph of a muscle spindle. HE stain. Anatomy Muscle spindles are found within the belly of muscle s, embedded in extrafusal muscle fiber s. Note that fusus is the Latin word for spindle. Muscle spindles are composed ... M. The mammalian muscle spindle and its central control. Reviews of Physiology Biochemistry & Pharmacology ... in series. The muscle spindle has both sensory and motor components. Type Ia sensory fiber Primary ... innervating the central, non contractile part of the muscle spindle. The static axons innervate ... the sensitivity of the muscle spindle sensory afferents to stretch. Upon release of acetylcholine by the active ... increasing the stretch sensitivity of the muscle spindle afferents. For an interactive animation created by Jan Kowalczewski at the University of Alberta, demonstrating spindle afferent responses ... very small axons. Several theories have been proposed, based on recordings from spindle afferents ... motoneurons to maintain the firing of spindle afferents when the extrafusal muscles shorten. ref Vallbo AB, and al Falahe NA. Human muscle spindle response in a motor learning task. J Physiol ... bearing muscle. Dynamic gamma activity turns on and off abruptly, sensitizing spindle afferents ... When a muscle is stretched, primary sensory fibers Group Ia afferent neurons of the muscle spindle ... Image MuscleSpindle.svg Muscle spindle Image Muskelspindel3.png Gamma fiber Image Muskelspindel4.png ... system Muscle tissue DEFAULTSORT Muscle Spindle Category Sensory system cs Svalov v et nko ... more details
refimprove date May 2010 Image Stage2sleep.svg thumb right 300px A sleep spindle is a burst of neural oscillation oscillatory brain activity visible on an electroencephalography EEG that occurs during Sleep Physiology stage 2 sleep . It consists of 12 14 Hz waves that occur for at least 0.5 seconds. ref Rechtschaffen, A. Kales, A. 1968 . A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System For Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare National Institutes of Health. ref ref De Gennaro, L. Ferrara, M. 2003 . Sleep spindles an overview. Sleep medicine reviews , 7 5 , 423 440 ref Function Sleep spindles sometimes referred to as sigma bands or sigma waves may represent periods where the brain is inhibiting processing to keep the sleeper in a tranquil state. Along with K complex es they are defining characteristics of, and indicate the onset of, Sleep Physiology stage 2 sleep . They are often tapered at both ends and frequently seen over the frontal and central head regions. They may or may not be synchronous, but they should be symmetrical and bilateral. During sleep these spindles are seen in the brain as a burst of activity immediately following muscle twitching. Researchers think the brain, particularly in the young, is learning about what nerves control what specific muscles when asleep. ref http www.apa.org monitor jan06 twitch.aspx To sleep, perchance to twitch ref ref http intro2psych.wordpress.com 2009 04 01 wiring your brain at college a new perspective on sleep Wiring your brain at college a new perspective on sleep ref Spindles generated in the thalamus have been shown to aid sleeping in the presence of disruptive external ... from interactions between cells in the thalamus and the cortex. Sleep spindle activity has furthermore ... ref Tamminen, J. Payne, J.D. Stickgold, R. Wamsley, E.J. Gareth Gaskell, M. 2010 . Sleep spindle activity .... 2007 . Reduced Sleep Spindle Activity in Schizophrenia Patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry ... more details
A spindle transfer more properly spindle chromosomal complex transfer is a Genetics genetic manipulation technique where the donor s mitochondrial DNA is not transferred to the receiving egg. It may be used to treat mitochondrial disease s. History In an article published in Nature journal Nature online on 26 August 2009, a team in Oregon headed by Dr. Tachibana made the report of the transfer of maternal DNA without any mitochondrial DNA included in a laboratory monkey. ref cite journal doi 10.1038 nature08368 last Masahito Tachibana first1 M coauthors Michelle Sparman, Hathaitip Sritanaudomchai, Hong Ma, Lisa Clepper, Joy Woodward, Ying Li, Cathy Ramsey, Olena Kolotushkina & Shoukhrat Mitalipov date 17 September 2009 journal Nature journal Nature volume 461 issue 7262 pages 367 372 title Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells url http www.nature.com nature journal v461 n7262 full nature08368.html pmid 19710649 pmc 2774772 ref This has the implication that any genetic problems which may be transferred from mother to offspring through mitochondrial DNA can be avoided. ref http www.medicalnewstoday.com articles 162266.php ref Teams from the Oregon National Primate Research Center, the Oregon Stem Cell Center and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Molecular and Medical Genetics at the Oregon Health and Science University were all credited in the study. Procedure The technique involves taking nuclear DNA from an egg cell and transferring that DNA into another egg cell, leaving the defective mitochondrial DNA behind. The cell is then implanted using in vitro fertilization techniques. The final mitochondrial DNA, however, is from the receiving egg cell, causing the original donor s mitochondrial DNA to not be passed on to the eventual offspring. Genetic analysis may then be utilized to confirm that the mother s mitochondrial DNA is not part of the final DNA makeup. Macaca mulatta monkey s were used in recent experiments ... more details
Apparatus theory , derived in part from Marxist film theory , semiotics , and psychoanalysis , was a dominant theory within film theory cinema studies during the 1970s. It maintains that cinema is by nature ideological because its mechanics of representation are ideological. Its mechanics of representation include the camera and Film editing editing . The central position of the spectator within the Perspective visual perspective of the composition is also ideological. Apparatus theory also argues that cinema maintains the dominant ideology of the culture within the viewer. Ideology is not imposed on cinema, but is part of its nature. Apparatus theory follows an institutional model of spectatorship . Apparatus theorists this is an incomplete list Jacques Lacan Louis Althusser Jean Louis Baudry Jean Louis Comolli Christian Metz critic Christian Metz Giorgio Agamben Laura Mulvey Peter Wollen Constance Penley Further reading Narrative, Apparatus, Ideology A Film Theory Reader , Columbia University Press 1986 Category Film theory filming stub de Filmsemiotik fa ... more details
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