Diagnostic infobox Name Spirometry Image Flow volume loop.svg Alt Caption Flow Volume loop showing successful ... OPS301 OPS301 1 712 Reference range Pulmonary function Spirometry meaning the measuring of breath ... of the amount volume and or speed flow of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. Spirometry ... COPD . Spirometry testing File Desktop spirometer.jpg thumb left A modern portable desktop spirometer with digital turbine and antibacterial filter File Device for Spirometry or Body Plethysmography 02.jpg thumb left Device for spirometry. The patient places his or her lips around the blue mouthpiece ... based spirometer. File Body Plethysmography chamber 01.jpg thumb left Screen for spirometry readouts at right. The chamber can also be used for body plethysmograph y. The spirometry test is performed .... Due to the patient cooperation required, spirometry can only be used on children old enough to comprehend ... is the fact that many intermittent or mild asthmatics have normal spirometry between acute exacerbation, limiting spirometry s usefulness as a diagnostic. It is more useful as a monitoring tool .... Related tests Spirometry can also be part of a bronchial challenge test , used to determine ... Vt 500mL 390mL Total lung capacity TLC 6.0 L 4.7 L The most common parameters measured in spirometry ... ventilation MVV , ref http www.surgeryencyclopedia.com Pa St Spirometry Tests.html surgeryencyclopedia.com Spirometry tests Retrieved on Mars 14, 2010 ref also known as Maximum breathing capacity ... via spirometry, but it can be measured with a plethysmograph or dilution tests for example, helium .... ref cite journal author Stanojevic S, Wade A, Stocks J, et al. title Reference Ranges for Spirometry ... basic maneuver in spirometry tests. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second FEV1 FEV1 is the volume of air ... General information on spirometry at spirometrie.info http www.spirometers.org General information on spirometers and spirometry http www.thoracic.org American Thoracic Society ATS http ersnet.org ers ... more details
FIF , FiF or Fif may refer to F d ration Internationale F line , federation of cat registry cat registries F d ration Ivoirienne de Football , the national association football football association of C te d Ivoire Federazione Italiana Futsal , the national futsal association of Italy Five Iron Frenzy , an United States American Christian ska band Spirometry Explanation of common test values in FVC tests Forced Inspiratory Flow in Spirometry Forward in Faith , a movement within the Anglican Communion Qviding FIF , a Sweden Swedish football club Fractal Image Format code .fif code , see fractal compression A colloquialism for the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution made popular by Chappelle s Show character Tron Carter. disambig Five 1,2,3,4, FIF de FIF fr FIF it FIF ... more details
FEV may refer to Spirometry Forced expiratory volume in 1 second FEV1 Forced Expiratory Volume , in spirometry Full Electric Vehicle Liga FEV Masculina Spain Liga FEV Masculina , a men s Spanish volleyball league Liga FEV Femenina Spain Liga FEV Femenina , a women s Spanish volleyball league FEV Inc Brendan Fevola , an Australian Rules footballer Forced Evolutionary Virus, a fictional mutagenic virus in the Fallout series Fallout series of computer role playing games Disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages de Fev it FEV ... more details
PFT may refer to Physical Fitness Test Paul F. Tompkins , comedian Print for time Profootballtalk.com Pulmonary Function Test see Spirometry Phineas and the Ferb Tones, a pop band on Phineas and Ferb Polish Fighting Team , or Skalski s Circus , a group of World War II Polish fighter pilots Phineas and Ferb Tones see Phineas and Ferb s Musical Cliptastic Countdown Pearce Ford Tower, the larges residence hall in the state of Kentucky at Western Kentucky University Plant Functional Type disambig de PFT ... more details
Diagnostic infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 MeshID OPS301 OPS301 1 714 OtherCodes A bronchial challenge test is a medical test used to assist in the diagnosis of asthma . ref cite journal author Dixon C title The bronchial challenge test a new direction in asthmatic management journal J Natl Med Assoc volume 75 issue 2 pages 199 204 year 1983 month February pmid 6827612 pmc 2561444 ref The patient breathes in nebulizer nebulized methacholine or histamine . Thus the test may also be called a methacholine challenge test or histamine challenge test respectively. Both drugs provoke bronchoconstriction , or narrowing of the airways. Whereas histamine causes nasal and bronchial mucus secretion and bronchoconstriction via the H1 receptor , methacholine utilizes the M3 receptor for bronchoconstriction. The degree of narrowing can then be quantified by spirometry . People with pre existing airway hyperreactivity, such as asthmatics, will react to lower doses of drug. Sometimes, to assess the reversibility of a particular condition, a bronchodilator is administered to counteract the effects of the bronchoconstrictor before repeating the spirometry tests. This is commonly referred to as a reversibility test , or a post bronchodilator test post BD , and may help in distinguishing asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . False positives and negatives are possible in the bronchial challenge test. In addition, asthma may be temporary due to an exposure to noxious stimuli or exercise. The bronchial challenge test is physically demanding, and the results can be affected by muscular weakness or exhaustion. The inhaled drug can stimulate the upper airway sufficiently to cause violent coughing. This can make spirometry difficult or impossible. This test is contraindicated in patients with severe airway obstruction due to the obvious worsening of the obstruction. References reflist Med diagnostic stub lung stub Respiratory system procedures Category Respiratory ... more details
main Spirometry Image LungVolume.jpg thumb 600px Output of a spirometer Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inspiration. It is equal to the inspiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume plus the expiratory reserve volume. A person s vital capacity can be measured by a spirometer which can be a wet or regular spirometry spirometer . In combination with other physiological measurements, the vital capacity can help make a diagnosis of underlying lung disease. The unit that is used to determine this vital capacity is the millilitre ml . A normal adult has a vital capacity between 3 and 5 litres. Predicted normal values for VC can be http www.dynamicmt.com dataform3.html calculated online and depend on age, sex, height, weight and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based upon. External links GPnotebook 1281753041 References http www.fpnotebook.com Lung Lab VtlCpcty.htm Respiratory physiology Category Respiratory physiology med stub de Vitalkapazit t es Capacidad Vital eu FVC fr Ventilation pulmonaire it Capacit vitale ja pl Pojemno yciowa sv Vitalkapacitet zh ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Airway obstruction Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D000402 Unreferenced date June 2008 Airway obstruction is a Respiration physiology respiratory problem caused by increased resistance in the bronchiole s usually from a decreased radius of the bronchioles that reduces the amount of air inhaled in each breath and the Breathing gas oxygen that reaches the Pulmonary artery pulmonary arteries . It is different from airway restriction which prevents air from diffusing into the pulmonary arteries because of some kind of blockage in the lungs . Diagnosis Obstruction can be measured using spirometry . A decreased FEV1 FVC ratio versus the normal of about 80 is indicative of an airway obstruction, as the normal amount of air can no longer be exhaled in the first second of expiration. An airway restriction would not produce a reduced FEV1 FVC ratio, would produce a reduced vital capacity . The ventilation is therefore affected leading to a ventilation perfusion mismatch and hypoxia. See also Stridor Recurrent airway obstruction Obstructive lung disease Respiratory pathology DEFAULTSORT Airway Obstruction Category Abnormal respiration med stub ru sl Obstrukcija dihal ... more details
MEF may stand for Military Marine Expeditionary Force, one of the major subdivisions of the United States Marine Corps see 1st Marine Expeditionary Force , 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force , 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force Malaita Eagle Force , a militant organization originating in the island of Malaita in the Solomon Islands Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force during the First World War Science technology Managed Extensibility Framework Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 Maximum Elevation Figure flying Medial eye fields Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Museo Paleontol gico Egidio Feruglio collection code Metro Ethernet Forum Modified Energy Factor Energy Star Rating Value, US Department of Energy DOE Modernized e File MeF , an electronic system for filing U.S. income taxes Maximal expiratory flow synonymous to forced expiratory flow in spirometry Other Middle East Forum , an American think tank Method Man , American rapper and member of the Wu tang clan Ministry of Environment and Forests MEF International School Istanbul disambig de MEF eo MEF fr MEF it MEF ... more details
Image LungVolume.jpg thumb 400px Lung Volumes Functional Residual Capacity FRC is the volume of air present in the lungs , specifically the parenchyma tissues, at the end of passive expiration . At FRC, the elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are equal but opposite and there is no exertion by the thoracic diaphragm diaphragm or other respiratory muscles. FRC is the sum of Expiratory reserve volume Expiratory Reserve Volume ERV and Residual Volume RV and measures approximately 2400 ml in a 70 kg, average sized male. It can not be estimated through spirometry , since it includes the residual volume. In order to measure RV precisely, one would need to perform a test such as nitrogen washout , Helium dilution technique helium dilution or body plethysmography . A lowered or elevated FRC is often an indication of some form of respiratory disease . For instance, in emphysema , the lungs are more compliance physiology compliant and therefore are more susceptible to the outward recoil forces of the chest wall. Emphysema patients often have noticeably broader chests because they are breathing at larger volumes. The helium dilution technique is a common way of measuring the functional residual capacity of the lungs. External links eMedicineDictionary Functional residual capacity med stub Respiratory physiology Category Respiratory physiology Category Pulmonary function testing Category Medicine it Capacit funzionale residua pl Czynno ciowa pojemno zalegaj ca zh ... more details
Medical kiosks are computerized, electronic kiosks. Some function as patient check in stations at hospitals or doctors offices. Other, more advanced kiosks can perform basic diagnostic tests on patients. Most medical kiosks have touchscreens and can be classified as interactive kiosks . Check in Kiosks Medhost ref http www.medhost.com Products ED PASS.aspx ref , HealthAsyst, and MedServ have all developed patient self check in kiosks. These just replace the clerks in the front desk. Diagnostic Kiosks Diagnostic kiosks can be used to address shortages of physicians in rural areas throughout the world. Manned vs Unmanned Manned Manned kiosks, such as Cisco s HealthPresence ref http www.youtube.com watch?v mDoZx0VAWGw&feature related ref ref http newsroom.cisco.com dlls 2010 prod 030110.html ref , can do more tests than unmanned ones. Their disadvantage is that an RN registered nurse has to be on site. Unmanned Unmanned kiosks, such as the Freescale Flexus MM kiosks ref http www.knowabouthealth.com freescale technology medical kiosk prototype holds promise for future 5641 ref , require only monthly maintenance. Although tests can still be done blood pressure, spirometry, heart rate and ECG, blood glucose, and height weight BMI , there is not much variety. References Reflist Category Kiosks ... more details
Impairment or disability Spirometry Main SpirometrySpirometry includes the tests of pulmonary mechanics ... of air quickly through the airways to identify airway obstruction. The measurements taken by the spirometry ... testing NYC Pulmonary FUnction Test ref Complications Spirometry is a safe procedure however there is cause ... more details
. The first application of this technology has been developed to measure spirometry by PneumaCare Ltd ... UK device specialist consultancy . It is capable of recording tidal breathing and spirometry parameters ... A40 2. Structured light plethysmography SLP compared to spirometry R. Wareham, J. Lasenby, J. Cameron ... of respiratory flow signals from spirometry and a novel structured light imaging system. Peter Bridge1 ... Volumes Measured with Structured Light Plethysmography SLP and Spirometry Eugene Lau, Douglas Brand ... with Structured Light Plethysmography SLP and Spirometry Eugene Lau, Douglas Brand, Peter Bridge ... light plethysmography slp and spirometry D. Brand1, E. Lau1, J. Cameron2, R. Wareham2, J. Usher ... more details
This article is about the physical measurement. For other uses of the term, see Reach Arm span or reach also known as wingspan is the physical measurement of the length from one end of an individual s arm s measured at the finger tips to the other when raised Parallel geometry parallel to the ground at shoulder height at a one hundred eighty degree angle. The average reach correlates to the human height person s height . Age and sex have to be taken into account to best predict height from arm span. ref http erj.ersjournals.com content 37 1 157.abstract ref Advantages An above average reach is advantageous in sports such as basketball , boxing , and Human swimming swimming . For instance, boxer Sonny Liston had an convert 84 in cm 0 adj on reach despite being only convert 72 1 2 in cm 0 in height. This unusually long reach allowed him to hit opposing boxers from relatively safe distances where they could not reach him. Disadvantages Because any decrease in height will cause an increase in the ratio of arm span to height, a large span to height ratio may sometimes be an indicator of a health problem that has caused a decrease in height. Large arm span is also mechanically disadvantageous on the bench press , as it forces the lifter through a wider range of motion. Procedure To measure the arm span, the person must be standing up against the wall with their arms extended sideways at a ninety degree angle. A person with a length measuring tool usually a tape measure will measure from one end of the tip of the middle finger to the other. This method can be easily done at home and it is not necessary to see a physician, unless for a checkup. See also Wingspan Ape index Genetic disorders Marfan syndrome long limbs to height ratio Notes Reflist Reference Cite journal last Tan first P. Maw last2 et al. title Arm Span to Height Ratio Is Related to Severity of Dyspnea, Reduced Spirometry Volumes, and Right Heart Strain journal Chest volume 135 issue 2 pages 448 454 doi 10.137 ... more details
Air trapping , also called gas trapping , is an abnormal retention of air in the lungs where it is difficult to exhale completely. ref U. Joseph Schoepf http books.google.com books?id EGsjbGjSW9wC&pg PA101 6.4.9.5 Expiratory Hyperinflation Air Trapping , Multidetector Row CT of the Thorax Birkh user, 2005, p.101 ref It is observed in obstructive lung disease s such as asthma , bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease s such as emphysema and bronchiectasis. Air trapping is not a diagnosis but is a presentation of an illness and can be used to find an appropriate diagnosis. Measurement and Function Exhaled volumes are measured by a pulmonary function test or simple spirometry , leading to an elevated residual volume and a measurement of forced expiratory volume. Air trapping is often incidentally diagnosed on computed tomography CT scanning. On expiratory films, retained hyperlucent gas will be visualised in cases of air trapping. ref Javier Lucaya A. L. Baert Janet L. Strife http books.google.com books?id gDfNK79GBLUC&pg PA92 4.6.5 Air Trapping , Pediatric Chest Imaging Chest Imaging in Infants and Children , Springer, 2007, p. 92 ref Air trapping represents poorly aerated lung, but on its own is clinically benign. It is a common problem for smokers who dive. On diving the lung volume collapses and pushes air into the poorly aerated regions. On arising from a deep depth, these air trapped areas of lung expand. This places great pressure on the lung tissue which can rupture. ref Johny A. Verschakelen W. De Wever http books.google.com books?id VJf5JSUbRsMC&pg PA51 5.2.2 Air Trapping , Computed Tomography of the Lung A Pattern Approach , Springer, 2007, p. 51 ref References references DEFAULTSORT Air Trapping Category Respiratory diseases Med stub sk Air trapping ... more details
of asthma over time. Spirometry , a measurement of lung function, can provide an assessment of the severity ... This can be measured with breathing devices such as a peak flow meter or by spirometry . The term ... expiratory volume in 1 second FEV1 measured by spirometry . COPD is defined as a forced expiratory ... through spirometry although other pulmonary function tests can be helpful. A chest x ray ... more details
Mergeto Covidien date March 2011 Puritan Bennett has been a provider of respiratory products since 1913 originally as a medical gas supplier. In addition to critical care ventilation, Puritan Bennett provided medical devices for patients outside of the acute care environment. Its products included portable ventilation, oxygen therapy systems, sleep diagnostic and sleep therapy equipment, spirometry and other respiratory care products. History 1913 Puritan Bennett entered the medical gas industry. ref http www.puritanbennett.com about index.aspx history Puritan Bennett About Us ref 1940 Founder Ray Bennett invented a mechanical ventilator as an alternative to the iron lung machine. 1995 Nellcor acquired Puritan Bennett. The newly expanded company is renamed Nellcor Puritan Bennett. 1997 Nellcor Puritan Bennett became a part of Mallinckrodt , a medical products company with product lines in respiratory care, diagnostic imaging and analgesic pharmaceuticals. 1998 Puritan Bennett Aero Systems PBASCO was sold to BE Aerospace Inc. ref http findarticles.com p articles mi m0EIN is 1998 April 14 ai n27521641 ref ref http www.beaerospace.com home.nsf c81051411e101f2285256a8c00535c44 364d099284adafd085256a94005891f7 FILE FORM 2010 K 20Feb 2024 202001.pdf ref 2000 Tyco International acquired Mallinckrodt to become a Tyco Healthcare company. 2007 Covidien spun off from Tyco International and inherited Puritan Bennett along with other Tyco Healthcare Brands. Ventilators 840 Ventilator System The 840 Ventilator System is the current acute critical care ventilator sold by Puritan Bennett. It is the flagship product in Puritan Bennett s line of critical care ventilators. ref http www.puritanbennett.com prod Product.aspx?S1 VEN&S2 VNT&id 199 ref Software Options ref http www.puritanbennett.com prod Product.aspx?S1 VEN&S2 VNT&id 202 ref PAV Software BiLevel Software Volume Ventilation Plus Software Tube Compensation Software NeoMode Software 7200 Series The 7200 Series is a critical c ... more details
Pulmonary function The FEV1 FVC ratio , also called Tiffeneau index, is a calculated ratio used in the diagnosis of obstructive lung disease obstructive and restrictive lung disease . ref name pmid18786983 cite journal author Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL, et al title Using the lower limit of normal for the FEV1 FVC ratio reduces the misclassification of airway obstruction journal Thorax volume 63 issue 12 pages 1046 51 year 2008 month December pmid 18786983 doi 10.1136 thx.2008.098483 url http thorax.bmj.com cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18786983 ref ref name pmid8989055 cite journal author Sahebjami H, Gartside PS title Pulmonary function in obese subjects with a normal FEV1 FVC ratio journal Chest volume 110 issue 6 pages 1425 9 year 1996 month December pmid 8989055 doi 10.1378 chest.110.6.1425 url http www.chestjournal.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8989055 ref It represents the proportion of the forced vital capacity exhaled in the FEV1 first second . ref name gp training.net http www.gp training.net protocol respiratory copd spirometry.htm ref See the Wikipedia article on spirometry for the definitions of FEV1 and FVC. Normal values are approximately 80 . ref name urlForced Expiration cite web url http oac.med.jhmi.edu res phys Encyclopedia ForcedExpiration ForcedExpiration.HTML title Forced Expiration work accessdate 2009 04 21 ref . Predicted normal values can be http www.dynamicmt.com dataform3.html calculated online and depend on age, sex, height, weight and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based upon. A derived value of FEV1 is FEV1 predicted , which is defined as FEV1 of the patient divided by the average FEV1 in the population for any person of similar age, sex and body composition. Disease states In obstructive lung disease, the FEV1 is reduced due to obstruction to air escape. Thus, the FEV1 FVC ratio will be reduced. ref name gp training.net More specifically, the diagnosis of COPD is made when the FEV sub 1 sub FVC ratio i ... more details
orphan date September 2010 The MET call Medical Emergency Team was designed at the Liverpool Hospital , Sydney , Australia in 1990 and has continued to develop and spread around Australia. The MET call is a hospital based system, designed for a nurse or other staff member to alert and call other staff for help when a patients vital signs have fallen outside set criteria. These criteria were designed around studies suggesting that certain vital sign ranges and symptoms occur before poor patient conditions which may lead to death For example, Chest pain , a raise in heart rate and an elevated blood pressure may indicate the patient may be about to have a heart attack . In the original model, the criteria also include and any patient you are seriously worried about , although this is not included in all hospitals. The MET call is generally made by a phone call e.g. to switch . On the ward it may be via an emergency button on the wall, which sounds a siren , and in some hospitals, a red light will begin flashing outside the patients room. Most staff are encouraged to attend and help as required. Interventions and tests that the MET call may include Oxygen via a mask , Blood glucose levels, CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure , X ray , ECG , Vital signs, documentation and Spirometry . Two to three trained professionals arrive at the room of the Emergency, and will work together with staff to assist the patient, as well as Physician doctor s, nurses and anyone who is able to help. Jobs are allocated including someone to record the nature of emergency and what they are doing to fix the problem. Some patients may be transferred to Intensive Care Unit ICU post MET. Implementation of the MET system has been controversial. It generally requires ICU medical and nursing staff to move beyond their traditional boundaries of control. It implies extra work, although arguably reduces the workload of patients arriving in ICU. Studies such as the MERIT study have been inconclusive ... more details
TOC A list of organizations for the advancement of respiratory care. A Alabama Society for Respiratory Care Alaska Society for Respiratory Care Associazione Scientifica Interdisciplinare per lo Studio delle Malattie Respiratorie AIMAR Italy Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri AIPO Italy American Association for Respiratory Care AARC United States American College of Chest Physicians ACCP United States American Thoracic Society ATS United States Asian Pacific Society of Respirology APSR Asociaci n Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria Argentina Associaci n Latin Americana del T rax ALAT Austrian Society of Pneumology ASP Austria B Belgian Thoracic Society Brazilian Thoracic Society British Thoracic Society Bulgarian Society of Respiratory Diseases C California Society for Respiratory Care Canadian Society for Respiratory Therapy Canadian Thoracic Society Croatian Respiratory Society D Deutsche Gesellschafts f r Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e.V. Germany Dutch Thoracic Society NVALT E Egyptian Society of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis European Society of Thoracic Imaging ESTI Estonian Respiratory Society European Academy of Allergology & Clinical Immunology EAACI European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients Associations EFA European Lung Foundation ELF World Spirometry Day WSD G Global Smoke Free Partnership GSP H Hellenic Thoracic Society Greece Hungarian Respiratory Society I Indian Chest Society International Society for Aerosolin Medicine ISAM Irish Thoracic Society K Kazakhstan National Respiratory Society Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Thoracic Society L Latvian Society of Lung Physicians Lebanese Pulmonary Society M M decins sans fronti res MSF Doctors Without Borders Moroccan Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology N National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Iran National Board for Respiratory Care NBRC P Pakistan Chest Society Pan African Thoracic Society PATS Polish Respiratory Society Primary Care Respiratory Journal PCRJ ... more details
Intermittent positive pressure breathing IPPB is a respiratory therapy treatment for people who are hypoventilation hypoventilating . While not a preferred method due to cost, ref cite journal author Thomas JA, McIntosh JM title Are incentive spirometry, intermittent positive pressure breathing, and deep breathing exercises effective in the prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery? A systematic overview and meta analysis journal Phys Ther year 1994 volume 74 issue 1 pages 3 16 ref IPPB is used to provide expand the lungs, deliver aerosol medications, and in some circumstances mechanical ventilation ventilate the patient. ref cite journal author Handelsman H journal Health Technology Assessment Reports title Intermittent positive pressure breathing IPPB therapy year 1991 issue 1 pages 1 9 pmid 1810351 ref Indications IPPB may be indicated for patients who are at risk for developing atelectasis and who are unable or unwilling to deep breathe without assistance. ref cite book author Shelledy DC, Mikles SP contribution Patient assessment and respiratory care plan development. editors Mishoe SC, Welch MA Jr title Critical thinking in respiratory care location New York publisher McGraw Hill year 2001 isbn 9780071344746 ref In patients with severe lung hyperinflation, IPPB may decrease dyspnea and discomfort during nebulized therapy. ref cite journal author Janssens JP, de Muralt B, Titelion V title Management of dyspnea in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease journal J Pain Sympt Manage year 2000 volume 19 issue 5 pages 378 92 doi 10.1016 S0885 3924 00 00129 9 ref Complications Most contraindications are relative, such as nausea, hemodynamic instability, ref cite journal author Schilling JP, Kasik JE title Intermittent positive pressure breathing a continuing controversy journal J Iowa Med Soc year 1980 volume 70 issue 3 pages 99 100, 102 103 ref trachea l fistula , singulation and hemoptysis . ref cite journal author Shapi ... more details
Morris, Mohy G. title Comprehensive integrated spirometry using raised volume passive and forced expirations ... can reduce the ratio to 0.78 0.45 See also Spirometry References reflist External links http www.anaesthetist.com ... more details
PL, Naim JL year 1970 title Spirometry, lung volumes and airway resistance in normal children ages ... , other designs and copies have become available across the world. See also Spirometry Metered dose ... more details
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