Taxobox image domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida subclassis Coccidia sina ordo Eucoccidiorida subordo Eimeriorina familia Barrouxiidae genus Barrouxia genus authority Schneider, 1885 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Barrouxia alpina br Barrouxia belostomatis br Barrouxia bulini br Barrouxia caudata br Barrouxia labbei br Barrouxia ornata br Barrouxia schneideri br Barrouxia scolopendris br Barrouxia spiralis br Barrouxia ventricosa br Barrouxia is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa . This genus was created by Schneider in 1885. ref name Levine1983 Levine ND 1983 The genera Barrouxia , Defretinella , and Goussia of the coccidian family Barrouxiidae Protozoa, Apicomplexa . J Protozool 30 542 547 ref The species in this genus infect invertebrates. Taxonomy Currently there are 10 species recognised in this genus. The original spelling of this genus was Barroussia . This was changed in 1912 to Barrouxia ref name Schellack Schellack C 1912 Untersuchungen uber die coccidien aus Lithobius und Scolopendra Barrouxia, Adelea, Eimeria . Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 22 163 179 ref ref name Schellack1913 Schellack C and Reichenow E 1913 Coccidien Unteruschungen. I. Barrouxia schneideri . Arbeiten aus dem Kaisereichen Gesundheitsamte, Berlin 44 30 77 ref but occasionally authors may use the older spelling. Life cycle This species infects the gasterointestinal tract of insect s. The parasite infects the cells of the gut wall. The oocysts contain many Apicomplexa lifecycle stages sporocysts . The sporocysts are bivalved with a single longitudinal suture. Each sporocyst gives rise to a single sporozoite . The mechanism of infection is via the orofaecal route. Host records B. ventricosa centipede Lithobius hexodus Notes The genera Echinospora and Urobarrouxia are now regarded as a junior synonym of Barrouxia . References reflist Alveolata Category Apicomplexa ... more details
Taxobox image domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida subclassis Coccidia sina ordo Eucoccidiorida subordo Eimeriorina familia genus Pythonella genus authority Ray & Das Gupta, 1937 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Pythonella bengalensis br Pythonella scelopori br Pythonella scleruri br Pythonella is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa . This genus was created by Ray and Das Gupta in 1937. ref name Ray1937 Ray HN, Das Gupta M 1937 On a new coccidium from the intestine of Python sp. Proc Indian Sci Congr 24 292 ref The type species is Pythonella bengalensis . Taxonomy This genus is very poorly studied with only three known species. Life cycle This species infects the gasterointestinal tract of birds and reptiles. Its life cycle is very poorly known but it is thought that is is spread by the orofaecal route. The parasite infects the cells of the gut wall. There are 16 Apicomplexa lifecycle stages sporocysts per oocyst heccaidesporocystid with 4 sporozoite s tetrazoic in each. Once shed from the body sporulation starts in 7 to 10 days. Species in this genus have been isolated from Brazil, Costa Rica and India. Host records P. bengalensis Python species ref name Ray1937 P. scelopori lizard ref name Duszynski1969 Duszynski DW 1969 Pythonella scelopori sp. n. Porotozoa Eimeriidae from a Costa Rican lizard. J Parasitol 55 3 684 5. ref P. scleruri rufous breasted leaftosser Sclerurus scansor ref name Kawazoe1999 Kawazoe U, Gouv a H 1999 Description of Pythonella scleruri n. sp. Apicomplexa Eimeriidae from a brazilian bird rufous breasted leaftosser Sclerurus scansor, 1835 Passeriformes Furnariidae . Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz Mar Apr 94 2 157 159 http dx.doi.org 10.1590 S0074 02761999000200005 ref References reflist Alveolata Category Apicomplexa ... more details
Taxobox name Eimeriorina domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida subclassis Coccidia sina ordo Eucoccidiorida subordo Eimeriorina familia Sarcocystidae subfamilia Toxoplasmatinae genus Nephroisospora subdivision ranks Species subdivision Nephroisospora eptesici br Nephroisospora is a genus of parasitic protozoa that infects bat s History This genus was described in 2010 by W nschmann et al . ref name W nschmann2010 W nschmann A, Wellehan JF Jr, Armien A, Bemrick WJ, Barnes D, Averbeck GA, Roback R, Schwabenlander M, D Almeida E, Joki R, Childress AL, Cortinas R, Gardiner CH, Greiner EC 2010 Renal infection by a new coccidian genus in big brown bats Eptesicus fuscus . J Parasitol 96 1 178 183 ref Taxonomy There is one recognised species in this genus Nephroisospora eptesici . Description This genus infects the kidneys of brown bats Eptesicus fuscus . The host reaction is usually generally mild, focal or multifocal and consists of well demarcated cortical renal lesion less than 1 millimeter in diameter. Histologically these lesions are cystic, dilated tubules with hypertrophied tubular epithelial cells. The protozoa develop in the tubular epithelial cells and within the lumen of the cysts that develop as a response to infection. The oocyst s are thin walled, sporulated and ellipsoidal measuring an average of 18.9 x 20.8 micrometers. Each oocysts contains 2 sporocyst s with 4 sporozoite s. The oocysts have a polar body and a prominent residuum but lack micropyles, sporocyst residua or Stieda bodies. References reflist Uncategorized date April 2012 ... more details
s gamete s during copulation Monocystis . In all species four or more sporozoite s the precise number ... and are often distributed near the cell periphery Apical complex occurs in the sporozoite stage lost ... more details
at once by internal budding . ref name smyth Glossary of cell types File Ookinete, sporozoite, merozoite.png thumb An ookinete motile , a sporozoite motile and a merozoite non motile of Plasmodium falciparum . Infectious stages A sporozoite G. sporos , seed z on , animal is the cell form that infects ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Hepatozoon image Hepatozoon canis.png image width image alt image caption A gamont of Hepatozoon canis in a blood smear from a naturally infected dog. domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida ordo Eucoccidiorida subordo Adeleorina familia Hepatozoidae genus Hepatozoon genus authority Gerrit Smith Miller Miller , 1908 subdivision ranks Selected species subdivision Hepatozoon americanum br Hepatozoon atticorae br Caldasia28 371. Hepatozoon ayorgbor br Hepatozoon canis br Hepatozoon catesbianae br Hepatozoon clamatae br Hepatozoon fasciatae br Hepatozoon lygosomarum br Hepatozoon muris br Hepatozoon pictiventris br Hepatozoon punctatus br Hepatozoon sauritus br Hepatozoon seminatrici br Hepatozoon sipedon br Hepatozoon sirtalis br Hepatozoon is a genus of Apicomplexa n protozoa which incorporates over 300 species obligate intraerythrocytic parasites. Species have been described from all groups of tetrapod vertebrates, as well as a wide range of haematophagous arthropod s, which serve as both the vectors and definitive hosts of the parasite. By far the most biodiverse and prevalent of all haemogregarine s, the genus is distinguished by its unique reciprocal trophic life cycle which lacks the salivary transmission between hosts commonly associated with other apicomplexans. While particularly prevalent in amphibian s and reptile s, the genus is more well known in veterinary circles for causing a tick borne disease called hepatozoonosis in some mammal s. Life cycle Members of the genus Hepatozoon possess particularly complex life cycles which vary considerably among species. Sexual reproduction and sporogenic development occur within the haemocoel of the invertebrate host, which is subsequently consumed by the vertebrate host. The sporozoite s then migrate to the liver of the vertebrate , where they undergo multiple fission asexual reproduction to produce merozoite s. The meront s are rele ... more details
italic title Plasmodium silvaticum is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Plasmodium . Like all Plasmodium species P. silvaticum has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammal s. Taxobox name Plasmodium silvaticum image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. silvaticum binomial Plasmodium silvaticum Description The parasite was first described by Garnham et al in 1972 ref name Garnham1972 Garnham PCC, Rajapaksa N, Peters W, Killick Kendrick R 1972 Malaria parasites of the orang utan Pongo pygmaeus . Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 66 287 94 ref It is a member of the vivax group and closely resembles the other members of this group. Geographical occurrence This species is found in Borneo . Vectors Anopheles balabacensis , Anopheles maculatus and Anopheles sundaicus Clinical features and host pathology The parasite has an approximately 48 hour life cycle and gives rise to a tertian fever. The disease itself appears to be mild with little overt pathology. Its prevalence varies considerably Wolfe et al ref name Wolfe1998 Wolfe ND, Escalante AA, Karesh WB, Kilbourn A, Spielman A, Lal AA. 1998 Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research the missing link. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4 14958. ref found the highest Plasmodium spp. prevalence tp be 93.5 29 31 in captive animals but 11.6 5 43 in wild orangutans. Despite the apparent lack of pathology a study of the population genetics of the alpha 2 haemoglobin suggested that this parasite or others like it has had a significant selective effect on the orangutan genome. ref name Steiper2005 Steiper ME, Wolfe ND, Karesh WB, Kilbourn AM, Bosi EJ, Ruvolo M. 2005 The population genetics of the alpha 2 globin locus of orangutans Pongo pygmaeus J. Mol. Evol. 60 3 400 408 ref It can be transmitted both by blood inoculation and by sporozoite inoculation into splenectomiz ... more details
This article is about Isospora hammondi Barnard et al., 1971, infecting rice rats. See Isospora datusi for the species sometimes known as Isospora hammondi Frenkel, 1974 . ref Tadros and Laarman, 1982, p. 332 ref Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida ordo Eucoccidiorida familia Eimeriidae genus Isospora species I. hammondi binomial Isospora hammondi binomial authority Barnard, Ernst, and Stevens, 1971 Isospora hammondi is an apicomplexa n parasite of the genus Isospora that infects the marsh rice rat Oryzomys palustris . It was discovered at Tuskegee National Forest , Macon County, Alabama Macon County , Alabama, and formally described in 1971. ref name Bea1293 Barnard et al., 1971, p. 1293 ref The specific name zoology specific name honors Dr. Datus M. Hammond of Utah State University . ref name Bea1294 Barnard et al., 1971, p. 1294 ref The oocyst is about egg shaped and has a smooth, single layered wall about 1 m thick. It is 24 to 30 m long and 16 to 21 m broad when sporulation sporulated . There are two Apicomplexan cellular morphology sporocyst , 13 to 18 m long and 11 to 15 m broad, with four sporozoite s each. The sporozoites are placed parallel along the long axis of the sporocyst. The sporozoites are slightly curved in form and sausage shaped and lack refractile globule s. Near one end, there is one a light, rounded cell nucleus nuclear region. ref name Bea1294 Unlike most rodent infecting Isospora species, I. hammondi lacks both an oocyst residuum and Stieda bodies . Most other species that also lack both of these structures have a differently shaped oocyst. Two other species Isospora uralica from the field mouse Apodemus sylvaticus and Isospora ordubadica from the gerbil Meriones persicus differ in size and other details. ref name Bea1295 Barnard et al., 1971, p. 1295 ref In Alabama, I. hammondi was recovered in 3 of 19 examined marsh rice rats. At room temperature, ... more details
Taxobox image image width 210px image caption Eimeria maxima oocysts domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida ordo Eucoccidiorida familia Eimeriidae family authority Minchin 1903 genus Tyzzeria genus authority subdivision ranks Species subdivision Tyzzeria allenae br Tyzzeria anseris br Tyzzeria boae br Tyzzeria chalcides br Tyzzeria chenicusae br Tyzzeria galli br Tyzzeria natrix br Tyzzeria parvula br Tyzzeria pellerdyi br Tyzzeria peomysci br Tyzzeria perdyi br Tyzzeria perniciosa br Tyzzeria typhlopis br Tyzzeria is a genus of parasitic protozoa that with one exception Tyzzeria boae infect the cells of the small intestine . ref http wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org S 0zProctista apic tyzzeria tyzzeria.htm ref History The genus Tyzzeria was first described by Allen in 1936. ref name Allen1936 Allen EA 1936 Tyzzeria perniciosa gen . et sp . nov ., a coccidium from the small intestine of Pekin Duck, Anas domesticus L. Archiv f r Protistenkunde 87, 262 267 ref As is all too common in protozoal taxonomy the validity of several of the species is controversial. Species occurring in Anseriforme birds appear to be valid whereas the other species may be misidentifications. The application of DNA based methods it is to be hoped will resolve these matters. Description The oocyst s lack sporocysts each oocyst possesses eight sporozoite s. Host parasite relations Tyzzeria allenae common goldeneye Chenicus coromandelianus br Tyzzeria boae red tailed boa Boa constrictor Boa constrictor constrictor br Tyzzeria chalcides ocellated skink Chalcides ocellatus br Tyzzeria chenicusae common goldeneye Chenicus coromandelianus br Tyzzeria galli Ceylon jungle fowl Gallus lafayettei br Tyzzeria natrix yamakagashi Rhabdophis tigrinus br Tyzzeria parvula greater white fronted goose Anser albifrons , greylag goose Anser anser , snow goose Anser caerulescens , Ross goose Anser rossii , brent goose Branta bernicla , Canada goose Brant ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name image image caption domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida subclassis Coccidiasina ordo Eucoccidiorida subordo Eimeriorina familia Lankesterellidae genus Schellackia subdivision ranks Species subdivision Schellackia balli ref name LeBail1974 Le Bail O, Landau I 1974 Description and experimental life cycle of Schellackia balli n. sp. Lankesterellidae a parasite of toads in Guyana. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 49 6 663 668 ref br Schellackia bolivari br Schellackia brugooi br Schellackia calotesi ref name Finkelman1998 Finkelman S, Paperna I 1998 Schellackia calotesi n. sp. from agamid lizards of the genus Calotes in Thailand. Parasite 5 1 23 26 ref br Schellackia cf agamae br Schellackia golvani br Schellackia iguanae br Schellackia landauae ref Lainson, R, Shaw JJ, Ward RD 1976 Schellackia landauae sp. nov. Eimeriorina Lankesterellidae in the Brazilian lizard Polychrus marmoratus Iguanidae experimental transmission by Culex pipiens fatigans . Parasitol 11 2 ref br Schellackia occidentalis ref name Bonorris1955 Bonorris, J.S., Ball, G.H.1955. Schellackia occidentalis n. sp., a blood inhabiting coccidian found in lizards in Southern California. J Protozool 2 31 34 ref br Schellackia orientalis br Schellackia ptyodacryli br Schellackia is a genus of parasitic protozoa within the phylum Apicomplexa . The genus was described in 1919 by Reichenow. Species in this genus infect reptile s and amphibian s. The type species is Schellackia bolivari . Life cycle The parasite undergoes asexual replication in the cells of the intestine . This is followed by the formation of macrogametocyte s and microgametocyte s which undergo sexual recombination. The fertilized zygote undergoes a series of divisions which result in sporozoite s that invade the erythrocyte s. These cells are taken up in a blood meal of a mite where development of the parasite does not continue. The mite acts strictly as a passive vect ... more details
is derived from two Latin words apex top and complexus infolds and refers to a set of organelle s in the sporozoite ... have an infectious stage the sporozoite which possess three distinct structures in an apical ... by meiosis and then by mitosis haplontic life cycle to give rise to the sporozoite s. The sporozoites ... cycle v2.svg alt1 caption1 Generic life cycle of an apicomplexa 1 zygote Microbial cyst cyst , 2 sporozoite ... invasion by the parasites similar to entosis , which divide to produce sporozoite s that enter its cells ... more details
degrees F. Mean maximum parasite levels were 6,944 microl for sporozoite induced infections and 7,310 ... million years ago in hominid hosts. Life Cycle Human Infection Liver Stage The P. ovale sporozoite ... more details
ref Sporozoite Abs that block hepatocyte invasion Abs that kill the sporozoite via complement fixation ... genes. These came from a variety of stages during the life cycle. CSP and sporozoite surface protein 2 called PfSSP2 were derived from the sporozoite phase. The liver stage antigen 1 LSA1 , three from ... of the schizont export protein 5.1 and 19 repeats of the sporozoite surface protein NANP . Limitations ... more details
gland of the mosquito . The parasite is in its sporozoite stage at this point. As the mosquito ... before sporogony. Azithromycin has been shown to suppress apicoplast replication at the period of sporozoite ... protease is necessary for Plasmodium sporozoite egress from oocysts url journal J Exp Med volume ... sporozoite invasion associated proteins SIAP 1 and 2. ref name Ar valo Pinz n2011 cite journal ... peptides from two Pf sporozoite invasion associated proteins specifically interact with HeLa and HepG2 ... 2011 title The Puf family RNA binding protein Puf2 controls sporozoite conversion to liver stages ... of IK2 and inhibits premature sporozoite transformation. In contrast Puf1 appears to be dispensable ... triclosan . During this stage of development the sporozoite selectively discards organelles ... threshold, impairs the growth of subsequent liver cell sporozoite infection. ref name Portugal2011 ... complex Several proteins are involved in the binding of the sporozoite to the various tissues it attaches ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Cryptosporidium parvum image Cryptosporidium parvum 01.jpg image caption Immunofluorescence image of C. parvum oocysts. regnum Chromalveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida subclassis Coccidia sina ordo Eucoccidiorida familia Cryptosporidiidae genus Cryptosporidium species C. parvum binomial Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several protozoa l species that cause cryptosporidiosis , a parasitic disease of the mammal ian intestine intestinal tract . Primary symptoms of C. parvum infection are acute, watery, and non bloody diarrhoea . C. parvum infection is of particular concern in immunocompromised patients, where diarrhoea can reach 10 15L per day. Other symptoms may include anorexia symptom anorexia , nausea vomiting and abdomen abdominal pain. Extra intestinal sites include the lung, liver and gall bladder where it causes respiratory cryptosporidosis, hepatitis and cholecystitis. ref Cryptosporidiosis. Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. CDC. 5 Sept 2007. http www.dpd.cdc.gov dpdx HTML Cryptosporidiosis.htm ref Failed verification date January 2012 Infection is caused by ingestion of sporulate d oocyst s transmitted by the faecal oral route. In healthy human hosts, the median infective dose is 132 oocysts. ref cite journal author DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W title The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers journal N. Engl. J. Med. volume 332 issue 13 pages 855 9 year 1995 month March pmid 7870140 url http content.nejm.org cgi pmidlookup?view short&pmid 7870140&promo ONFLNS19 doi 10.1056 NEJM199503303321304 ref The general Cryptosporidium Life cycle C. parvum life cycle is shared by other members of the genus. Invasion of the wikt apical apical tip of ileal enterocyte s by sporozoite s and merozoite s causes pathology seen in the disease. Infection is generally self limiting in immunocompetent people. In immunocompromis ... more details
. Life cycle The infective stage is the sporozoite which is present in the salivary gland s of the vector ... than 20 micrometres. The average length of the sporozoite s is less than 10 micrometres. One end of the sporozoite is more pointed than the other. Parahaemoproteus Parasites of birds other than ... is greater than 10 micrometres. Both ends of the sporozoite are equally pointed. Pathology Infections ... more details
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