Allergic symptoms are caused by an initial systemic histamine release by activated basophil es and mast cell s, that may lead to shock with laryngeal edema , lower airway obstruction and hypotension . This is why basophiles are considered with mast cells to be the key cells in allergic diseases. Image Degranulationright.JPG framed basophil activation and labeling Activation process Immunoglobulin E IgE is a class of antibody or immunoglobulin isotype that has only been found in mammals. It plays an important role in allergy, and is especially associated with type 1 hypersensitivity . There are receptors Fc R against the constant region of IgE, the Fc region , on several types of cells, including Mast cells and Basophils. Basophils contain many granules inside the cell, which are filled with a variety of active substance triggering an allergic response upon degranulation. The cells get activated and start degranulation when the IgE antibody, bound to an allergen which can bind to the specific variable region of the IgE, the Fab region , bind to the Fc receptor in vitro allergy test method In most cases, a positive skin test is used to identification of allergies, but the activation of basophilic granulocytes with anti IgE, the expression of the CD63 antigen on the cell surface plasma membrane allows identification of the allergen responsible for the hypersensitivity reaction without performing the common scratch test . Only a little amount of blood is needed for this experiment, which makes it comfortable to use since one can perform it in parallel to a normal blood checkup. Degranulation Degranulated cell expose CD63 ref name Janeway5 cite book author Charles Janeway Janeway CA, Jr. et al. title Immunobiology. edition 5th ed. publisher Garland Publishing year 2001 id http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?call bv.View..ShowTOC&rid imm.TOC&depth 10 electronic full text via NCBI Bookshelf ISBN 0 8153 3642 X ref molecules on their outer cell membrane, hence the granul ... more details
RNA activation RNAa is a small RNA guided gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter targeted short double stranded RNA dsRNA induces target gene expression at the transcriptional level. RNAa was first reported in a 2006 PNAS paper by Li et al. ref name li pnas cite journal pages 17337 42 doi 10.1073 pnas.0607015103 title Small dsRNAs induce transcriptional activation in human cells year 2006 last1 Li first1 Long Cheng last2 Okino first2 Steven T. last3 Zhao first3 Hong last4 Pookot first4 Deepa last5 Place first5 Robert F. last6 Urakami first6 Shinji last7 Enokida first7 Hideki last8 Dahiya first8 Rajvir journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 103 issue 46 pmid 17085592 pmc 1859931 psc date December 2011 ref who also coined the term RNAa as a contrast to RNA interference RNAi ref name li pnas to describe such gene activation phenomenon. Soon after, several groups made similar observation in different mammalian species including human, non human primates, rat and mice, ref name ncb cite journal pages 166 73 doi 10.1038 nchembio860 title Activating gene expression in mammalian cells with promoter targeted duplex RNAs year 2007 last1 Janowski first1 Bethany A last2 Younger first2 Scott T last3 Hardy first3 Daniel B last4 Ram first4 Rosalyn last5 Huffman first5 Kenneth E last6 Corey first6 David R journal Nature Chemical Biology volume 3 issue 3 pmid 17259978 ... coreychembio cite journal pages 1344 55 doi 10.1016 j.chembiol.2010.10.009 pmc 3071588 title Activation ... gene activation phenomenon has also been observed in plants. ref cite journal pages 1660 5 doi 10.1073 pnas.0809294106 pmc 2629447 title RNA directed DNA methylation induces transcriptional activation ... pmc 2995069 title Involvement of argonaute proteins in gene silencing and activation by RNAs complementary ...&pg PA189 last Li first Long Cheng year 2008 chapter Small RNA mediated gene activation editor1 ... to RNAi, promoter targeted agRNAs induce prolonged activation of gene expression associated with epigenetic ... more details
File Neon colour spreading illusion no caption.png thumb Neon color spreading example Neon color spreading is an optical illusion in which a bright color appears to spread out over a white area from bright visual contours. ref cite journal author Paola Bressan and Ennio Mingolla and Lothar Spillmann title Neon color spreading A review journal Perception year 1997 volume 26 pages 1353 1366 url http cns web.bu.edu ennio ftp pubs Bressan et al 97.pdf ref References reflist See also Watercolor illusion color stub psych stub Category Optical illusions ... more details
File Cortical spreading depression.gif thumb Animation of cortical spreading depression migraine Cortical spreading depression is a wave of Electrophysiology electrophysiological hyperactivity followed by a wave of inhibition, usually in the visual cortex . ref Dodick DW & Gargus JJ August 2008 . http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id why migraines strike Why migraines strike . Scientific American . ref The term is used by neuroscientist s to represent at least one of the following Cerebral cortex cortical processes The spreading of a self propagating wave of cellular depolarization in the cerebral cortex . The spreading of a wave of ischemia passing through an area of cortex. The spreading of a wave of vasoconstriction following vasodilation of contiguous cortical arteriole s. ref Brennan KC et al 2007 Distinct vascular conduction with cortical spreading depression. J Neurophysiol. 97 , 4143 4151. ref The scintillating scotoma of migraine in humans may be related to the neurophysiology neurophysiologic phenomenon termed the spreading depression of Aristides Le o Le o . ref Le o AAP 1944 . Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex . J Neurophysiol 7 , 359 390. ref The spreading depression wave progresses across the cortex at approximately 2 5 mm minute. ref Porooshani H, Porooshani GH, Gannon L, & Kyle GM 2004 . Speed of progression of migrainous visual aura measured by sequential field assessment . Neuro Ophthalmology 28 2 , 101 105. ref Increased extracellular ... and propagation of cortical spreading depression, which is the underlying cause of Aura ... scotoma Migraine Notes references References Cortical spreading depression causes and coincides ... Center, Rochester, New York. A delayed class of BOLD waveforms associated with spreading depression ..., UK. Cortical spreading depression CSD A neurophysiological correlate of migraine aura , Schmerz , May 17, 2008, Richter F, Lehmenk hler A. Further reading MeshName Spreading Cortical Depression ... more details
Infobox disease Name Superficial spreading melanoma Image Skin Tumors 450.jpg ICD10 ICD10 C 43 c 43 ILDS C43.L20 ICD9 ICDO ICDO 8743 3 Superficial spreading melanoma also known as Superficially spreading melanoma ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref SSM is usually characterized as the most common form of cutaneous melanoma ref name pmid18485983 cite journal author Forman SB, Ferringer TC, Peckham SJ, et al. title Is superficial spreading melanoma still the most common form of malignant melanoma? journal J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. volume 58 issue 6 pages 1013 20 year 2008 month June pmid 18485983 doi 10.1016 j.jaad.2007.10.650 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0190 9622 07 02421 8 ref in Caucasians. The average age at diagnosis is in the fifth decade, and it tends to occur on sun exposed skin, especially on the backs of males and lower limbs of females. Presentation Often, this disease evolves from a precursor lesion, usually a dysplastic nevus . Otherwise it arises in previously normal skin. A prolonged radial growth phase, where the lesion remains thin, may eventually be followed by a vertical growth phase where the lesion becomes thick and nodular. As the risk of spread varies with the thickness, early SSM is more frequently cured than late nodular melanoma. The microscopic hallmarks are Large melanocytic cells with nest formation along the dermo epidermal junction . Invasion of the upper epidermis in a pagetoid fashion discohesive single cell growth . The pattern of rete ridges is often effaced. Invasion of the dermis by atypical, pleomorphic melanocytes Absence of the maturation typical of naevus cells Mitoses Treatment Treatment is by excisional biopsy, wide local excision ... and melanomas DEFAULTSORT Superficial Spreading Melanoma Category Melanoma ... more details
Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree is a set of variation form variations , with fugue , for orchestra composed in 1939 by Jarom r Weinberger . It premiered under the direction of Sir John Barbirolli in New York City on October 12, 1939. The work is based on an England English popular song of the period, ref Anne Gilchrist concludes that it is a version of an old English tune called Go no more a rushing, which was arranged for virginals by William Byrd and Giles Farnaby by the latter under the title of Tell mee, Daphne. ... So Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree is really an Old English perhaps originally a dance tune, preserved traditionally and lately modernized. ref which Weinberger is said to have mistaken for a folk song, and opens with the theme presented without preliminaries. Seven variations follow Her Majesty s Virginal The madrigal music Madrigal ists The Dark Lady character Dark Lady The Highlanders Pastoral e The Pickwick Papers Mr. Weller, Senior, Discusses Widows With His Son, Samuel Weller, Esquire Sarabande The fugue, which ends the work, has an eight bar subject which finally joins contrapuntally with the original theme of the piece. It was popularized in Japan during the American occupation of Japan . Notes and references reflist David Ewen, Encyclopedia of Concert Music . New York Hill and Wang, 1959. Anne G. Gilchrist, Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree The Adventures of a Tune. The Musical Times , Vol. 81 March 1940 , pp. 112 113. Category 1939 compositions Category Variations Category Compositions by Jarom r Weinberger classical composition stub ja ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Spreading Resistance Profiling SRP , also known as Spreading Resistance Analysis SRA , is a technique used to analyze resistivity vs. depth in semiconductor s. Semiconductor device s depend on the distribution of carriers electrons or electron hole holes within their structures to provide the desired performance. The carrier concentration which can vary by up to ten order of magnitude orders of magnitude can be inferred from the resistivity profile provided by SRP. History The fundamental relationship is usually attributed to James Clerk Maxwell 1831 1879 . In 1962, Dickey ref D. H. Dickey, The Electrochem. Soc., Electron. Div Ext. Abstr. 12 , 151 1963 ref developed a practical 2 probe system using a pair of weighted osmium needles. In 1970, Solid State Measurements was founded to manufacture spreading resistance profiling tools and in 1974, Solecon Labs was founded to provide spreading resistance profiling services. In 1980, Dickey developed a practical method of determining p or n type using the spreading resistance tool. Improvements have continued but have been challenged by the ever shrinking dimensions of state of the art digital devices. For shallow structures 1 um deep , the data reduction is complex. Some of the contributors to the data reduction are Dickey, ref D. H. Dickey and J. R. Ehrstein, NBS Special Publication 400 48, 1979 ref ref D. H. Dickey, ASTM Subcommittee F1.06 Meeting, Denver, June 1984 ref Schumann and Gardner, ref P. A. Schumann and E. E. Gardner, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 , 87 1969 ref Choo et al. , ref S. C. Choo, M ... and the spreading resistance within the probe tips to a minimum, the measured resistance is almost ... for SIMS tends to be considerably more expensive to manufacture and operate. While spreading ... references Bibliography R. G. Mazur and D. H. Dickey, A Spreading Resistance Technique for Resistivity ... External links http www.institut fresenius.de filestore 89 messungvondotierungspro eng.pdf Spreading ... more details
SAC source of activation confusion is a computational model of memory encoding and retrieval. It has been developed by Lynne M. Reder at Carnegie Mellon University . It shares many commonalities with ACT R . Structure SAC specifies a memory representation consisting of a network of both semantic concept and perceptual nodes such as font and associated episodic context nodes. Similar to her husband s John Anderson model, ACT R , the node activations are governed by a set of common computational principles such as spreadingactivation and the strengthening and decay of activation. However, a unique feature of the SAC model are episode nodes, which are newly formed memory traces that binds the concepts involved with the current experiential context. An additional recent addition to SAC is assumptions governing the probability of forming an association during encoding. These bindings are affected by working memory resources available. SAC is considered among a class of dual process models of memory, since recognition involves two processes a general familiarity process based on the activation of semantic concept nodes and a more specific recollection process based on the activation of episodic context nodes. This feature has allowed SAC to model a variety of memory phenomena, such as meta cognitive rapid feeling of knowing judgments, remember know judgments, the word frequency mirror effect ref Reder, L. M. et al. 2002 . A reexamination of stimulus frequency effects in recognition Two mirrors for low and high frequency pseudowords. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 28 , 138 152. ref ref Reder, L. M. et al. 2000 . A mechanistic account of the mirror effect for word frequency A computational model of remember know judgments in a continuous recognition paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 26 , 294 320. ref , age related memory loss ref Buchler, N. E. G., & Reder, L. M. 2007 . Modeling age related memory ... more details
Infobox Windows component name Windows Process Activation Service logo logo size screenshot screenshot size caption other names WAS type service name Windows Process Activation Service tt was tt service description The Windows Process Activation Service WAS provides process activation, resource management and health management services for message activated applications included with Internet Information Services v7.0 also available for replaces replaced by support status related components Windows Process Activation Service also known as WAS is the process activation mechanism introduced within Internet Information Services v7.0. Windows Activation Service builds on the existing Internet Information Services v6.0 but is more powerful because it provides support for other protocols besides Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP , such as Transmission Control Protocol TCP and Named Pipes . Windows Activation Service extends the ASP.NET HTTP hosting concept ASMX Web Services . As a standalone Windows component, Windows Activation Service is completely separated from the IIS hosting environment and provides a protocol agnostic activation mechanism not limited to HTTP. Windows Activation Service allows the developers to choose the most appropriate protocol for their needs. For HTTP, data transfer relies on the ASP.NET HTTP. For protocols such as TCP and Named Pipes, Windows Activation Service leverages the extensibility points of ASP.NET for transferring data. These capabilities are implemented in the form of protocol handlers, which manage communication between the worker process and the Windows service. There are two types of protocol handlers loaded when the WAS activates a worker process instance Process Protocol Handler PPH and App Domain Protocol Handler ADPH . References Refbegin Cite journal url http msdn.microsoft.com en us magazine cc163357.aspx title IIS 7.0 Extend Your ... title Hosting in Windows Process Activation Service work Microsoft Developer Network publisher Microsoft ... more details
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule is a family of genes. Members of the family include SLAMF1 SLAMF2 CD48 SLAMF3 LY9 SLAMF4 CD244 SLAMF5 CD84 SLAMF6 SLAMF7 SLAMF8 SLAMF9 Category Genes on chromosome 1 Biochem stub ... more details
File Windows XP Activation Wizard.png thumb right alt The Activation Wizard in Windows XP The Activation Wizard in Windows XP Microsoft Product Activation is a form of digital rights management used by Microsoft .... ref name MSFT Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Product Activation. Protect Yourself From Piracy. http .... ref name TECH Process Before activation File Office 2010 Activation Wizard.png thumb right alt The Activation Wizard in Office 2010 The Activation Wizard in Office 2010 When installing a retail copy ... included with the program, which is later verified during activation. ref name MSFT Immediate activation is not required following installation, but the program must be activated within ... Businesses using this licensing system have the option of using Microsoft s activation server computing ... Volume Activation, Activate Office 2010. Microsoft TechNet. http technet.microsoft.com en us office ... from the user. ref name MSFT11 Microsoft Corporation. Preserving OEM Pre Activation when ... information stored in the BIOS by the manufacturer, ensuring the activation only remains valid ... If activation is not performed within the grace period or fails because of an illegal or invalid ... at all until the activation process is completed successfully. ref name MSFT8 Microsoft Corporation ... 25, 2011 . ref ref name MSFT9 Microsoft Corporation. Windows Product Activation. Microsoft TechNet ... out of grace or has undergone a failed activation. In the former case, built in games and premium ... Microsoft Corporation. How to install Windows Vista Service Pack 1 when the Windows Vista activation ... . ref ref name MSFT2 Microsoft Corporation. Windows Activation Technologies in Windows 7. Microsoft ... ref name MSFT3 Microsoft Corporation. Windows Server 2008 Product Activation. Windows Server 2008 R2 ..., 2011 . ref ref name MSFT4 Microsoft Corporation. Windows Server 2008 R2 Product Activation. Windows ... name IFW2 When activation takes place, the program saves a record of the verification data in the user ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced July 2009 wikify January 2011 orphan January 2011 Shortcode activation protocol is a programming device that allows mobile phone users to send a short activation word to a Premium rate telephone number premium rate phone line operated via SMS . Examples Typical activation words are join or connect . When used in billing services they are typically, pay or send . Combination Protocol In services that require personal or further information such as dating service s operated via SMS, they will require a single activation word and then other details. Example text join then SPACE name SPACE age This would then look like JOIN HARRY 25 This Communications protocol protocol would then place the user on a database , allowing matches to be submitted to the users phone and other similar users defined by variables on the service provider s protocol requirements. Example users 21 25 will be aware of each other, or users looking for blonde female will be notified when a blonde female enters the protocol requirements. Other combination protocols include news programs or radio announcements, whereby the protocol is used to collect a message or report. Typical instances are text NEWS then SPACE then your report . DEFAULTSORT Shortcode Activation Protocol Category Computer programming tools Wireless stub ... more details
orphan date December 2009 Merge Amino acid date December 2009 Merge Protein biosynthesis date October 2011 Unreferenced date December 2009 Amino acid activation refers to the attachment of an amino acid to its Transfer RNA tRNA . Aminoacyltransferases Aminoacyl transferase binds Adenosine triphosphate ATP to amino acid. Aminoacyl transferase binds ATP amino acid to tRNA. The ATP is used in this step. Amino Acid Activation During amino acid activation the amino acids aa are attached to their corresponding tRNA. The coupling reactions are catalysed by a group of enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases named after the reaction product aminoacyl tRNA or aa tRNA . The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps 1. aa ATP aa AMP PP, pyrophosphate 2. aa AMP tRNA aa tRNA AMP The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3 end of the tRNA the A in the sequence CCA via an ester bond roll over in illustration . The formation of the ester bond conserves a considerable part of the energy from the activation reaction. This stored energy provides the majority of the energy needed for peptide bond formation during translation. Each of the 20 amino acids are recognised by its specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. The synthetases are usually composed of one to four protein subunits. The enzymes vary considerably in structure although they all perform the same type of reaction by binding ATP, one specific amino acid and its corresponding tRNA. The specificity of the amino acid activation is as critical for the translational accuracy as the correct matching of the codon with the anticodon. The reason is that the ribosome only sees the anticodon of the tRNA during translation. Thus, the ribosome will not be able to discriminate between tRNAs with the same anticodon but linked to different amino acids. The error frequency of the amino acid activation reaction is approximately 1 in 10 000 despite the small structural differences between some of the amino acids. Category Acidi ... more details
Carbon hydrogen bond activation or C H activation may be defined as a reaction that cleaves a carbon hydrogen bond . ref Alkane C&minus H activation and functionalization with homogeneous transition metal ... Trans. 2001, 17, 2437 2450. DOI 10.1039 B103147N ref ref Organometallic alkane CH activation , R ... ref Mechanistic Aspects of C H Activation by Pt Complexes , M. Lersch, M.Tilset, Chem. Rev. 2005, 105 ..., 451, 417 424, DOI 10.1038 nature06485 ref ref Mechanisms of C&minus H bond activation rich synergy ... Bahamonde, Dalton Trans. 2009, 5820 5831. DOI 10.1039 B904967C ref ref C&minus H Bond Activation in Transition ... Organometallic C&minus H Bond Activation An Introduction Alan S. Goldman and Karen I. Goldberg ACS Symposium Series 885, Activation and Functionalization of C&minus H Bonds, 2004 , 1 43 ref ref Arndtsen ... Bond Activation by Synthetic Metal Complexes in Homogeneous Solution. Accounts of Chemical Research ... on the C&minus H activation reaction. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical , 2004 220 1 7 25 ... CH activation. A significant driver for this type of research is the prospect that C&minus H activation ... organic compounds. Historic overview The first C&minus H activation reaction is often attributed ... , but some scholars do not view this reaction as being truly C&minus H activation. relevant??In 1955 Jack Halpern demonstrated the electrophilic activation of dihydrogen in terms of bond strength a H&minus ... and a proton ref Mechanism of the Catalytic Activation of Molecular Hydrogen by Metal Ions J. Halpern and E. Peters J. Chem. Phys. 23, 605 1955 DOI 10.1063 1.1742063 ref ref Homogeneous Catalytic Activation ... H activation resembles aspects of H&minus H activation both can be achieved by electrophilic or oxidative addition. The first true C&minus H activation reaction was reported by Joseph Chatt in 1965 ... M. Whitesides in 1979 was the first to carry out an intramolecular aliphatic C&minus H activation ... groups 1982, by Robert George Bergman R. G. Bergman with the first photochemical C&minus H activation ... more details
Multiple issues primary sources June 2008 notability September 2010 context October 2009 JavaBeans Activation Framework , or JAF , enables developers to ref http java.sun.com javase technologies desktop javabeans jaf JavaBeans Activation Framework . Retrieved 2010 07 06. ref determine the type of an arbitrary piece of data encapsulate access to it discover the operations available on it and instantiate the appropriate bean to perform the operation s . It also enables you to dynamically register types of arbitrary data and actions associated with particular kinds of data. Additionally, it enables a program to dynamically provide or retrieve JavaBeans that implement actions associated with some kind of data. External links http java.sun.com javase technologies desktop javabeans jaf downloads index.html Java Technologies References Reflist Category Java programming language software stub ko ... more details
orphan date November 2009 Time Delay Toxin Activation TDTA belongs to a class of chemotherapy Medication drugs known as High Specificity Anticancer Agents. This is a process for manufacturing and administering chemotherapy drugs in a nontoxic, proto drug form. Then, after a time delay to allow for concentration in the target cancer or invasive tissues or Cell biology cells , the non toxic drug is then modified by an activation drug to selectively provide toxic levels of a pharmacologically active agent to the target issue. This minimizes the toxicity to healthy cells, reducing the adverse side effects of chemotherapy. This idea was first proposed by Evan Harris Walker Dr. Evan Harris Walker in 1980. References cite web title US Patent Office application number 20040192578 url http appft1.uspto.gov netacgi nph Parser?Sect1 PTO1&Sect2 HITOFF&d PG01&p 1&u 2Fnetahtml 2FPTO 2Fsrchnum.html&r 1&f G&l 50&s1 2220040192578 22.PGNR.&OS DN 20040192578&RS DN 20040192578 accessdate February 2, 2006 cite web title High specificity anticancer agents work USPTO Full text patent database url http patft.uspto.gov netacgi nph Parser?Sect1 PTO2&Sect2 HITOFF&p 1&u netahtml search bool.html&r 1&f G&l 50&co1 AND&d ptxt&s1 6,767,919.WKU.&OS PN 6,767,919&RS PN 6,767,919 accessdate January 29, 2006 DEFAULTSORT Time Delay Toxin Activation Category Medical treatments ... more details
Interactive activation and competition IAC networks are neural networks used to model memory and intuitive generalizations. They are made up of nodes or artificial neuron s which are arrayed and activated in ways that emulate the behaviors of human memory. The IAC model is used by the parallel distributed processing PDP Group and is associated with James L. McClelland and David E. Rumelhart it is described in detail in their book Explorations in Parallel Distributed Processing A Handbook of Models, Programs, and Exercises . ref http www.stanford.edu group pdplab pdphandbook ref This model does not contradict any currently known biological data or theories, and its performance is close enough to human performance as to warrant further investigation. ref http hincapie.psych.purdue.edu PDP Primer IAC.html IACcase ref References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http srsc.ulb.ac.be pdp IAC IAC.html A tribute to interactive activation http www.itee.uq.edu.au cogs2010 cmc chapters IAC The interactive activation and competition network how neural networks process information Category Neural networks AI stub ... more details
Macrophage activation syndrome MAS is a severe, potentially life threatening, complication of several chronic rheumatic diseases of childhood. It occurs most commonly with systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis SoJIA , which is also known as Still s disease . In addition, MAS has been described in association with systemic lupus erythematosus SLE , Kawasaki disease , and adult onset Still s disease. It is thought to be closely related and pathophysiologically very similar to reactive secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis HLH . ref name Grom cite journal author Grom AA, Mellins ED title Macrophage activation syndrome advances towards understanding pathogenesis journal Curr Opin Rheumatol volume 22 issue 5 pages 561 6 year 2010 month September pmid 20517154 doi 10.1097 01.bor.0000381996.69261.71 ref The incidence of MAS is unknown as there is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and episodes may remain unrecognized. Clinical and laboratory findings The hallmark clinical and laboratory features include high fever, hepatosplenomegaly , lymphadenopathy , pancytopenia , liver dysfunction , disseminated intravascular coagulation , hypofibrinogenemia , hyperferritinemia , and hypertriglyceridemia . Despite marked systemic inflammation, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR is paradoxically depressed, caused by low fibrinogen levels. The low ESR helps to distinguish the disorder from a flare of the underlying rheumatic disorder, in which case the ESR is usually elevated. A bone marrow biopsy or aspirate usually shows hemophagocytosis . Etiology and pathophysiology In many cases a trigger is identified, often a viral infection, or a medication. There is uncontrolled activation and proliferation of macrophages, and T lymphocytes, with a marked increase in circulating ... markers of macrophage activation e.g. soluble CD163 , and lymphocyte activation e.g. soluble IL ... links http emedicine.medscape.com article 1380671 overview Macrophage Activation Syndrome , MedScape ... more details
factor beta signal transduction in epithelial cells. Pharmacol Ther. 2001 91 1 34. ref . TGF activation ... pathway activations are currently known, and yet, the full mechanism behind the suggested activation ... Munger and D.B. Rifkin, Making sense of latent TGF activation, J. Cell Sci. 116 2003 , pp. 217 224 ... Hoff, M. H. and Dix, T. A. 1996 . Redox mediated activation of latent transforming growth factor beta 1. Mol. Endocrinol. 10,1077 1083 ref ref Wipff, P. J. and B. Hinz 2008 . Integrins and the activation ... activators. Integrin independent TGF activationActivation by protease and metalloprotease ... W.G. 1993 . The TGF activation process involves the release of the LLC from the matrix, followed by further ... might be involved. Activation by pH Acidic conditions can denature the LAP. Treatment of the medium with extremes of pH 1.5 or 12 resulted in significant activation of TGF beta as shown by radio receptor ... ref Lyons R. M., Keski Oja, J. and Moses, H. L. 1988 . Proteolytic activation of latent transforming growth factor beta from fibroblast conditioned medium. J. Cell Biol. 106,1659 1665 ref . Activation ..., M. H 1996 . Activation by thrombospondin 1 Thrombospondin 1 TSP 1 is a matricellular glycoprotein .... E. 1993 . Thrombospondin causes activation of latent transforming growth factor beta secreted by endothelial ... to the matured TGF ref Murphy Ullrich, J. E. and Poczatek, M. 2000 . Activation of latent TGF beta by thrombospondin 1 mechanisms and physiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 11, 59 69. ref . Activation ... activation, arose from studies that examined mutations knockouts of 6 integrin ref Huang et al., 1996 ... and the activation of latent transforming growth factor beta 1 An intimate relationship. European ... into biochemical signals which can lead to liberation activation of TGFb from its latent complex ... causes ref . This pathway has been demonstrated for activation of TGF in epithelial cells and does not associate MMPs ref Andrew W. Taylor, Review of the activation of TGF in immunity, 2008 ... more details
File Cypres 2.jpg thumb Cypres II panel Automatic Activation Device in skydiving terminology refers to an electronic pyrotechnic fastener pyrotechnic or mechanical device that automatically opens the main or reserve parachute container at a preset altitude or after a preset time. AADs are typically used to open the reserve parachute container at a preset altitude if the descent rate exceeds a preset activation speed. ref http adventure.howstuffworks.com skydiving6.htm ref This indicates that the user has not opened his parachute, or that the parachute is malfunctioning and is not slowing the descent rate sufficiently. The older style mechanical AADs are falling out of fashion in favour of the newer style electronic pyrotechnic models. The built in computers in the newer models can make much better estimates of the altitude and the vertical speed, therefore making the units more reliable than the older types. Examples Examples of specific AADs are Electronic class wikitable Manufacturer Models Advanced Aerospace Designs Vigil, Vigil 2 Airtec CYPRES , CYPRES 2 Aviacom Argus FXC Astra MarS MPAAD These types of AAD typically employ a small pyrotechnic charge to sever the reserve container closing loop, allowing the spring loaded reserve pilot chute to deploy. Mechanical class wikitable Manufacturer Models FXC Model 12000 Hi Tek Model 8000 SSE Sentinel ref http skydivekamloops.org rigging manuals SentinelMK2000.pdf User manual SSE Sentinel ref 2MPZ KAP 3 Safety AADs can malfunction and deploy the reserve parachute when the firing parameters have not been met, but this is rare even with the older mechanical AADs and almost unheard of with newer electronic models. This will result ... http www.vigil.aero Advanced Aerospace Designs Vigil http www.parachutehistory.com process activation hitek.html ParachuteHistory.com Hi Tek 8000 http www.parachutehistory.com process activation sentinel.html ParachuteHistory.com Sentinel References References Category Parachuting cs Automatic activation ... more details
The softmax activation function is a neural transfer function . In neural network s, transfer functions calculate a layer s output from its net input. It is a biologically plausible approximation to the Maxima and minima maximum operation ref Cadieu C, Kouh M, Pasupathy A, Conner CE, Riesenhuber M, and Poggio T. A Model of V4 Shape Selectivity and Invariance. J Neurophysiol 98 1733 1750, 2007. ref . It is used to simulate an invariance operation of complex cells ref name Serre2005 Serre T, Kouh M, Cadieu C, Knoblich U, Kreiman G, and Poggio T. http people.csail.mit.edu knoblich papers MIT CSAIL TR 2005 082.pdf A theory of object recognition computations and circuits in the feedforward path of the ventral stream in primate visual cortex. CBCL Paper 259 AI Memo 2005 036. Cambridge, MA MIT, 2005. ref where it is defined as math y g left frac sum j 1 n x j q 1 k left sum j 1 n x j q right right text , math where math g math is a sigmoid function . In neural network simulations, the term softmax activation function refers to a similar function defined by ref ai faq http www.faqs.org faqs ai faq neural nets part2 section 12.html What is a softmax activation function? ref math p i frac exp q i sum j 1 n exp q j text , math where p is the value of an output node, q is the net input to an output node, and n is the number of output nodes. It ensures all of the output values p are between 0 and 1, and that their sum is 1. This is a generalization of the logistic function to multiple variables. See Multinomial logit for a probability model which uses the softmax activation function. Reinforcement learning In the field of reinforcement learning , a softmax function can be used to convert values into action probabilities. The function commonly used is ref Sutton, R. S. and Barto A. G. Reinforcement Learning An Introduction . The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998. http webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca ... for optimization techniques that use gradient descent. References references DEFAULTSORT Softmax Activation ... more details
Science with neutrons In chemistry, neutron activation analysis NAA is a nuclear reaction nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of chemical element elements in a vast amount of materials. NAA allows discrete Sampling statistics sampling of elements as it disregards the chemical form of a sample, and focuses solely on its nucleus. The method is based on neutron activation and therefore requires a source of neutron s. The sample is bombarded with neutrons, causing the elements to form ... decay rates activity of a radioactive sample. Overview Neutron activation analysis is a sensitive ... used for activation uses uranium Nuclear fission fission , providing a high neutron flux and the highest ... is of activation by slow neutrons, slow neutrons are fully moderated within the reactor and have KE 0.5 eV. Medium KE neutrons may also be used for activation, these neutrons have been only partially moderated and have KE of 0.5 eV to 0.5 MeV, and are termed epithermal neutrons. Activation with epithermal neutrons is known as Epithermal NAA ENAA . High KE neutrons are sometimes used for activation ... have a KE 0.5 MeV. Activation with fast neutrons is termed Fast NAA FNAA . Another major experimental ... irradiation Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis prompt gamma , or at some time after irradiation ... on irradiated samples it is termed Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis INAA . In some cases ... the radioisotope of interest, this technique is known as Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis ... to create pulses of neutrons, they have been used for some activation work where the decay of the target ... level radioactive material also the number of suitable activation nuclear reactors is declining ... State University Nuclear Radiation Center http www.actlabs.com trace elem analysis.htm Activation ... references DEFAULTSORT Neutron Activation Analysis Category Analytical chemistry Category Scientific techniques ar de Neutronenaktivierung fr Activation neutronique it Analisi ... more details
the NK KARs meaning Killer Activation Receptors and the NK KIRs meaning Killer Inhibitory Receptors ... subunits that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motifs ITAMs in their cytoplasmic tails ... where x is any amino acid separated by six to eight amino acid residues. When the binding of an activation ligand to an activation receptor complex occurs, the tyrosine residues in the ITAMs in the associated ... Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors NCR , and it only includes activation receptors. The two other classes are Natural Killer Group 2 NKG2 , which includes activation and inhibition receptors in this article ... classes of NKG2D A, B, C, E and H , but the union can trigger an activation or an inhibition response ... Fc RIII which contains N glycosylation sites therefore, it is a glycoprotein . Killer Activation ... determine the opposite functions of activation and inhibitory receptors. Activation receptors are associated ... can discharge their function properly through two types of receptors Killer Activation Receptor ... to lectins, there are other molecules implicated in the activation of NK. These additional proteins ... which are related to the activation in an unknown way. These are NKp30, Nkp44 and Nkp46. To recapitulate, these ligands activate the NK, as we explained. However, before the activation, Killer ... cancers , is that a Killer Activation Receptor KAR , located on the surface of the NK cell, binds ... first2 SK title Activation receptor induced tolerance of mature NK cells in vivo requires signaling ... more details
PBB geneid 2191 Fibroblast activation protein, alpha FAP also known as seprase or 170 kDa melanoma membrane bound gelatinase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAP gene . ref name entrez Function The protein encoded by this gene is a homodimeric integral membrane gelatinase belonging to the serine protease family. It is selectively expressed in reactive stromal fibroblast s of epithelial cancers, granulation tissue of healing wounds, and malignant cells of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. This protein is thought to be involved in the control of fibroblast growth or epithelial mesenchymal interactions during development, tissue repair, and epithelial carcinogenesis. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene FAP fibroblast activation protein, alpha url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 2191 accessdate ref FAP, also known as seprase, belongs to the clan SC proteases and is a member of the S9B prolyl oligopeptidase subfamily. Other members ... Fibroblast activation protein is a homodimeric integral protein with dipeptidyl peptidase IV DPPIV like ... analysis of the substrate specificity of human fibroblast activation protein alpha journal J. Biol .... title Fibroblast activation protein purification, epitope mapping and induction by growth factors ... cite journal author Mathew S, Scanlan MJ, Mohan Raj BK, et al. title The gene for fibroblast activation ... B, et al. title Molecular cloning of fibroblast activation protein alpha, a member of the serine protease ... cell marker fibroblast activation protein correlates with the degree of fibrosis in hepatitis C virus ... Gorrell MD, Wang XM, Levy MT, et al. title Intrahepatic expression of collagen and fibroblast activation ... journal author Cheng JD, Valianou M, Canutescu AA, et al. title Abrogation of fibroblast activation ... al. title Structural and kinetic analysis of the substrate specificity of human fibroblast activation ... of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to the human stromal antigen, fibroblast activation protein implication ... more details
Out of date date July 2011 The activation synthesis hypothesis , proposed by Harvard University psychiatrist s Allan Hobson John Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley , is a neurobiological theory of dream s first published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in December 1977. The differences in neuronal activity of the brainstem during waking and REM sleep were observed, and the hypothesis proposes that dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep. ref name H Hobson, J.A. 2009. REM sleep and dreaming towards a theory of protoconsciousness . Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 1 11. ref Since then, the hypothesis has undergone an evolution as technology and experimental equipment has become more precise. Currently, a three dimensional model called AIM Model, described below, is used to determine ... predictions of external inputs created by dreaming. Original activation synthesis hypothesis model anchor Original Activation Synthesis Hypothesis Model Hobson and McCarley originally proposed in the 1970s ... 60. ref This was perceived as the activation synthesis model, stating that brain activation during ... and night. It is composed of three different values A activation, I input output gating, and M modulation ... identify and measure M in humans. During waking and activation of primary and secondary consciousnesses ... consciousness. Activation A Large parts of the brain that are activated and sending signals during waking ... that the brain and its neural circuitry is plastic and self regulating, especially in its own activation ... formation and activation of the EEG . Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1, 455 473 ref Following ... of brain activation and deactivation. ref name H Input output gating I anchor Input Output Gating I It has been shown that the internal activation of the brain is associated with the inhibition of both .... The brain as a dream state generator an activation synthesis hypothesis of the dream process . American ... brain activation during sleep is necessary for the development and maintenance of waking ... more details
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