wiktionary stabilityStability may refer to Mathematics Stability theory , the study of the stability of solutions to differential equations and dynamical systems Lyapunov stability Structural stabilityStability probability , a property of probability distributions Stability learning theory , a property of machine learning algorithms Numerical stability , a property of numerical algorithms which describes how errors in the input data propagate through the algorithm Stability radius , a property of continuous polynomial functions Stable theory , concerned with the notion of stability in model theory geometric invariant theory StabilityStability , a property of points in geometric invariant theory ... stability atmospheric stability , a measure of the turbulence in the ambient atmosphere BIBO stability Bounded Input, Bounded Output stability , in signal processing and control theory Stability control theory , part of electrical engineering Directional stability , the tendency for a body ... static stability Nyquist stability criterion , defining the limits of stability for pole zero analysis in control theory control systems Relaxed stability , the property of inherently unstable aircraft Ship stability in naval architecture includes Limit of Positive StabilityStability conditions watercraft of waterborne vessels. Slope stabilityStability Model of software design. Natural sciences Band of stability , in physics, the scatter distribution of isotopes which do not decay Chemical stability , occurring when a substance is in a dynamic chemical equilibrium with its environment Thermal stability of a chemical compound stability of a chemical stability constants of complexes complex Convective instability , a meteorological condition Ecological stability , measure of the probability of a population returning quickly to a previous state, or not going extinct Plasma stability ... Core stability of the abdominal muscles Joint stability in the musculoskeletal system Social sciences ... more details
Orbital stability may refer to The Orbital spaceflight Stabilitystability of orbits of planetary bodies Orbital resonance Resonance between said orbits The closure of the orbit of a reductive group, in Geometric invariant theory Stability geometric invariant theory A stable electron configuration dab ... more details
Stability Pact can mean The Stability and Growth Pact of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe disambig ... more details
Static stability is the ability of a robot to remain upright when at rest, or under acceleration and deceleration. Static stability may also refer to In aircraft or missiles Static margin a concept used to characterize the static stability and controllability of aircraft and missiles. Longitudinal static stability the stability of an aircraft in the longitudinal, or pitching, plane during static established conditions. In meteorology Fluid statics Static stability also called hydrostatic stability or vertical stability the ability of a fluid at rest to become turbulent or laminar due to the effects of buoyancy. In sailing Sailing Heeling Static stability the angle of roll, or heel, achieved under constant wind conditions. disambig ... more details
Multiple issues context March 2012 unreferenced March 2012 L stability or L scal Lae scal stability is a special case of A stability, a property of Linear Multi step Methods LMM . A method is L stable if it is A stable and math phi z to 0 math as math z to infty math . See Stiff equation . Category Numerical differential equations mathapplied stub ... more details
Thermal stability is the stability of a molecule at high temperature s i.e. a molecule with more stability has more resistance to decomposition at high temperatures. Thermal stability also describes, as defined by Schmidt 1928 , the stability of a water body and its resistance to mixing. This is the amount of work needed to transform the waterbody e.g. a lake to a uniform water density. The Schmidt stability S is commonly measured in Joule per square metre or g cm cm . Compare Stratification water Stratification . References Unreferenced date January 2009 references Further reading cite book title Engineering Tribology author Gwidon W. Stachowiak and Andrew W. Batchelor pages 39&ndash 40 publisher Butterworth&ndash Heinemann date 2005 isbn 0750678364 isbn13 9780750678360 Schmidt, W. 1928. ber Temperatur und Stabilit tsverh ltnisse von Seen. Geogr. Ann 10 145 177. Category Molecular physics engineering stub chemistry stub ... more details
Stability constant may refer to Equilibrium constant Acid dissociation constant Stability constants of complexes dab Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Stability testing can refer to In software testing , an attempt to determine if an application will crash In the pharmaceutical field, how well a product retains its quality over the life span of the product disambig ... more details
In mathematics , in the realm of group theory , the stability group of normal series subnormal series is the group of automorphisms that act as identity on each quotient group . Category Group theory Abstract algebra stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Stability EP Type ep Artist Death Cab for Cutie Cover The Stability E.P. Cover.jpg Released Startdate 2002 02 19 Recorded Genre Indie music Indie rock Length Label Barsuk Records Producer Reviews Pitchfork Media 6.9 10 http www.pitchforkmedia.com article record review 16923 the stability ep link Robert Christgau Rating Christgau dud http www.robertchristgau.com get artist.php?name death cab for cutie link Last album The Photo Album br 2001 This album The Stability EP br 2002 Next album Transatlanticism br 2003 Misc Extra chronology Artist Death Cab for Cutie singles Type singles Last single Prove My Hypotheses br 1999 This single Stability br 2002 Next single A Movie Script Ending br 2002 The Stability EP is a limited edition EP by Indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie , released February 19, 2002. The release marks the final appearance of drummer Michael Schorr . The tracks on The Stability EP were originally featured as bonus tracks on the limited edition and Japanese versions of The Photo Album . ref name bark23 cite web url http www.barsuk.com shop bark023 title Death Cab for Cutie the stability ep accessdate 2007 07 22 author Barsuk Records work Shop ref Song information Stability reappears as the closing track to the band s 2005 major label debut, Plans album Plans . The new recording is considerably shorter than the original twelve minute, ref name bark23 mostly instrumental version found on this EP, ending where the vocals end. The version included on Plans is titled Stable Song . A live rehearsal version of Stability ... Harmer , Christopher Walla 4 36 All Is Full of Love Bj rk Gu mundsd ttir 3 17 Stability Gibbard, Walla ... on Stability John Vanderslice additional vocals on Stability Jeff Saltzman mastering S.E. Sharma at Avast mixing on All Is Full of Love References references Death Cab for Cutie DEFAULTSORT Stability Ep, The Category Death Cab for Cutie albums Category 2002 EPs sv The Stability E.P. ... more details
Initial stability is the resistance of a boat to a small amount of lateral tilting from its Mechanical equilibrium equilibrium position . It is determined by the difference in the volume of water Displacement fluid displaced on each side of the boat as it tilts and is relatively independent of Hull watercraft hull shape for small angles of tilt. The wider the boat, the greater the difference in water volume displaced during lateral tilting and the greater the initial stability. Wide boats such as the jonsboat have a great deal of initial stability and allow the occupants to stand upright to engage in fishing activities. Very narrow boats such as canoe s and kayak s have little initial stability. It is essential to keep the centre of gravity as low as possible in such craft so occupants generally sit down at all times. Flatwater racing shells rowing shells , which have length to Beam nautical beam ratios of up to 30 1 are inherently unstable and must be actively balanced by the athletes. After approximately 10 degrees of lateral tilt hull shape gains importance and secondary stability becomes the dominant consideration in boat stability. Category Classical mechanics Category Boats unreferenced date January 2008 ... more details
dablink For the branch of model theory , see stable theory . In mathematics , stability theory addresses the stability of solutions of differential equation s and of trajectories of dynamical system s under ... stability Lyapunov stable if the forward orbit of any point in a small enough neighborhood of it stays in a small but perhaps, larger neighborhood. Various criteria have been developed to prove stability ... to similar behavior. Stability theory addresses the following questions will a nearby orbit indefinitely ... . Stability means that the trajectories do not change too much under small perturbations ... converging nor escaping completely , and then stability theory does not give sufficient information about the dynamics. One of the key ideas in stability theory is that the qualitative behavior of an orbit ..., and the nearby points converge to it at an exponential decay exponential rate, cf Lyapunov stability and exponential stability . If none of the eigenvalues is purely imaginary or zero then the attracting ... of more complicated orbits. Stability of fixed points The simplest kind of an orbit is a fixed point ... tests of stability for the case of a linear system. Stability of a nonlinear system can often be inferred from the stability of its linearization . Maps Let f R &rarr R be a continuously ... at a is exactly 1 or &minus 1, then more information is needed in order to decide stability. There is an analogous ... s of a smooth manifold . Linear autonomous systems The stability of fixed points of a system of constant ... in practice, in order to decide the stability of the origin for a linear system, is facilitated by the Routh Hurwitz stability criterion . The eigenvalues of a matrix are the roots of its characteristic ... systems Asymptotic stability of fixed points of a non linear system can often be established ... be tested using the Routh Hurwitz stability criterion Routh Hurwitz criterion . Lyapunov function for general dynamical systems main Lyapunov function A general way to establish Lyapunov stability or asymptotic ... more details
In game theory , the price of stability PoS of a game is the ratio between the best objective function value of one of its equilibria and that of an optimal outcome. The PoS is relevant for games in which there is some objective authority that can influence the players a bit, and maybe help them converge to a good Nash equilibrium . When measuring how efficient a Nash equilibrium is in a specific game we often time also talk about the price of anarchy PoA . Examples Another way of expressing PoS is math text PoS frac text value of best Nash equilibrium text value of optimal solution , text PoS geq 0. math In the following prisoner s dilemma game, since there is a single equilibrium B, R ... Bottom 0,0 5,10 Background and milestones The price of stability was first studied by A. Schulzan ... equilibrium always exists and the price of stability of this game is at most the nth harmonic number ... of stability of 4 3 for a single source and two players case. Jian li has proved that for undirected graphs with a distinguished destination to which all players must connect the price of stability ... of players. Purpose The price of stability is used to measure inefficiency. It differentiates between .... Formally, for a game with multiple equilibria, the price of stability is at least as close to 1 as the price of anarchy . Use The price of stability is studied for two main reasons. The first ... one is that the price of stability has a natural interpretation in many network games. We can regard .... These can either accept it or not. The price of stability measures the benefit of such protocols. Because of this interpretation the price of stability is typically studied only for equilibrium ... game theory By Noam Nisan The price of stability in selfish scheduling games by Lucas Agussurja and Hoong Chuin Lau An math O log n log log n math upper bound on the price of stability for undirected Shapely network design games by Jian Li . DEFAULTSORT Price of stability Category Game theory ... more details
Image Saturn Kelvin Helmholtz.jpg thumb right Kelvin Helmholtz instability on Saturn , caused by the interaction between two bands of the planet s atmosphere . In fluid dynamics , hydrodynamic stability is the field of study field which analyses the stability and the onset of instability of fluid flows. Instabilities may develop further into turbulence . ref name p1 See Drazin 2002 , Introduction to hydrodynamic stability , p. 1. ref The foundations of hydrodynamic stability, both theoretical and experimental, were laid by notably Hermann von Helmholtz Helmholtz , William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin Kelvin , John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh Rayleigh and Osborne Reynolds Reynolds during the nineteenth century. ref name p1 See also List of hydrodynamic instabilities G rtler vortices Kelvin Helmholtz instability Plasma stability Rayleigh Taylor instability Taylor Couette flow Taylor Goldstein equation Orr Sommerfeld equation Notes reflist References citation title Introduction to hydrodynamic stability first P. G. last Drazin publisher Cambridge University Press year 2002 isbn 0 521 00965 0 citation first1 P.G. last1 Drazin first2 W.H. last2 Reid title Hydrodynamic stability publisher Cambridge University Press year 1981 isbn 0 521 28980 7 citation first C.C. last Lin authorlink Chia Chiao Lin title The theory of hydrodynamic stability publisher Cambridge University Press year 1966 edition corrected citation first D.D. last Joseph authorlink Daniel D. Joseph title Stability of fluid motions I publisher Springer Verlag volume 27 series Tracts in Natural Philosophy year 1976 isbn 3 540 07541 3 br citation first D.D. last Joseph title Stability of fluid motions II publisher Springer Verlag volume 28 series Tracts in Natural Philosophy year 1976 isbn 3 540 07516 X citation first S.S. last Sritharan title Invariant manifold theory for hydrodynamic transition publisher Wiley year 1990 series Pitman research notes in mathematics series volume 241 isbn 0582067812 External links c ... more details
The stability radius of an object system, function, matrix, parameter at a given nominal point is the radius ... pre determined stability conditions. The picture of this intuitive notion is this Image Radius of stability 1.png 500px where math hat p math denotes the nominal point, math P math denotes the space ... the set of points that satisfy the stability conditions. Abstract definition The formal definition ... Hindrichsen, D. and Pritchard, A.J. 1986 . Stability radii of linear systems, Systems and Control ... of interest. Relation to Wald s maximin model It was shown ref name MS10 that the stability radius ... to force the math max math player not to perturb the nominal value beyond the stability radius of the system. It is an indication that the stability model is a model of local stability robustness ... a stability radius model characterized by a simple stability requirement of the form math r c le R q ... robustness.png 500px Since stability radius models are designed to deal with small perturbations ... convenient to define the stability radius slightly different. For example, in many applications in control theory the radius of stability is defined as the size of the smallest destabilizing perturbation ... 1998 . Analysis of the Local Robustness of Stability for Flows. Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems , 11, 289 302. ref . The picture is this Image Radius of stability 3.png 500px More formally ... of math p in P math from math hat p math . Stability radius of functions The stability radius of a continuous function f in a functional space F with respect to an open set open stability domain ... of stable functions by S D and the stability radius by r f,D , then math r f,D inf g in C g f g notin ... f,D 0 as long as C contains zero . Applications The notion of stability radius is generally applied ... . This result means that the stability radius is bound with the minimal value that f reaches on the unit ... has a stability radius of 1 80 if q is the power basis and the norm is the infinity norm. So there must ... more details
ref improve date December 2011 Economic stability refers to an absence of excessive fluctuations in the macroeconomy . ref http www.imf.org External np exr facts globstab.htm How the IMF Promotes Global Economic Stability ref An economy with fairly constant GDP output growth and low and stable inflation would be considered economically stable. An economy with frequent large recession s, a pronounced business cycle , very high or variable inflation , or frequent financial crisis financial crises would be considered economically unstable. The United States or Greece is an example of an unstable economy. fact date May 2011 Monetary systems where the money is created as debt,are inherently unstable.The most logical avenue to achieve economic stability would be to change the basis of money creation to a system where there is no fractional reserve banking, and only the gov t can create money.In the United States this would mean ending the Federal Reserve system of private banks creating our money.This would be done by returning the right to create money to the U.S. Treasury.Rep.Dennis Kucinich proposed H.R.2990 THE NEED ACT in 2011 to do just this. The pretense of global bankers like the IMF and Worldbank and Federal Reserve all of whom have long track records of economic instability,being the authoratative source of economic stability is a fallacy that perverts a populations desire for true economic stability. References reflist See also Business cycle Financial crisis Monetary policy Fiscal policy Automatic stabilizer Stability and Growth Pact Category Economics ca Estabilitat econ mica es Estabilidad econ mica nl Economische stabiliteit ... more details
are robust that is to say, have good numerical stability among other desirable properties. Example ... stability There are different ways to formalize the concept of stability. The following definitions of forward, backward, and mixed stability are often used in numerical linear algebra . Image Forward ... a few orders of magnitude bigger than, the unit round off . Image Mixed stability diagram.svg thumb Mixed stability combines the concepts of forward error and backward error. The usual definition of numerical stability uses a more general concept, called mixed stability , which combines the forward ... C 1 , then the growth of the error is called exponential growth exponential . Stability in numerical ... definition of numerical stability is used. In numerical ordinary differential equations , various concepts of numerical stability exist, for instance A stability . They are related to some concept of stability in the dynamical systems sense, often Lyapunov stability . It is important to use ... and stable in this sense . Stability is sometimes achieved by including numerical diffusion ... get spread out and do not add up to cause the calculation to blow up . von Neumann stability analysis is a commonly used procedure for the stability analysis of finite difference scheme s as applied ... a general, consistent definition of stability is complicated by many properties absent in linear ... , Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms , Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia ... 8th Edition , Thomson Brooks Cole, U.S., 2005. ISBN 0 534 39200 8 DEFAULTSORT Numerical Stability Category Numerical analysis Category Stability radius ar cs Stabilita numerick metody de ... more details
In probability theory , the stability of a random variable is the property that a linear combination of two Statistical independence independent copies of the variable has the same probability distribution distribution , up to location parameter location and scale parameter scale parameters. ref Lukacs, E. 1970 Section 5.7 ref The distributions of random variables having this property are said to be stable distributions . Results available in probability theory show that all possible distributions having this property are members of a four parameter family of distributions. The article on the stable distribution describes this family together with some of the properties of these distributions. The importance in probability theory of stability and of the stable family of probability distributions is that they are attractors for properly normed sums of independent and identically distributed random variables. Important special cases of stable distributions are the normal distribution , the Cauchy distribution and the L vy distribution . For details see stable distribution . Definition There are several basic definitions for what is meant by stability. Some are based on summations of random variables and others on properties of characteristic function s. Definition via distribution functions ... ref Stability in probability theory There are a number of mathematical results that can be derived for distributions which have the stability property. That is, all possible families of distributions ... is stable if it is assumed that it has the stability property. The following results can be obtained ... 5.10.1 ref Other types of stability The above concept of stability is based on the idea of a class ... is summation or averaging . Other operations that have been considered include geometric stability ... in this case is the geometric stable distribution Max stability here the operation is to take the maximum ... value theory . See also the stability postulate . A version of this case in which the minimum is taken ... more details
Otheruses4 asymptotic stability of nonlinear systems stability of linear systems exponential stability no footnotes date May 2009 Various types of stability may be discussed for the solutions of differential equations describing dynamical systems . The most important type is that concerning the stability ... stability guarantees a minimal rate of decay, i.e., an estimate of how quickly the solutions converge. The idea of Lyapunov stability can be extended to infinite dimensional manifolds, where it is known as structural stability , which concerns the behavior of different but nearby solutions to differential equations. Input to state stability ISS applies Lyapunov notions to systems with inputs. History Lyapunov stability is named after Aleksandr Lyapunov , a Russian mathematician who published his book The General Problem of Stability of Motion in 1892. Lyapunov was the first to consider the modifications necessary in nonlinear systems to the linear theory of stability based on linearizing ... 1962 period when the so called Second Method of Lyapunov was found to be applicable to the stability ... stability has received wide interest in connection with chaos theory . Lyapunov stability methods ... of the above terms are the following Lyapunov stability of an equilibrium means that solutions starting ... math that one may want to choose. Asymptotic stability means that solutions that start close enough not only remain close enough but also eventually converge to the equilibrium. Exponential stability .... There are counterexamples showing that attractivity does not imply asymptotic stability. Such examples ... for stability Lyapunov, in his original 1892 work, proposed two methods for demonstrating stability ... or radial unboundedness is required in order to conclude global asymptotic stability. It is easier ... or biological systems, the concept of energy may not be applicable. Lyapunov s realization was that stability ... lim n to infty d f n x ,f n y 0 math whenever math d x,y delta math . Stability for linear ... more details
Morefootnotes date April 2009 Image CM alpha.svg thumb right 360px A Stability Derivative. This is an example of a common shorthand notation for stability derivatives. The M indicates it is a measure of pitching ... of Attack . This stability derivative is pronounced see em alpha . It is one measure of how strongly an aircraft wants to fly nose first , which is clearly very important. Stability Derivatives , and also ... as other parameters related to stability change parameters such as airspeed , altitude , Angle of attack .... Equations of motion are used to analyze these changes and oscillations. Stability and control derivatives are used to linearize simplify these equations of motion so the stability of the vehicle can be more readily analyzed. Stability and control derivatives change as flight conditions change. The collection of stability and control derivatives as they change over a range of flight conditions is called an Aero Model . Aero models are used in engineering flight simulators to analyze stability, and in real time flight simulators for training and entertainment. Stability derivative vs. Control derivative Stability derivatives and Control derivatives are related because they both are measures ... and abbreviated in the term S&C derivatives . They differ in that stability derivatives measure the effects ... surface positions A stability derivative measures how much change occurs in a forces force ... Linearization simplification of stability analysis Stability and control derivatives change as flight ... are steady, stability and control derivatives are constant and can be more easily analyzed mathematically ... flight conditions. Application in simulators for stability analysis In a flight simulator, it is possible to look up new values for stability and control derivatives as conditions change. And so, the linear approximations aren t as great and stability can be assessed in maneuvers that span a greater ... simulators . The set of values for stability and control derivatives as they change over various flight ... more details
refimprove date June 2009 In aviation, relaxed stability is the tendency of an aircraft to change its Aircraft attitude attitude and angle of bank of its own accord. citation needed date May 2011 An aircraft with relaxed stability will oscillate citation needed date May 2011 in simple harmonic motion ... with positive stability , citation needed date May 2011 which, when trimmed to fly at a certain ... of a stable aircraft. Similarly, an aircraft with neutral stability will not return to its ... aircraft mostly copied from Wright brothers The differing concepts of stability marked the first heavier ... , Chanute , later Santos Dumont , and Voisin brothers , sought the ideal of inherent stability in a very ... stability in design Image Usaf.f117.750pix.jpg thumb The Lockheed F 117 Nighthawk is not an inherently ... stability to increase clarify date May 2011 maneuverability. The BAE Systems BAE BAE Harrier II Harrier ... lateral stability of the wings mounted high on the fuselage. Unstable aircraft Modern military aircraft ... with relative impunity. However the flat facets of the design reduce its stability to the point where ... stability and control a history of the technologies that made aviation possible year 2002 publisher ... it is not just fighter jets that have relaxed stability designs. The McDonnell Douglas MD 11 has a relaxed stability design which was implemented to save fuel. To ensure stability for safe flight, a LSAS longitudinal stability augmentation system was introduced to compensate for the MD 11 s rather ... been incidents in the past in which the MD 11 s relaxed stability caused an inflight upset. Vertical wing position The vertical positioning of the wing changes the roll stability of an aircraft. An aircraft with a high wing position i.e., set on top of the fuselage has a higher roll stability. A Cessna ... stability. A Piper PA 25 Pawnee Piper Pawnee is an example of a low wing. This is commonly explained ... . New York Simon & Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0 7432 5536 4. refend External links DEFAULTSORT Relaxed Stability ... more details
zero jw 0 means w 0 rad sec . See also Lyapunov stability DEFAULTSORT Marginal Stability Category Dynamical systems Category Stability theory de Grenzstabilit t ... more details
Ship stability is an area of naval architecture and ship design that deals with how a ship behaves at sea, both in still water and in waves. Stability calculations focus on the center of gravity and center ... yacht being tested in the towing tank of Newcastle University Ship stability, as it pertains to naval architecture, has existed for hundreds of years. Historically, ship stability calculations ... from undamaged ones. Longitudinal bulkheads have a similar purpose, but damaged stability effects ... experienced by the structure and also to alter the heel and or trim of the ship. Add on stability ... the stability of the vessel in a calm sea. The International Maritime Organization International Convention on Load Lines does not mention active stability systems as a method of ensuring stability ... stability. Active systems Many vessels are fitted with active stability systems. Active stability ... To Prevent Rolling Popular Mechanics, August 1932 ref Calculated stability conditions When a hull is designed, Stability conditions watercraft stability calculations are performed for the intact and damaged states of the vessel. Ships are usually designed to slightly exceed the stability requirements below , as they are usually tested for this by a classification society . Intact stability Intact stability calculations are relatively straightforward and involve taking all the centers of mass of objects ... operations, and the design sea states are usually taken into account. Damage stabilityStability in the damaged condition Damage stability calculations are much more complicated than intact stability ... and long to compute using other methods. The loss of stability from flooding may be due in part to the free ... , the fluid in the bilge moves to the low side. This results in a list watercraft list . Stability ... unless the tank is on the centerline of the vessel. In stability calculations, when a tank is filled ... accordingly. For merchant vessels, and increasingly for passenger vessels, the damage stability calculations ... more details
Image Slopslump2.jpg thumb 250px Figure 1 Simple slope slip section The field of slope stability encompasses the analysis of static and dynamic stability of slopes of earth and rock fill dams, slopes of other types of embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and soft rock. ref http web.archive.org web 20080528085404 http www.usace.army.mil publications eng manuals em1110 2 1902 entire.pdf US Army Corps of Engineers Manual on Slope Stability ref Slope stability investigation, analysis including modeling , and design mitigation is typically completed by geologists , engineering geologists , or geotechnical engineer s. Geologists and engineering geologists can also use their knowledge ... slope stability based simply on site observations. As seen in Figure 1, earthen slopes can develop ... Slope Stability Calculator accessdate 2006 12 14 work ref A primary difficulty with analysis is locating ... year 2002 title A method for locating critical slip surfaces in slope stability analysis journal ... have only been analyzed after the fact. More recently slope stability radar technology has been employed ... construction work . Stability can thus be significantly improved by installing drainage paths to reduce ... remains, which may then recur at the next monsoon. Slope stability issues can be seen with almost ... is a method for analyzing the stability of a slope in two dimensions. The sliding mass above the failure ... s Method is a method for calculating the stability of slopes. It is an extension of the Method of Slices ... by Sarada K. Sarma ref Sarma S. K. 1975 , Seismic stability of earth dams and embankments . Geotechnique, 25, 743 761 , ISSN 0016 8505 ref is a Slope stability analysis Limit equilibrium analysis Limit equilibrium technique used to assess the stability of slopes under seismic conditions. It may ... s method Lorimer s Method is a technique for evaluating slope stability in cohesive soils. It differs ... Karl von Terzaghi . See also Slope stability radar Slope stability analysis Mass wasting Mohr ... more details
Photograph stability refers the ability of a photographic print or photographic film to remain visibly unchanged over periods of time. Different photographic processes yield varying degrees of stability. Silver halide Black and white negatives and prints made by the silver halide process are stable so long as the photographic substrate is stable. Some papers may yellow with age, or the gelatin matrix may yellow and crack with age. If not developed properly, small amounts of silver halide remaining in the gelatin will darken when exposed to light. In some prints, the black silver oxide is reduced to metallic silver with time, and the image takes on a metallic sheen as the dark areas reflect light instead of absorbing it. Silver can also react with sulfur in the air and form silver sulfide . A correctly processed and stored silver print or negative probably has the greatest stability of any photographic medium, as attested by the wealth of historical black and white photography. Chromogenic Chromogenic dye color processes include Type R and RA 4 process process RA 4 also known as type C prints , C 41 process process C 41 color negatives. and E 6 process process E 6 color reversal Ektachrome film. Chromogenic processes yield organic dyes that are less stable than silver, and can also leave unreacted dye couplers behind during developing. Both factors may lead to color changes over time. The three dyes cyan, magenta, and yellow which make up the print may fade at different rates, causing a color shift in the print. Modern chromogenic papers such as Kodak Endura have achieved excellent stability, however, and are rated for 100 years in home display. Dye destruction Dye destruction ... as Ilfochrome . Ink jet Some ink jet prints are now considered to have excellent stability, while ... claim stability on par with chromogenic prints. However, these claims are based on accelerated aging ... and Print Stability, Image Permanence Institute Category Science of photography ... more details
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