hypothesis is called a negative result or a null result . Statisticalhypothesistesting is a key technique of Frequency probability frequentist statistical inference . The Bayesian approach to hypothesistesting is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability . ref Schervish ... which is now part of statisticalhypothesistesting. Similar test When testing hypotheses concerning ... analysts Statisticalhypothesistesting plays an important role in the whole of statistics ... . Statisticalhypothesistesting is considered a mature area within statistics, but a limited ... Reflist Further reading Lehmann, E.L. 1970 . Testingstatisticalhypothesis 2nd ed. . New York ... Online Tool to Encourage Understanding HypothesisTesting Statistics DEFAULTSORT StatisticalHypothesis ...About frequentist hypothesistesting which is taught in introductory statistics Bayesian hypothesistesting Bayesian inference A statisticalhypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether ... Workers, Edinburgh Oliver and Boyd, 1925, p.43. ref Hypothesistesting is sometimes called confirmatory ... 2004 isbn 076194138X ref One use of hypothesistesting is deciding whether experimental results contain ... statistical significance test. The null hypothesis represents what we would believe by default, before ... of more trials and repeated tests. The testing process In the statistical literature, statisticalhypothesistesting plays a fundamental role. ref Lehmann,1970 ref The usual line of reasoning ... high Statistical power power is used, the idea of accepting the null hypothesis may be dangerous .... Alternatively, if the testing procedure forces us to reject the null hypothesis H sub 0 sub , we ... in the book by Lehmann and Romano ref Cite book title TestingStatistical Hypotheses ... Springer location New York ref Statisticalhypothesis A statement about the parameters describing a population ... statistic for which the null hypothesis is rejected. statistical power Power of a test 1 &minus ... more details
main Statisticalhypothesistesting In statisticalhypothesistesting , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statisticalhypothesistestingstatisticalhypothesis test . An example might ... a major component in modern statisticalhypothesistesting . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statisticalhypothesistesting, and he violently opposed its ... statisticalhypothesistesting accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... testing Category Statistical inference eo Alternativa hipotezo ko ... hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully ... interest but are fundamental to theoretical considerations of statistical inference and are the basis of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... Psychologist , 45 1304&ndash 1312. ref In Fisher s approach to testing, the central idea is to assess whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... more details
to statisticalhypothesistesting part of this terminology is outlined here, but see Statisticalhypothesistesting Definition of terms this list of definitions for a more complete set. Simple hypothesis ... test . Sample size Statisticalhypothesistesting involves performing the same experiment on multiple ... size . See also Portal Statistics Counternull Statisticalhypothesistesting References Reflist 2 Further ... of experiments Category Hypothesistesting Category Statistical inference ar ca Hip tesi ...? publisher StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesistesting works by Sampling ... at risk. ref This example illustrates one hazard of hypothesistesting evaluating a large number of true ... Type I and type II errors rejects a true null hypothesis only a small percent of the time. Testing for differences ... support for the alternative, classical hypothesistesting requires calculating how often the results ... values can be defined for testing the null hypothesis H sub T sub exactly as if the null hypothesis ... when the null hypothesis holds in the population. The statistical power is the probability of rejecting ...For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testinghypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative ... more details
A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on HypothesisTesting publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ...Hypothesis Theory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the Hypothesis Theory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly dependent on the order in which hypotheses are tested, and on the particular hypotheses which are available to the learner. It is conceivable that a given learner may not be able to formulate the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesis theory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical associational strength is high Harvnb Levine 1971 . Formal Theories The process by which a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesis theory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesis ... more details
The Distributional Hypothesis in linguistics is the theory that words that occur in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. ref name Harris cite journal last1 Harris first1 Z. year 1954 title Distributional structure url journal Word volume 10 issue 23 pages 146 162 ref The underlying idea that a word is characterized by the company it keeps was popularized by J. R. Firth Firth . ref name Firth Firth, J.R. 1957 . A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis , pp. 1 32. Oxford Philological Society. Reprinted in F.R. Palmer ed. , Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952 1959 , London Longman 1968 . ref The Distributional Hypothesis is the basis for Statistical semantics Statistical Semantics . Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in Linguistics, it is now receiving attention in Cognitive science Cognitive Science especially regarding the context of word use. ref name McDonald McDonald, S., and Ramscar, M. 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages 611 616. ref In recent years, the distributional hypothesis has provided the basis for the theory of similarity based generalization in language learning the idea that children can figure out how to use words they ve rarely encountered before by generalizing about their use from distributions of similar words. ref name Yarlett Yarlett, D 2008 Language Learning Through Similarity Based Generalization, PhD Thesis, Stanford University. ref The distributional hypothesis suggests that the more semantically similar two words are, the more distributionally similar ... . See also Co occurrence J. R. Firth Zellig Harris Statistical semantics External links http ... The distributional hypothesis References references DEFAULTSORT Distributional Hypothesis Category ... more details
to have occurred by Randomness chance . The phrase Statisticalhypothesistesting test of significance ... Ronald Fisher Fisherian statisticalhypothesistesting , the p value is the probability of observing data at least as extreme as that observed, given that the null hypothesis is true . If the obtained p value is small then it can be said either the null hypothesis is false or an unusual event has occurred ... date December 2011 An alternative but nevertheless related statisticalhypothesistesting framework ... , 0.5 0.005 , and 0.1 0.001 . If a Statisticalhypothesistesting test of significance gives a p value lower than the significance level , the null hypothesis is rejected. Such results are informally ... and in particular of its Statisticalhypothesistesting Potential misuse potential misuse and Statisticalhypothesistesting Criticism criticism of its use . Signal noise ratio conceptualisation ... statistical independence independent statisticalhypothesistesting test s of significance Legal ... Statistics DEFAULTSORT Statistical Significance Category Hypothesistesting ca Significaci estad stica ... 1995 1 testing.htm The Concept of Statistical Significance Testing Article by Bruce ... is or is not significantly different from the first. R. A. Fisher 1925 . Statistical Methods for Research ... hypothesis to be defined and investigates the repeat sampling properties of the procedure, i.e. the probability that a decision to reject the null hypothesis will be made when it is in fact ... that a decision will be made to accept the null hypothesis when it is in fact false Type II ... chance in a thousand this could have happened by coincidence, a 0.001 level of statistical significance ... ref cite book author Fisher RA year 1925 title Statistical Methods for Research Workers edition first ... the statistical significance as 1 &minus . In general, when interpreting a stated significance ... of significance, but run an increased risk of failing to reject a false null hypothesis a Type II ... more details
The power of a Statisticalhypothesistestingstatistical test is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually false i.e. the probability of not committing ... links http www.indiana.edu statmath stat all power power.pdf HypothesisTesting and Statistical Power ... Statistical Power Category Hypothesistesting Category Statistical terminology ca Poder estad stic ... comparisons between different statisticaltesting procedures for example, between a parametric and a nonparametric test of the same hypothesis. Background Statistical test s use data from Sampling statistics sample s to assess, or make statistical inference inferences about, a Statistical population ... significance level. In Bayesian statistics , hypothesistesting of the type used in classical ... of hypothesistesting could still be used in such an updating process. However, power remains ... hypothesis. As the power increases, the chances of a Type II error occurring decrease. The probability ..., to test the null hypothesis that the mean Score statistics score s of men and women on a test do not differ ... of one group is compared to that of the other group using a statistical test such as the two sample ... positive . Factors influencing power Statistical power may depend on a number of factors. Some of these factors may be particular to a specific testing situation, but at a minimum, power nearly always depends on the following three factors the statistical significance criterion used in the test ... A significance criterion is a statement of how unlikely a result must be, if the null hypothesis ... of obtaining the observed effect when the null hypothesis is true must be less than 0.05, and so ... a larger significance criterion. This increases the chance of rejecting the null hypothesis i.e. obtaining a statistically significant result when the null hypothesis is false, that is, reduces the risk ... when the null hypothesis is true that is, it increases the risk of a Type I and type II errors Type ... more details
The Expectations Hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates also known as Term structure Yield Curve is the proposition that the long term rate is determined by the market s expectation for the short term rate plus a constant risk premium Sarno et al., 2007 . It has been found that the expectation hypothesis has been tested and rejected using a wide variety of interest rates, over a variety of time periods and monetary policy regimes Guidolin et al., 2008 . This analysis is supported in a study conducted by Sarno, where it is concluded that while conventional bivariate procedure provides mixed results, the more powerful testing procedures, for example expanded Vector Autoregression test, suggest rejection of the EH throughout the maturity spectrum examined. A common reason given for the failure of the EH is that the risk premium is not constant as the expectation hypothesis requires, but is time varying. However, research by Guidolin and Thornton 2008 suggest otherwise. It is postulated that the expectation hypothesis fails because short term interest rates are not predictable to any significant degree. While traditional term structure tests mostly indicate that expected future interest rates are ex post inefficient forecasts, Froot 1989 has an alternative take on it. At short maturities, the expectation hypothesis fails. At long maturities, however, changes in the yield curve reflect changes in expected future rates one for one. 1 i lt n 1 i st year 1 1 i st year 2 cdots 1 i st year n This hypothesis assumes that the various maturities are perfect substitutes and suggests that the shape of the yield curve depends on market participants expectations of future interest ..., D., & Valente, G. 2007 . The Empirical Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ..., D. 2008 . Predictions of Short Term Rates and the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ... for the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. The Journal of Finance, XLIV ... more details
to the principles of verification and falsifiability, used in formal hypothesistesting found within ...A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research ref Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine . http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis Eprint via Answers.com. ref in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. ref name Century See in hypothesis , Century Dictionary Supplement , v. 1, 1909, New ... hypothesis ... Working hypothesis , a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features ..., with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory. ref Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations ... 1 55938 888 9 ref History Use of the phrase working hypothesis goes back at least two centuries. ref ... page for year printed as M,DCCC,V . ref Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis ... point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful at the level of research method , not merely as plausible at the level of logical conclusions , is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated ... method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected ref Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application ... a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we ... Dictionary Supplement definition of working hypothesis ref name Century reflects that perspective Peirce ... hypothesis in PEP UQ M s list of words in Peirce s charge http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l ... the phrase working hypothesis, but he once commented about a related kind of a hypothesis that it was a hypothesis, which like the working hypothesis of a scientific inquiry, we may not believe to be altogether ... more details
s original four tests were statisticalhypothesistestinghypothesis tests , which took as their null hypothesis the idea that each number in a given random sequence had an equal chance of occurring ... s Universal Statistical Test. See also Checking if a coin is fair Normal number Randomness Statisticalhypothesistesting One time pad Randomness tests Seven states of randomness Complete spatial randomness ... is impossible . Legislation concerning gambling imposes certain standards of statistical randomness ... Babington Smith in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society in 1938. They were built on statistical ... it would not be random it would not pass their tests , and would be useless for a number of statistical ... random under testing have later been discovered to be very non random when subjected to certain ..., Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 101 1 1938 , 147 166. External links http www.phy.duke.edu ... Normal Distributed Random Numbers DEFAULTSORT Statistical Randomness Category Statistical randomness ... more details
The lipid hypothesis was one of two Hypothesis hypotheses the other being the chronic endothelial injury hypothesis developed in the 1850s to explain the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis . It proposes a connection ..., the lipid hypothesis received greater attention. An accumulation of evidence has led to the acceptance of the lipid hypothesis as scientific fact by the medical community ref name partv cite journal .... Lipid hypothesis of atherogenesis Early studies and origin In 1913, a study by Nikolai Anitschkow ..., Duff and McMillian formulated the lipid hypothesis in its modern form in a review which appeared ... century, the lipid hypothesis proposing that saturated fat s and cholesterol in the blood are a major ... hypothesis as scientific fact by the end of the century. ref name partv While it has attracted ... majority of researchers and practitioners were supportive of the validity of the lipid hypothesis ... hypothesis and the rejection of the cholesterol controversy , ref name Steinberg89 cite journal author ... 1998 volume 6 pages 36 37 pmid 9633288 issue 5 ref and by 2002, the lipid hypothesis was accepted by the scientific ... isbn 1400040787 ref A minority of the medical community still argue that the lipid hypothesis has ... downloads softsciencefat.pdf ref Nowadays, the term lipid hypothesis is commonly used ... the 1970s and 1980s, some researchers and practitioners considered the lipid hypothesis as unverified ... risk for atherosclerosis. ref name Rifkind cite journal author Rifkind B, Levy R title Testing the lipid hypothesis. Clinical trials journal Archives of surgery Chicago, Ill. 1960 volume 113 issue 1 ... pmid 6948505 ref ref name Stehbens88 cite journal author Stehbens W title Flaws in the lipid hypothesis ... in the mid 1980s, criticism persisted in a minority of the scientific community questioning the statistical ... further associative evidence in support of the lipid hypothesis. ref name Bucher1999 cite journal ... cite journal author Brown WV title Review of clinical trials proving the lipid hypothesis journal Eur ... more details
Bold hypothesis or bold conjecture is a concept in the philosophy of science of Karl Popper , first explained in his debut The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1935 and subsequently elaborated in writings such as Conjectures and Refutations The Growth of Scientific Knowledge 1963 . The concept is nowadays widely used in the philosophy of science and in the philosophy of knowledge . Brief explanation Popper s argument is that the growth of scientific knowledge progresses by means of formulating bold hypotheses, and trying to refute falsify them. Popper believed that Quotation Bold ideas, unjustified anticipations, and speculative thought, are our only means for interpreting nature our only organon, our only instrument, for grasping her. ref Karl Popper , The Logic of Scientific Discovery . London ... 20 20Science 20 20Conjectures 20and 20Refutations.pdf ref A bold hypothesis is a new scientific ... being theorized about. The boldness of a hypothesis depends mainly on its degree of applicability ... the extent to which the hypothesis is a genuinely new departure from the received scientific ideas . whether it enables new and novel predictions. Once a bold hypothesis has been mooted, Popper argues, scientists try to investigate and test how well the bold hypothesis can stand up to the known evidence, with the aim of finding counter arguments which would refute or falsify the bold hypothesis. In this process of testing and criticism, new scientific knowledge is generated. According to Popper ... hypothesis is somewhat vague, because exactly how bold is bold ? Some new ideas, although they are rather .... The boldness could refer to the content of the hypothesis considered relative to other possible hypotheses , or to the manner or context in which the hypothesis is presented , or to the attitude ... a grandiose new idea, but instead because the careful testing of the details of a theory eventually ... Criticisms of anti scientific viewpoints Experiment Falsifiability Hypothesis Outline of scientific ... more details
Cleanup date November 2008 In physics and thermodynamics , the ergodic hypothesis ref Originally due to L. Boltzmann. See part 2 of cite book title Vorlesungen ber Gastheorie year 1898 location Leipzig publisher J. A. Barth url http books.google.com books?id 99IEAAAAYAAJ&oe UTF 8 oclc 01712811 Ergoden on p.89 in the 1923 reprint. It was used to prove equipartition of energy in the kinetic theory of gases ref says that, over long periods of time, the time spent by a particle in some region of the phase space of Microstate statistical mechanics microstates with the same energy is proportional to the volume of this region, i.e., that all accessible microstates are equiprobable over a long period of time. The ergodic hypothesis is often assumed in statistical analysis . Liouville s theorem Hamiltonian Liouville s Theorem shows that, for conserved classical system s, the local density of microstates following a particle path through phase space is constant as viewed by an observer moving with the ensemble i.e., the total or convective time derivative is zero . Thus, if the microstates are Uniform distribution continuous uniformly distributed in phase space initially, they will remain so at all times. Liouville s theorem ensures that the notion of time average makes sense, but ergodicity does not follow from Liouville s theorem. Phenomenology In macroscopic systems, the timescales over which a system can truly explore the entirety of its own phase space can be sufficiently large that the thermodynamic ... preferentially adopts a non zero magnetisation even though the ergodic hypothesis would imply ... of the ergodic hypothesis is an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking . However, complex disordered ... of mathematics which deals with dynamical system s that satisfy a version of this hypothesis ... Ergodic process Ergodicity References reflist DEFAULTSORT Ergodic Hypothesis Category Ergodic theory Category Statistical mechanics Category Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Category Fundamental ... more details
Spearman s hypothesis states that the magnitude of the black white difference in tests of cognitive ability ... , or g . The hypothesis, first formalized by Arthur Jensen in the 1980s based on Charles Spearman ... of correlated vectors to study the hypothesis. This, and a similar relationship regarding ... criticisms have been advanced and the validity of the arguments remain unresolved. Spearman s hypothesis ... set out to formalize and test the hypothesis in the 1980s. He argued that the correlations between ... evidence for the validity of the hypothesis. He proposed strong and weak forms of the hypothesis ... the weak form of the hypothesis. However, Jensen has argued that the correlations would be substantially higher if certain corrections for statistical artifacts were made. ref name Jensen1998 Closely related to Spearman s hypothesis is the relationship between how high heritability a test has ... has argued that if Spearman s hypothesis is proven correct, it would, at least partially, answer .... ISBN 0 275 96103 6, p. 371 383. ref In 2002, Jensen stated that he had now tested Spearman s hypothesis ..., he asserted, the overall probability that Spearman s hypothesis is false is less than one ..., the supposed confirmation of Spearman s hypothesis, and the similar relationship for heritability ... cite doi 10.1037 1076 8971.11.2.235 ref The Flynn effect One criticism of Spearman s hypothesis has ... by Spearman s hypothesis are likely only psychometric artefacts which also arise with measures ... schonem pdf 83.pdf Famous artefacts Spearman s hypothesis. Current Psychology of Cognition ..., G.H. 2001 . Viewing Spearman s hypothesis from the perspective of multigroup PCA A comment ... from a previous study that had used the statistical method invented by Jensen the method of correlated ... models are used the results are unclear. As such, we cannot accept Spearman s hypothesis as an empirically ... using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis have supported Spearman s hypothesis in the US ... more details
Statistical Models Theory and Practice publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 9780521671057 year 2009 edition Second ref Testing a hypothesis using the data that was used to specify the model ... objective of statistical research estimation theory Estimating parameters StatisticalhypothesistestingTestingstatistical hypotheses Providing a Interval estimation range of values instead of a point ... isbn 013850363X cite book author Erich Leo Lehmann Lehmann, Erich title TestingStatistical Hypotheses ... in statistics ref The theory covers approaches to statistical decision theory statistical decision problems and to statistical inference , and the actions and deductions that satisfy the basic principles stated for these different approaches. Within a given approach, statistical theory gives ways of comparing statistical procedures it can find a best possible procedure within a given context for given statistical problems, or can provide guidance on the choice between alternative procedures. ref name RaoOpt ref cite book author Erich Leo Lehmann Lehmann, Erich title TestingStatistical Hypotheses year 1959 ref Apart from philosophical considerations about how to make statistical inferences and decisions, much of statistical theory consists of mathematical statistics , and is closely ... . Scope Statistical theory provides an underlying rationale and provides a consistent basis for the choice of methodology used in applied statistics . Modelling Statistical model s describe the sources ... Measuring observational error and refining procedures Studying statistical multivariate statistics relations Statistical models, once specified, can be tested to see whether they provide useful ... Statistical theory provides a guide to comparing methods of data collection , where the problem ... of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research journal American Journal of Education ... the cost of data while satisfying statistical goals, ref name OptDoE cite book author1 Atkinson, A. C ... more details
demonstration of using the Statistical inference logic of inference , mathematical proof math , Statisticalhypothesistestingtesting , and deductive reason reasoning of Statistical significance ... by chance alone and the null hypothesis is rejected. Statistical models provide exact outcomes ...See Statistics Statistical test Data analysis Bayesian analysis Mathematical proof . Statistical proof is the rational demonstration of degree of certainty for a proposition, hypothesis or theory that is used to convince others subsequent to a statistical test of the supporting evidence and the types of inference s that can be drawn from the test scores. Statistical methods are used to increase our ... with explicit reference to a hypotheses , the experiment experimental data , the facts , the statistical ... application of the statistical method, disclosure of the assumptions, and the relevance that the test ... to several different statistical philosophies of inference, such as Bayes theorem versus ... have direct bearing on statistical proof and its interpretations in the broader philosophy of science ... www.springerlink.com content 424p8r420820316l ref Scientists do not use statistical proof as a means ... as opposed to the scientific meaning of the term proof might imply. Statistical proof ... repeated statistical trials and experimental error. ref name Gattei08 Statistical proof also has applications ... Statistical Association volume 81 issue 394 year 1986 pages 269 276 url http users.stat.umn.edu sandy ... 2 0 bigg math . The preceding axioms provide the statistical proof and basis for the scientific law laws of randomness, or objective chance from where modern statistical theory has advanced. Experimental ... ref name Gattei08 Test and proof main Statistical tests The term proof descended from its Latin ... of inference by means of a statistical test. Statistical tests are formulated on models that generate ... a statistical test is applied to samples of a population, the test determines if the sample statistics ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Discrimination testing is a technique employed in sensory analysis to determine whether there is a detectable difference among two or more products. The test uses a trained panel to discriminate from one product to another. Statistical basis The statistical principle behind any discrimination test should be to reject a null hypothesis H sub 0 sub that states there is no detectable difference between two or more products. If there is sufficient evidence to reject H sub 0 sub in favour of the alternative hypothesis , H sub A sub There is a detectable difference, then a difference can be recorded. However, failure to reject Ho should not be assumed to be sufficient evidence to accept it. H sub 0 sub is formulated on the premise that all of the assessors guessed when they made their response. The statistical test chosen should give a probability value that the result was arrived at through pure guesswork. If this probability is sufficiently low usually below 0.05 or 5 then H sub 0 sub can be rejected in favour of H sub A sub . Tests used to decide whether or not to reject H sub 0 sub include binomial , sup 2 sup Chi squared , t test etc. Types of test A number of tests can be classified as discrimination tests. If it s designed to detect a difference then it s a discrimination ... that is likely to change. Not statistical power statistically powerful with large panel sizes .... Triangle taste testing is also used in quality control to determine if a particular production run ... reference mode both knowns are presented as reference, rather than only one . ABX testing is widely ... science. ABX testing differs from the other listed tests in that subjects are given two known different ... in discrimination performance in ABX testing compared with other testing methods. ref cite doi 10.1111 j.1745 459X.1998.tb00085.x ref Duo trio in constant reference mode Like triangle testing, but third ... Portal Food Food science DEFAULTSORT Discrimination Testing Category Nonverbal communication Category ... more details
Featured article template In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis , proposed by harvs txt first Bernhard ..., such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields . The Riemann hypothesis implies results ... problem in pure mathematics harv Bombieri 2000 . The Riemann hypothesis is part of Hilbert s eighth ... at s 2, 4, 6, ... . These are called the trivial zeros . The Riemann hypothesis is concerned ... books on the Riemann hypothesis, such as harvtxt Derbyshire 2003 , harvtxt Rockmore 2005 , harvtxt ... hypothesis discusses zeros outside the region of convergence of this series, so it needs to be Analytic ... of my investigation. source Riemann s statement of the Riemann hypothesis, from harv Riemann 1859 ... and suggested that they all do this is the Riemann hypothesis. Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis The practical uses of the Riemann hypothesis include many propositions which are known to be true under the Riemann hypothesis, and some which can be shown to be equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the best possible bound for the error of the prime ... hypothesis is equivalent to math pi x operatorname Li x frac 1 8 pi sqrt x , log x , qquad text for all x ge 2657. math Growth of arithmetic functions The Riemann hypothesis implies strong bounds ... on the right hand side converging, is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. From this we can also conclude ... M x O x 1 2 varepsilon , math for every positive is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis harv ... n Redheffer matrix is equal to M n , so the Riemann hypothesis can also be stated as a condition on the growth of these determinants. The Riemann hypothesis puts a rather tight bound on the growth ... M x le sqrt x. math The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to many other conjectures about the rate of growth ... then math sigma n e gamma n log log n , math for all n 5040 if and only if the Riemann hypothesis ... 1924 showing that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to a statement that the terms of the Farey ... more details
linguistics Statistical semantics is the study of how the statistical patterns of human word usage can be used to figure out what people mean, at least to a level sufficient for information access George Furnas Furnas , 2006 . How can we figure out what words mean, simply by looking at patterns of words ... The term Statistical Semantics was first used by Warren Weaver Weaver 1955 in his well known paper ... 1957 . This assumption is known in Linguistics as the Distributional hypothesis Distributional Hypothesis . Delavenay 1960 defined Statistical Semantics as Statistical study of meanings of words and their frequency ... contribution to Statistical Semantics. An early success in the field was Latent semantic analysis Latent Semantic Analysis . Applications of statistical semantics Research in Statistical Semantics has resulted in a wide variety of algorithms that use the Distributional Hypothesis to discover many aspects of semantics , by applying statistical techniques to Text corpus large corpora ... and Littman, 2003 Related fields Statistical Semantics focuses on the meanings of common words ..., document collections, or named entities names of people, places, and organizations . Statistical Semantics ... and natural language processing . Many of the applications of Statistical Semantics listed ... of Statistical Semantics. One advantage of corpus based algorithms is that they are typically ..., and Dumais, S.T. 1983 . Statistical semantics Analysis of the potential performance of keyword information .... 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings ... for statistical word similarity measures. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology and North ... Translation of Languages , Cambridge, MA MIT Press. ISBN 0 8371 8434 7 DEFAULTSORT Statistical Semantics ... retrieval Category Semantics Category Statistical natural language processing Category Fields ... more details
The extraterrestrial hypothesis ETH is the hypothesis that some unidentified flying object s UFOs are best ... occupying physical spacecraft visiting Earth . Etymology Origins of the term extraterrestrial hypothesis ... books.google.com books?id u9bS1YhiSa4C&q 22extraterrestrial hypothesis 22&dq 22extraterrestrial hypothesis 22&hl en&ei CCBCTeHaMITGsAPDwuHgCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 3&ved 0CDgQ6AEwAg ref In 1969 physicist Edward Condon defined the Extra terrestrial Hypothesis or ETH as the idea that some ... . Chronology Although ETH, as a unified and named hypothesis, is a comparatively new concept one which ... UFOs and ETH Extraterrestrial Hypothesis The 1947 U.S. flying saucer wave On June 24, 1947, at about ... aircraft, or related to atomic testing . ref http news.google.com newspapers?nid feST4K8J0scC&dat ..., each believing slightly different variations of the hypothesis. The contactees of the early 1950s said ... and adversaries of a single theory, namely the extraterrestrial hypothesis ... this fixation on the ETH ... to incontrovertible proof of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. What I find scientifically dismaying ... hypothesis, the profoundly important implications of that possibility are going unconsidered ... and Atmospheric Considerations Statistical Considerations Elusive, Evasive and Absurd Behavior ... hypothesis sufficiently takes into account the facts and, for the most part, only calls for present day science. It is the hypothesis of extraterrestrial visitors. http www.ufoevidence.org newsite files COMETA part2.pdf The report noted issues with formulating the extraterrestrial hypothesis, likening ... hypothesis, strong presumptions exist in its favour . The report also concludes that the studies ...? David Icke Dogon people Giorgio A. Tsoukalos Interdimensional hypothesis Murry Hope Psychosocial Hypothesis Robert K. G. Temple The Sirius Mystery Ufology The hostility hypothesis The UFO Hostility Hypothesis Zecharia Sitchin div col end References Reflist 2 Refbegin add references here Refend ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with University of California, Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg , that various non infectious factors such as recreational drug recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS , and that HIV human immunodeficiency virus is merely a harmless passenger virus . ref name DuesbergJBiosci The most prominent supporters of this hypothesis are Duesberg ... consensus is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect, and that HIV is the cause of AIDS. ref name ... and illegal drug use Duesberg argues that there is a correlation statistical correlation between ... has been described as an example of the fallacy of a lurking variable statistical confounding effect ... cause AIDS. ref name niaid Scientific study and rejection of Duesberg s risk AIDS hypothesis ... in Nature in 1993, found Duesberg s drug abuse AIDS hypothesis to have no basis in fact . ref name ... of risk behavior. ref name lancet1993 The authors concluded that the risk AIDS hypothesis... is clearly rejected by our data , and that ...The evidence supports the hypothesis that HIV 1 has an integral ... culture techniques and polymerase chain reaction testing, HIV can be demonstrated in virtually ... According to the Duesberg hypothesis, AIDS is not found in Africa. What Duesberg calls the myth ... and does not include HIV testing. ref name DuesbergJBiosci A definition of AIDS agreed upon in 1985 ... may be underestimated in Africa since machinery required for accurate testing is relatively rare in many .... Consistent with this hypothesis, studies that report the highest rates of PCP in Africa are those ... response to the Duesberg hypothesis The scientific consensus consensus in the scientific community is that the Duesberg hypothesis has been refuted by a large and growing mass of evidence showing ... 20058063 ref the AIDS epidemic in Thailand cited by Duesberg as confirmation of his hypothesis is in fact ... . AIDS DEFAULTSORT Duesberg Hypothesis Category AIDS origin hypotheses Category AIDS denialism ... more details
The Knudson hypothesis is the hypothesis that cancer is the result of accumulated mutation s to a cell s DNA . It was first proposed by Carl O. Nordling in 1953, ref name Nordling 1953 cite journal author Nordling C title A new theory on cancer inducing mechanism journal Br J Cancer volume 7 issue 1 pages 68 72 year 1953 url http www.carlonordling.se Cancer.html pmid 13051507 pmc 2007872 doi 10.1038 bjc.1953.8 ref ref name Marte 2006 cite web author Marte B title Milestone 9 1953 Two hit hypothesis It takes at least two to tango work Nature Milestones Cancer url http www.nature.com milestones milecancer full milecancer09.html date 2006 04 01 accessdate 2007 01 22 ref and later formulated by Alfred G. Knudson in 1971. ref name Knudson 1971 cite journal author Knudson A title Mutation and cancer statistical study of retinoblastoma journal PNAS Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 68 issue 4 pages 820 823 year 1971 pmid 5279523 doi 10.1073 pnas.68.4.820 pmc 389051 ref Knudson s work led indirectly to the identification of cancer related gene s. Knudson won the 1998 Albert Lasker Medical Research Award for this work. The multi mutation theory on cancer was proposed by Nordling in the British Journal of Cancer in 1953. He noted that in industrialized nations the frequency of cancer seems to increase according to the sixth power of age. This correlation could be explained by assuming that the outbreak of cancer requires the accumulations of six consecutive mutations. Later, Knudson performed a statistical analysis on cases of retinoblastoma , a tumor of the retina that occurs both as an inherited disease and sporadically. He noted that inherited retinoblastoma occurs at a younger age than the sporadic disease. In addition, the children with inherited retinoblastoma often developed the tumor in both eyes, suggesting an underlying predisposition. Knudson suggested that multiple hits ... an activated oncogene. Related ideas Field cancerisation may be an extended form of the Knudson hypothesis ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses comparator disambiguation The comparator hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of the psychology of motivation and learning . ref http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id k6ufhxSYXe8C&oi fnd&pg PA51&dq comparator&ots 0kZ3T3e4dw&sig ObK0QBEZCAeLsxDUjVsSafHIBWg PPA53,M1 ref Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome. The comparator hypothesis was the first model which successfully accounts for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. However, after the publication of the comparator hypothesis, traditional models like Wagner s SOP and the Rescorla Wagner model were modified to be able to account for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. Today, the comparator hypothesis can successfully account for counteraction phenomena, a topic in which both the traditional models and their reformulation tends to fail. References reflist Category Learning psychology Category Motivation social psych stub ... more details
containing, for example, 95 of posterior belief, rejection of a statisticalhypothesistestinghypothesis ref According to Peirce, acceptance means that inquiry on this question ceases for the time being. In science, all scientific theories are revisable ref Cluster analysis clustering or Statistical ... theory Statisticalhypothesistesting Revising opinions in statistics Design of experiments , the analysis ... Liese, Friedrich and Miescke, Klaus J. title Statistical Decision Theory Estimation, Testing, and Selection ... to be being used in the usual sense. procedures, such as hypothesistesting tests of hypothesis and constructions ...multiple issues primarysources March 2012 synthesis March 2012 In statistics , statistical inference ... , OUP. ISBN 978 0 19 954145 4 ref More substantially, the terms statistical inference , statistical .... 2003 The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , OUP. ISBN 0 19 920613 9 entry for inferential statistics ... of statistical inference may be an answer to the question what should be done next? , where ..., statistical inference makes propositions about populations, using data drawn from the population ... from its observed behavior during a finite period of time. Given a parameter or hypothesis about which one wishes to make inference, statistical inference most often uses a statistical model of the random ... conclusion of a statistical inference is a statistical proposition . Citation needed date February 2012 Some common forms of statistical proposition are an point estimation estimate i.e., a particular ... Statistical inference is generally distinguished from descriptive statistics . In simple terms ... Statistical model Statistical assumptions Any statistical inference requires some assumptions. A statistical .... Descriptions of statistical models usually emphasize the role of population quantities of interest ... statistical inference. ref cite journal title Miracles and Statistics The Casual Assumption ... Journal of the American Statistical Association volume 83 issue 404 month December year 1988 pages ... more details
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