For other uses Stimulus disambiguation Unreferenced date June 2009 When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor , it elicits or influences a Reflex action reflex via Transduction physiologystimulus transduction . A stimulus is often the first component of a Homeostasis homeostatic control system . In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold . See also Response Stimulation Stimulus psychology Category Neurophysiology neuroscience stub da Stimulus de Reiz et Stiimul eo Stimulo fr Stimulus he ur id Stimulus fisiologi nl Stimulus no Stimulus pt Est mulo fisiologia ru simple Stimulus sv Stimulus zh ... more details
wiktionarypar stimuli Stimulus may refer to Stimulusphysiology , something external that influences an activity Stimulus psychology , a concept in behaviorism and perception Input output Input to a system in other fields Economic stimulus For government spending as stimulus see Fiscal policy For an increase in money designed to speed growth see Monetary policy For general information about economic stimulus see Stimulus economic See also Economic stimulus bill disambiguation stimulus bill Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 , a US stimulus package passed during George W. Bush s administration. 2008 Chinese economic stimulus plan 2008 European Union stimulus plan American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , a US stimulus package passed at the beginning of Barack Obama s administration. Modern Warfare 2 Downloadable content Stimulus Package , a downloadable content DLC map pack add on for Modern Warfare 2 . disambig bg id Stimulus he pl Bodziec pt Est mulo tl Estimulo ... more details
by Leonardo da Vinci circa 1487. It is one commonly associated with the science of Physiology Multiple issues refimprove October 2009 citation style October 2009 Physiology IPAc en icon f z i ... in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology ... physiology Main Human physiology Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical ... UBC Physiology Department cite web url http www.cellphys.ubc.ca undergrad.html title CellPhys Undergraduate ... of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation. Physiology is closely related to anatomy anatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum. History The study of human physiology dates back to at least ... Ph Py Physiology.html title Physiology History of physiology, Branches of physiology ... and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology ... experiments to probe the function of the body. Galen was the founder of experimental physiology ... of physiological research in the Western world that triggered the modern study of anatomy and physiology ... about the functions of the body, which was fundamental to the development of experimental physiology. Herman Boerhaave is sometimes referred to as a father of physiology due to his exemplary teaching ... of comparative physiology and ecophysiology . ref Cite book last Feder first Martin E. title New directions in ecological physiology year 1987 publisher Cambridge Univ. Press location New York isbn ... biologist George Bartholomew . Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline ... Carter first2 P. A. title Evolutionary physiology journal Annual Review of Physiology year 1994 issue ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A neutral stimulus is a stimulusphysiologystimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention . In classical conditioning , when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. See also Behavior modification Ivan Pavlov DEFAULTSORT Neutral Stimulus Category Experimental psychology Category Behavioral concepts Category History of psychology Category Behaviorism Category Learning in pavlov experiment three phases are found very important phase 1 which is known as before conditioning in this phase unconditional stimulus and unconditional responses are found 2nd phase is known as during conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is added with the unconditioned stimulus and give unconditioned response. in this pairing are found third phase is known as after conditioning in which awe found conditioned stimulus and conditioned response Med stub ar ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Stimulus modality also sensory modality is one aspect of a stimulusphysiologystimulus or what we perceive after a stimulus. For example the temperature modality is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor. There are many modalities temperature , taste , pressure . The type and location of the sensory receptor activated by a stimulus plays the primary role in coding the stimulus modality. Classes Cutaneous sensation See also Sensory system Sense s Synesthesia Ideasthesia Modality semiotics DEFAULTSORT Stimulus Modality Category Sensory system Category Perception Biology stub de Sinnesmodalit t ru uk ... more details
For other uses Stimulus disambiguation In psychology , stimuli are energy patterns e.g. light or sound which are registered by the senses. In behaviorism and related stimulus response theories , stimuli constitute the basis for behavior , whereas in perceptual psychology they constitute the basis for perception . ref Stimulus . In Richard L. Gregory Ed. , The Oxford Companion to the Mind , Oxford, N.Y. Oxford University Press. ref In the second half of the 19th century, the conception had been established by psychophysics , the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and Sensation psychology sensation , ref name GescheiderpIX cite book author Gescheider, G. year 1997 title Psychophysics the fundamentals edition 3rd publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates page ix isbn 080582281X ref together with the notion of the reflex arc constituting a foundational concept of scientific psychology. ref name Gibson, James J. 1960 pp. 694 Gibson, James J. 1960 The Concept of the Stimulus in Psychology . American Psychologist , 15, pp. 694 703, here p.694. ref While at this time whatever could be controlled by an experimenter and applied to an observer could be thought of as a stimulus. ref name Gibson, James J. 1960 pp. 694 In the context of perception , a distinction is made between the distal stimulus the external, perceived object and the proximal stimulus the stimulation of sensory organs . ref http www.learner.org discoveringpsychology 07 e07glossary.html ref See also Psychophysics Sensory cue Stimulusphysiology References reflist DEFAULTSORT Stimulus Psychology Category Behavioral concepts Psychology stub pl Bodziec psychologia ... more details
Cleanup date July 2008 Stimulus control is the phenomenon of a stimulus increasing the probability of a behavior operant response because of a history of that behavior being differentially reinforced in the presence of the stimulus. In other words, stimulus control is basically learning to pay attention to things that we identify in the environment discriminative stimuli that give us information about ... in the presence of these two stimuli right key lit or dark . That is, the discriminative stimulus ... no choice it only refers to the probability of responding in the presence of the discriminative stimulus lit right key . The opposite of discrimination, in which a subject learns to respond to one stimulus and not to another stimulus e.g. the pigeon responds when the right key is lit and not when it is dark , is generalization. After behaving in a certain way in the presence of one stimulus, animals tend to behave similarly in the presence of a similar stimulus. That is, their behavior generalizes from one stimulus to another. For example, what would a pigeon do if, after being exposed to the procedure ... is highest to the original training stimulus in this experiment, the initial key lighting plan , and decreases .... In the quantitative analysis of behavior , stimulus control is examined from a number of perspectives ... comparison keys from the sample, shares some property e.g., shape . Responses to the similar stimulus are reinforced. In Oddity matching, a form of matching to sample, responses to the comparison stimulus that does not match the sample are reinforced. Characteristics Proper stimulus control is said to have four characteristics The behavior occurs immediately when the conditioned stimulus is given. The behavior never occurs in the absence of the stimulus. The behavior never occurs in response to some other stimulus. No other behavior occurs in response to this stimulus. ref cite book last Pryor ... Category Physiology ... more details
For general stimulus packages, see Fiscal policy . For the American emergency package, see American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 The first downloadable map pack for the popular video game, Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 named, the Stimulus map pack , or Stimulus Package The Stimulus Package , album from rapper Freeway disambig ... more details
Federal stimulus may refer to Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 2009 Canadian federal budget disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The adequate stimulus is a property of a sensory receptor that determines the type of energy to which a sensory receptor responds to with the initiation of sensory transduction . A sensory receptor s adequate stimulus is determined by the signal transduction mechanisms and ion channels incorporated in the sensory receptor s plasma membrane. Classes Light When the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptor is light, the sensory receptors contain pigment molecules whose shape is transformed by light. Changes in these molecules activate ion channels which initiate sensory transduction . Sound When the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptor is sound, the sensory receptors are hair cell s mechanoreceptor s . These hair cells contain stereocilia , which when bent, trigger the opening of ion channels. Thus hair cells transform the pressure waves of the sound into receptor potentials to initiate sensory transduction . Although Muller proposed in his doctrine that any stimulus to a sensory receptor will invoke the same perception, we have now built on that theory by adding that an adequate stimulus is a type of stimulus for which a given sensory organ is particularly adapted towards. DEFAULTSORT Adequate Stimulus Category Neurophysiology ... more details
In economics, stimulus refers to attempts to use monetary policy monetary or fiscal policy or stabilization policy in general to stimulate the economy. Stimulus can also refer to monetary policies like lowering interest rates and quantitative easing . Econ stub Category Economic policy Category Fiscal policy Category Keynesian economics bg sv Stimulans tg rd ... more details
Wikify date July 2011 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name A Stimulus for Reason Type studio Artist Alpha Galates Cover Released Mar 25, 2008 Recorded Genre Progressive Metal Length Label EMI Music Distribution Producer Reviews Last album This album Next album A Stimulus for Reason is the first full length album released by Alpha Galates . It was released on EMI records. It was produced by Matthew von Wagner, mixed by Joe Barresi, and Mastered by Bob Ludwig. Track listing Conformity 1 28 2 Months In 7 57 Standing 3 47 Natio 5 08 Obitus 4 34 The Darkest Eyes 3 50 Passion 5 18 Stop Programming 1 08 Love Despair 11 25 Time Out 3 34 Subliminal 9 00 Entropy and Chaos 10 44 DEFAULTSORT Stimulus for Reason Category 2008 albums Category Alpha Galates albums 2000s metal album stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In telephony , a stimulus protocol is a type of protocol that is used to carry event notifications between end points. Such a protocol is used to control the operation of devices at each end of the link. However a stimulus protocol is not sensitive to the system state. In a typical application such a protocol will carry keystroke information from a telephone set to a central call control . It may also carry control information for simple types of text displays. MiNET from Mitel is a typical protocol of this sort. Stimulus protocols are most suited to networks with dumb peripherals and intelligent centralized applications see intelligent network . This is in contrast to functional protocols which are best suited to a network with an intelligent periphery and a dumb core see dumb network . Because these architectures share core hardware over large numbers of peripherals, large and expensive computing capabilities in terms of both hardware and software may be supplied. These centralized architectures excel in solving the problems of complexity for large scale applications since the investment in hardware and software may be amortized across a great many users. However the same virtue of large scale sharing prevents these architectures from providing any significant degree of customization to the preferences of the individual user. The most that can be supplied is a degree of parameterization of service operation. With their suitability tied to the virtues of centralized network architectures, stimulus protocols are being deprecated in favor of functional protocols with the rise of the Internet. A functional protocol such as Session Initiation Protocol SIP from the IETF is more suited for Internet applications. DEFAULTSORT Stimulus Protocol Category Communication Category Network protocols Category Telephony ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Stimulus Package Cover Freeway stimuluspackage jakeone.jpg Type studio Longtype Artist Freeway rapper Freeway and Jake One Released February 16, 2010 ... rapper Freeway Type studio Last album Philadelphia Freeway 2 2009 This album The Stimulus Package ... This album The Stimulus Package br 2010 Next album Singles Name The Stimulus Package Type studio ... index reviews id.1374 title.freeway jake one the stimulus package HipHopDX review ref rev4 ... 32034917 review 32254532 the stimulus package Rolling Stone review ref rev6 Pitchfork Media rev6score 6.5 10 ref http pitchfork.com reviews albums 13930 the stimulus package Pitchfork Media review ref rev7 Spin magazine Spin rev7score Rating 3 5 ref http www.spin.com reviews freeway stimulus package ... music review Freeway and Jake One The Stimulus Package Tiny Mix Tapes review ref rev9 URB magazine URB rev9score Rating 4 5 ref http www.urb.com 2010 02 26 freeway jake one the stimulus package URB ... and jake one the stimulus package 02151001 DJBooth.net review ref rev11 Robert Christgau rev11score ... The Stimulus Package is a collaboration album from rapper Freeway rapper Freeway and producer ... , ref http www.billboard.com news news freeway stimulus package album preview 1004058403.story album freeway jake one the stimulus package 1315296 Information Not Found . Billboard.com. Retrieved on 2011 ... http www.metacritic.com music artists freewayandjakeone stimuluspackage The Stimulus Package Reviews ... Chris , Omillio Sparks , Bun B and Birdman rapper Birdman . Tracklist Standard edition Stimulus Intro ... Stimulus Outro 5 34 Deluxe edition African Drums small bonus track small 3 07 Always N Forever small bonus track small 2 44 Samples Stimulus Intro How Love Hurts by The Sylvers Money Poverty s Paradise ... Four Stimulus Outro When I Found You by Patrice Rushen Chart positions class wikitable sortable align ... left U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums style text align center 7 References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Stimulus ... more details
A noxious stimulus is an actually or potentially tissue damaging event. ref name pmid18583048 cite journal author Loeser JD, Treede RD. title The Kyoto protocol of IASP Basic Pain Terminology. journal Pain volume 137 issue 3 pages 473 7 year 2008 pmid 18583048 doi 10.1016 j.pain.2008.04.025 ref It is a prerequisite for nociception , which itself is a prerequisite for Pain Nociceptive nociceptive pain ref name pmid18583048 Noxious stimuli can either be Mechanics mechanical e.g. pinching or other tissue deformation engineering deformation , chemical e.g. exposure to acid or irritation irritant , or thermal e.g. high or low temperature s . There are some types of tissue damage that are not detected by any sensory receptors, and thus cannot cause pain. Therefore, not all noxious stimuli are adequate stimuli of nociceptors . The adequate stimuli of nociceptors are termed nociceptive stimuli . A nociceptive stimulus is defined as an actually or potentially tissue damaging event transduced and encoded by nociceptors. ref name pmid18583048 References reflist Pain Category Pain Category Nociception Category Sensory system ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Orphan date December 2008 A random stimulus is any of a class of creativity techniques that explore randomization. Most of their names start with word random random word, random heuristic, random picture, random sound, etc. In each random creativity technique the user is presented with a random stimulus and explores associations that has a potential to bring novel ideas. The power of random stimulus is that it can lead you to explore some useful associations that could never be explored intentionally. Random Word technique is the simplest technique of this class where a randomly picked word is used to generate new associations. By getting a random word and thinking how you can use it to solve your problem you are practically guaranteed to attack the problem from a different direction from that you would normally. ref Ray, 1989 ref Low tech implementations of the random word technique often use a pile of index cards and shuffling as a mechanism of randomization. For example, The oblique strategies created by Brian Eno and Peter Schmidt in 1975 is a set of 100 cards, each of which is a suggestion of a course of action or thinking to assist in creative situations, where standard logical solutions do not produce a desired result. High tech implementations of these techniques use computers, random number generators, and availabiliy of internet resources to extend the potential of this technique. Simple random techniques are classified by modality of association Verbal, Visual, Audial, Kinesthetic . Multi modal techniques combine different modalities, e.g. random article, website, or video. ref Kosorukoff, 2000 ref Random article link is an example of this kind ... Kosorukoff, 2000 Goldberg, 2002 ref views random stimulus creativity techniques as mutation operators ... tutorials methodsofextraction.html Processes for extracting ideas from a stimulus ... the Moby word list 2010 DEFAULTSORT Random Stimulus Category Randomness ... more details
stimulus effect in terms of the concept of the innate releasing mechanism however this concept ... name waistland she explains junk food as an exaggerated stimulus to cravings for salt, sugar, and fats ... more details
POV date January 2011 In linguistics , the poverty of the stimulus POTS is the assertion that natural language grammar is underdetermination unlearnable given the relatively limited data available to children learning a language, and therefore that this knowledge is supplemented with some sort of innate linguistic capacity. As such, the argument strikes against Empiricism empiricist accounts of language acquisition and is usually construed as being in favor of linguistics linguistic psychological nativism nativism . ref Johnson, K., http people.umass.edu kbj homepage Content 601 lectures.pdf Introduction to Transformational Grammar . University of Massachusetts . p. 2. ref Nativists claim that humans ... no less than 13 different sub arguments that can optionally form part of a poverty of stimulus argument ... Scholz first2 Barbara C. year 2002 title Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments url ..., hyperlearning, and the poverty of the stimulus. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley ... of stimulus argument is widely questioned. Indeed, every one of the three premises of the argument .... ref name Pullum2 Pullum, Geoffrey K. 1996 . Learnability, hyperlearning, and the poverty of the stimulus ..., Poverty of Stimulus arguments do not in fact depend on the assumption that there is only one correct ... of Stimulus argument from question formation depends only on the assumption that everyone learns a structure ... of the Stimulus Argument journal The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science volume 52 issue ... first1 Julie first2 Charles last2 Yang year 2002 title Empirical re assessment of stimulus poverty arguments ... Essay critiquing the poverty of stimulus argument dead link date May 2010 http faculty.tc.columbia.edu ... entries innateness language ChoPovStiArgForInnLan Encyclopedia Entry on Poverty of the Stimulus Arguments DEFAULTSORT Poverty Of The Stimulus Category Psycholinguistics Category Language acquisition Category Generative linguistics de Poverty of the Stimulus Argument eo Malri o de la ... more details
Expert subject medicine date February 2009 Tonic in physiology refers to a physiological response which is slow, and may be graded. This term is typically used in opposition to a fast response. For instance, tonic muscles are contrasted by the more typical and much faster twitch muscles, while tonic sensory nerve endings are contrasted to the much faster Sensory receptor phasic sensory nerve endings. Tonic muscles Tonic muscles are much slower than twitch fibers in terms of time from stimulus to full activation, time to full relaxation upon cessation of stimuli, and maximal shortening velocity. ref name Kardong Kardong, K. 2008. Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. 5th edition. McGraw Hill Science Engineering Math. ISBN 978 0073040585 ref These muscles are rarely found in mammals only in the muscles moving the eye and in the middle ear , but are common in reptiles and amphibians. ref name Kardong Tonic sensory receptors Tonic sensory input adapts slowly to a stimulus ref name caspar http caspar.bgsu.edu courses Glossary.htm ref and continues to produce action potential s over the duration of the stimulus. ref name mentor mentor.lscf.ucsb.edu course fall eemb157 lecture Lectures 2016, 2017 2018.ppt ref In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus. In contrast, phasic receptors adapt rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops. ref name caspar It does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus ref name mentor instead some of them convey information on rapid changes in stimulus intensity and rate. ref name frank http frank.mtsu.edu jshardo bly2010 nervous receptor.html ref An example of a phasic receptor is the Pacinian corpuscle . See also Sensory receptor Phasic Tonic clonic seizure References references Category Physiology ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In physiology , transduction is the conversion of a stimulus from one form to another. Transduction in the nervous system typically refers to stimulus alerting events wherein a mechanical physical etc stimulus is converted into an action potential which is transmitted along axons towards the central nervous system where it is integrated. For example, in the visual system , sensory cells called Rod cell rod and cone cell s in the retina convert the physical energy of light signals into electrical impulse s that travel to the brain . The light causes a conformational change in a protein called rhodopsin . This conformational change sets in motion a series of molecular events that result in a reduction of the electrochemical gradient of the photoreceptor. The decrease in the electrochemical gradient causes a reduction in the electrical signals going to the brain. Thus, in this example, more light hitting the photoreceptor results in the transduction of a signal into fewer electrical impulses, effectively communicating that stimulus to the brain. A change in neurotransmitter release is mediated through a second messenger system. Note that the change in neurotransmitter release is by rods. Because of the change, a change in light intensity causes the response of the rods to be much slower than expected for a process associated with the nervous system . ref Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub. Human Physiology An Integrated Approach, 3rd Edition, Inc, San Francisco ... Review of Physiology year 2002 volume 64 issue 1 pages 189 222 doi 10.1146 annurev.physiol.64.082701.102219 ... the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane. ref Breedlove ... to the brain for integration. ref Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub. Human Physiology An Integrated Approach, 3rd Edition, Inc, San Francisco, CA, 2004. ref Reflist DEFAULTSORT Transduction Physiology Category Physiology Neuroanatomy stub he hu Inger let simple Transduction physiology ... more details
Hallerian physiology was a theory competing with galvanism in Italy in the late 18th century. It is named after Albrecht von Haller , a Switzerland Swiss physician who is considered the father of neurology . The hallerians fundamental tenet held that muscular movements were produced by a mechanics mechanical force force, different from life and from the nervous system , and which operated beyond consciousness . The activity of this function could be controlled in dead and dissected animals by touching a metal knife to the muscle fiber or by a spark being discharged on them. The electricity operated only as a stimulus of irritability , and it was irritability which was the one, true cause of the contractions. Sources http ppp.unipv.it Collana Pages Libri Saggi NuovaVoltiana PDF quattro.pdf The Controversy on Animal Electricity in Eighteenth Century Italy Galvani, Volta and Others by Walter Bernardi Category Neurophysiology ... more details
Skin physiology is the subdivision of physiology which concerns the function of the skin and skin appendage s. ref MeshName Skin physiology ref Examples of processes included in skin physiology are galvanic skin response and perspiration . See also human physiology References Reflist Integumentary physiology Category Skin Medicine stub ... more details
Musculoskeletal physiology is the branch of physiology which addresses the processes of musculoskeletal system . ref MeshName Musculoskeletal physiology ref In subclassifying musculoskeletal physiology, Medical Subject Headings MeSH emphasizes the division between phenomena and processes . It is also possible to emphasize the division between processes primarily affecting bone , and those primarily affecting muscle . See also exercise physiology human physiology References reflist Musculoskeletal physiology Bone cartilage physiology Category Musculoskeletal system medicine stub ... more details
expert subject Medicine date April 2011 Applied Physiology is the study of biological system s and steps into practice. It involves the application of the knowledge of physiological properties to restore Stability Exercise and sports medicine stability . Disambiguation needed date August 2011 It differs from clinical practice . See also Physiology References Reflist External links http jap.physiology.org Journal of Applied Physiology http www.applied physiology.com home.aspx?docID 1 Applied Physiology http www.appliedphysiology.com Applied Physiology Ltd http www.springer.com biomed human physiology journal 421 European Journal of Applied Physiology Category Physiology ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Nutrition physiology deals with different types of food and their effects on the metabolism . One topic of nutrition physiology is vitamin loss of frozen foods. Another topic is the calculation of required calories per day and what sort of food should best be avoided for a healthy lifestyle. See also Physiology DEFAULTSORT Nutrition Physiology Category Nutrition Category Physiology Med stub ar de Ern hrungsphysiologie ... more details
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