Image Stippled gingiva.JPG 400px thumb right Photograph of the upper right quadrant, showing teeth 4 8, with a Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry DO Amalgam dentistry amalgam on 5. The stippled surface texture of the attached gingiva can be observed. Note how there is no stippling on the marginal gingiva, which is the millimeter or so of gingiva immediately adjacent to the tooth teeth . Click on this photo to see the stippling in greater detail. The gingiva often possess a textured surface that is referred to as being stippled engraved points . ref name Itoiz Itoiz, ME Carranza, FA The Gingiva. In Newman, MG Takei, HH Carranza, FA editors Carranza s Clinical Periodontology , 9th Edition. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company, 2002. page 30. ref Stippling only presents on the attached gingiva bound to underlying alveolar bone , not the freely moveable alveolar mucosa. Stippling used to be thought to indicate health, but it has since been shown that smooth gingiva is not an indication of disease, unless it is smooth due to a loss of previously existing stippling. Stippling is a consequence of the microscopic elevations and depressions of the surface of the gingival tissue due to the connective tissue projections within the tissue. ref name Itoiz The degree of keratinization and the prominence of stippling appear to be related. ref name Itoiz To be more specific, stippling occurs at sites of fusion of the epithelial ridges also known as rete pegs and correspond to the fusion of the valleys created by the connective tissue papillae. ref Lindhe s Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, 4th Ed. ref References references Periodontology Category Gingiva dentistry stub ... more details
Basophilic stippling aka Punctate basophilia refers to an observation found when observing a blood smear, where erythrocytes display small dots at the periphery. These dots represent accumulations of rRNA and are always pathological. ref http diaglab.vet.cornell.edu clinpath modules rbcmorph bse.htm ref It is associated with several conditions, including Sideroblastic anemia ref name urlPathology cite web url http www.med ed.virginia.edu courses path innes rcd side.cfm title Pathology format work accessdate 2009 02 08 ref Lead poisoning microcytic anemia ref name pmid965496 cite journal author Valentine WN, Paglia DE, Fink K, Madokoro G title Lead poisoning association with hemolytic anemia, basophilic stippling, erythrocyte pyrimidine 5 nucleotidase deficiency, and intraerythrocytic accumulation of pyrimidines journal J. Clin. Invest. volume 58 issue 4 pages 926 32 year 1976 month October pmid 965496 pmc 333255 doi 10.1172 JCI108545 ref Arsenic poisoning Beta thalassemia though some have questioned this ref name pmid18285271 cite journal author Harrington AM, Ward PC, Kroft SH title Iron deficiency anemia, beta thalassemia minor, and anemia of chronic disease a morphologic reappraisal journal Am. J. Clin. Pathol. volume 129 issue 3 pages 466 71 year 2008 month March pmid 18285271 doi 10.1309 LY7YLUPE7551JYBG url http ajcp.metapress.com openurl.asp?genre article&id doi 10.1309 LY7YLUPE7551JYBG ref Alpha thalassemia , HbH Disease H.Pyrimidine 5 Nucleotidase Deficiency See also Stippling Basophile References reflist medicine stub Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings Category Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for RBCs ... more details
Orphan date March 2009 Charles Benefiel 1967 is a contemporary United States American outsider art ist from California . As he has severe obsessive compulsive disorder , almost all of his work is done via stippling . He currently lives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Overview Born in Venice Beach , California, Charles experienced a mental breakdown in 1997 and was urged by friends to go to a mental health center, where he was diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder. His work has since been featured in various psychiatry and art magazines. His art is generally done on a large scale, some pieces being up to 5 x 8 feet in size he does most of his work through a neurotic method of stippling, without any preliminary designs. After the stippling is complete, the works are soaked in tea and treated with chemicals to give an old look. Style and method He renders his work through a process of stippling done with very precise rapidograph technical pen s his pieces are done without any preliminary drawings, and with no lines to guide the composition. In his representational drawings, Benefiel works from the center outward, and in his drawings of rows of numbers he stipples the characters from left to right as they would appear on a typed or printed page. As he draws, he counts the dots until a certain point, then repeats the sequence. Once the dots are complete, Benefiel tones the paper with tea, to add visual depth as well as a look of age. The idea of this method is to provide an exceptional degree of incremental control where possibilities for spontaneity and error are all but erased, to aesthetically resemble photographic grain , and to serve and complement his obsessive compulsive disposition. External links http www.rawvision.com articles 30 benefiel benefiel.html Overview and analysis of his work http web.archive.org web 20040209050604 http www.outsiderart.info benefiel.htm Collection of works http web.archive.org web 20060522110629 http ... more details
italic title Plasmodium bucki is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia . Like all Plasmodium species P. bucki has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammal s. Taxobox name Plasmodium bucki image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. bucki binomial Plasmodium bucki Description The parasite was first described by Landau et al. in 1989. ref name Landau1989 Landau I., Lepers J.P., Rabetafika L., Baccam D., Peters W. and Coulanges P. 1989 Plasmodia of lemurs in Madagascar. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 64 3 171 184 ref The infected erythrocyte becomes enlarged and stippled. The stippling resembles Maurer s dots. The mature schizont s produce 32 merozoite s. Geographical occurrence This species is found in Madagascar . Clinical features and host pathology The only known host is the lemur Lemur macaco macaco . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Plasmodium Bucki Category Plasmodium Alveolata plasmodium stub id Plasmodium bucki ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 File John Samuel Agar.jpg thumb right 200px Self portrait, ca. 1835, Pencil. Now at the National Portrait Gallery London National Portrait Gallery John Samuel Agar 1773 1858 , was an English portrait painter and engraver, who exhibited his works at the Royal Academy from 1796 to 1806. He was at one time president of the Society of Engravers . His works were chiefly in Stippling stipple . References Bryan article AGAR, John Samuel EB date December 2010 Persondata NAME Agar, John Samuel ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Painter and engraver DATE OF BIRTH 1773 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1858 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Agar, John Samuel Category 1773 births Category 1858 deaths Category English painters Category Portrait artists Category English engravers Category 18th century births UK painter stub ... more details
File John Calvin 10.jpg thumb right 200px John Calvin , dotted engraving by Felsing Johann Conrad Felsing , a German engraving engraver , was born at Giessen in 1766, and learned the elements of his art in Darmstadt . He engraved many portraits in the Stippling dotted manner , but was more particularly distinguished by his topographical works, of which the last and best was the military plan of Mainz Mayence . He died at Darmstadt in 1819. He was the father of Johann Heinrich Felsing , a celebrated copper plate printer, who died in 1875, and of Georg Jakob Felsing , the eminent engraver. References Bryan article FELSING, Johann Konrad commonscat Johann Conrad Felsing Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Felsing, Johann Conrad ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Engraver DATE OF BIRTH 1766 PLACE OF BIRTH Giessen DATE OF DEATH 1819 PLACE OF DEATH Darmstadt DEFAULTSORT Felsing, Johann Conrad Category 1766 births Category 1819 deaths Category German engravers Category People from Giessen Germany artist stub de Johann Conrad Felsing ... more details
orphan date May 2010 Image Kolonadovy most Piestany vecer.jpg thumb right 200px The Colonnade Bridge at night Kolon dov most literally The Colonnade Bridge is a bridge over the V h river in Pie any and it connects the town to the Spa Island. It was built by architect Emil Bellu in 1930 33, is a preeminent Functionalism architecture Functionalist construction with many precious art objects. In the middle of bridge are two stippling s from Slovak painter Martin Benka Detva songs and At sheepcote . On both bridge facades are inscriptions. In western entrance Saluberrimae Piestenienses Thermae The healing Pie any Spa and Surge et ambula Get up and walk on eastern entrance. At the western entrance of bridge stands the most known symbol of Pie any, the Crutch breaker statue. This statue is work of academic sculptor Robert Kuhmayer from year 1934. In 1945, retreating Germany German army destroyed it. It was reconstructed in 1956. It is only a part of a spa colonnade. The other parts were never constructed. coord 48 35 17 N 17 50 24 E source skwiki region SK display title Image Kolonadovy most Piestany portal.jpg thumb right 200px Entrance from the eastern side with writing SURGE ET AMBULA DEFAULTSORT Kolonadovy Most Piestany Category Bridges in Slovakia Category Bridges completed in 1933 Slovakia struct stub Europe bridge struct stub Slovakia transport stub pl Kolon dov most sk Kolon dov most Pie any ... more details
deep red nuclei. The pigment is granular, well distributed and generally black in colour. Heavy stippling ... of eosinophilic stippling within it. Mature microgametocytes occupy the entire the host cell and have ... stippling and may have fimbriated edges. Liver stages These have been studied 6 14 days post infection ... more details
File Le culte des n gres Nicolas Colibert mg 8492.jpg thumb right 300px Religion of negroes , engraving, Paris, 1795, made to celebrate the first abolition of slavery on 4 February 1794. Nicolas Colibert , a French painter and engraving engraver , was born in Paris in 1750. He executed in the Stippling dotted style some landscapes after Francesco Giuseppe Casanova Casanova , and about 1782 came to London, where he produced two oval plates of Pity and Youth, and two subjects from Evelina . During the French Revolution Revolution he returned to Paris and engraved several of Jean Fr d ric Schall Schall s designs for Les Amours de Psyche et de Cupidon, published in 1791, and some illustrations after Nicolas Andr Monsiau Monsiau to the poem La Mort d Abel, published in 1793. Colibert died in London in 1806. File Arriv e des Europ ens en Afrique Nicolas Colibert mg 8505.jpg thumb right 300px Arrival of Europeans in Africa References Bryan article COLIBERT, Nicolas Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Colibert, Nicolas ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1750 PLACE OF BIRTH Paris DATE OF DEATH 1806 PLACE OF DEATH London DEFAULTSORT Colibert, Nicolas Category 1750 births Category 1806 deaths Category Artists from Paris Category French painters Category Landscape artists Category French engravers ... more details
Robin Jacques 27 March 1920 in London , England 18 March 1995 was an illustrator whose work was published in more than 100 novels and children s books in the 20th century. He is notable for his long collaboration with Ruth Manning Sanders , serving as the illustrator for many of her collections of fairy tales from all over the world. In much of his work, Jacques employed the stippling technique. He was the brother of the actress Hattie Jacques . He was quoted once as saying My preference is for children s books of the more imaginative and fanciful kind, since these leave greater scope for illustrative invention, where I feel most at home. Thus, my work with Ruth Manning Sanders has proved most satisfying, and the twenty five books we have done together contain much of the work that I feel personally happiest with. Art director, educator and illustrator Robin Jacques, was born in London, England to World War One pilot Robin Jacques and his wife Mary. He taught himself to be an artist and began working in an advertising agency in his teens. Although he had no formal art training, he enjoyed drawing and used anatomy books, objects in the Victoria Albert Museum, and his surroundings for his instruction. Jacques rhymes with cakes served as art editor for Strand magazine and was art director for the Central Office of Information. He began teaching at the Harrow College of Art in 1973 and at the Canterbury Art College and Wimbledon Art College in 1975. Jacques was a prolific illustrator, and his beautiful line art graced the pages of over one hundred novels and children s books from the 1940s through the 1980s, most notably the fairy tale compilations of Ruth Manning Sanders. His expressive characters and breath taking stippling are the pinnacle of illustration. Few artists have been able to equal his grace, restraint and near perfection of line and detail. Illustration is something other than superlative drawing or a display of technical know how. Unlike painting and scul ... more details
for different purposes. A single needle tool is used for embossing or stippling. A 2 needle ... the shape is embossed. Fine lines and hatching can be obtained by embossing with the stylus tool. Stippling The single needle tool is used for stippling . Stippling is a technique used for generating ... more details
Pacman dysplasia is a lethal autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia References cite journal author Wilcox WR, Wenger DA, Lachman RS, Rimoin DL title Distinguishing Pacman dysplasia from mucolipidosis II comment on Saul et al. 2005 journal Am J Med Genet A year 2005 pages 333 volume 135 issue 3 pmid 15887286 doi 10.1002 ajmg.a.30717 cite journal author Saul RA, Proud V, Taylor HA, Leroy JG, Spranger J title Prenatal mucolipidosis type II I cell disease can present as Pacman dysplasia journal Am J Med Genet A year 2005 pages 328 32 volume 135 issue 3 pmid 15887289 doi 10.1002 ajmg.a.30716 cite journal author Wilcox WR, Lucas BC, Loebel B, Bachman RP, Lachman RS, Rimoin DL title Pacman dysplasia report of two affected sibs journal Am J Med Genet year 1998 pages 272 6 volume 77 issue 4 pmid 9600734 doi 10.1002 SICI 1096 8628 19980526 77 4 272 AID AJMG4 3.0.CO 2 P cite journal author Shohat M, Rimoin DL, Gruber HE, Lachman R title New epiphyseal stippling syndrome with osteoclastic hyperplasia journal Am J Med Genet year 1993 pages 558 61 volume 45 issue 5 pmid 8456823 doi 10.1002 ajmg.1320450506 cite journal author Miller SF, Proud VK, Werner AL, Field FM, Wilcox WF, Lachman RS, Rimoin DL title Pacman dysplasia a lethal skeletal dysplasia with variable radiographic features journal Pediatr Radiol year 2003 pages 256 60 volume 33 issue 4 pmid 12709756 doi 10.1007 s00247 002 0859 4 External links OMIM 167220 Category Diseases and disorders disease stub ... more details
italic title Plasmodium lemuris is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia . Like all Plasmodium species P. lemuris has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammal s. Taxobox name Plasmodium lemuris image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. lemuris binomial Plasmodium lemuris Description This species was first described by Huff and Hoogstraal in 1963 in the black lemur Lemur collaris . ref name Huff C.G.,Hoogstraal H. J. 1963 Plasmodium lemuris N. Sp., from Lemur collaris E. Geoffroy. J. Infect Dis. 112 233 236 ref The infected erythrocyte is enlarged 10 micrometres and distorted in shape and in many instances is almost completely filled by the parasite. Young trophozoite s are small and occupy three tenths to four tenths of the erythrocytes. The nucleus stains rose red. Larger trophozoites are more irregular tending toward amoeboidity. Pigment is in granules and there is no stippling of the host cell. The schizont s display irregularly shaped nuclei. The pigment is brown and clumped into a diffused mass. The gametocytes are very large 11 x 7 micrometres and irregular in shape. Their nuclei are band like or lobed irregularly. The macrogametocyte s have lavender to purple cytoplasm. The pigment is made up of small dark brown granules within vacuoles. The microgametocyte s have red staining nuclei and slate gray cytoplasm. Their pigment is similar to that of the macrogametocytes. Geographical occurrence This species is found in Madagascar . Clinical features and host pathology The known hosts include the lemur s Lemur macaco macaco and Lemur collaris . Note This species may belong to the genus Haemoproteus rather than to Plasmodium . Clarification of this point awaits examintion of the organism s DNA . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Plasmodium Lemuris Category Plasmodium plasmodium stub id Plasmodium lemu ... more details
The Welsh Harlequin is a breed of domestic duck originating in Wales . In 1949, in Criccieth, Group Captain Leslie Bonnet discovered a color mutation among his flock Khaki Campbell s, and began Selective breeding breeding selectively for it. By 1968, hatching eggs were exported to the United States, and live birds in 1981. Image Welsh Harlequin Duck.jpg thumb 120px right Welsh Harlequin Duck, only truly Welsh breed of duck Today, the Welsh Harlequin is a light weight duck breed known for its vivid plumage and egg laying ability. Welsh Harlequins are 5 to 6 pounds 2 to 3 kilos females have a greenish black bill, and their plumage is a creamy white color with brown stippling, with brown wings edged with white. Drakes are similar to a faded Mallard with a yellow bill. Welsh Harlequins are good layers like their forebears , produce a lean carcass, and are good foragers. They may be more vulnerable to predators such as birds of prey because of their light coloration. The Welsh Harlequin was admitted to the American Poultry Association s Standard of Perfection in 2001. The breed is considered to be critically endangered in North America by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy , with only 188 breeding birds found in a 2000 census. The Welsh Harlequin is one of the national animals of Wales . citation needed date December 2011 See also List of duck breeds References cite book last Ekarius first Carol title Storey s Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds year 2007 publisher Storey Publishing isbn 9781580176675 cite web url http www.albc usa.org cpl waterfowl welshharlequin.html work Rare Breeds Watchlist title Welsh Harlequin Duck publisher American Livestock Breeds Conservancy cite web url http www.feathersite.com Poultry Ducks Welsh BRKWelsh.html title Welsh Harlequin Ducks work feathersite.com Category Duck breeds Category ALBC Conservation Priority Breeds Category Duck breeds originating in Wales duck stub ... more details
Taxobox name Saint Vincent s bush anole regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Reptile Reptilia ordo Squamata familia Iguanidae subfamilia Polychrotidae genus Anolis species A. trinitatus species authority binomial Anolis trinitatis binomial authority Johan Reinhardt Reinhardt & Christian Frederik L tken L tken , 1862 synonyms Anolis vincenti Garman, 1887 Anolis trinitatus Creer et al., 2001 Saint Vincent s bush anole or the Trinidad anole Anolis trinitatis is a species of anole lizard found in the Caribbean . Geographic range It is native to the island of Saint Vincent island Saint Vincent , and has been introduced to Trinidad . Description Males, which reach 74 mm snout to vent about 3 inches , are green to green blue, with blue stippling on the head and anterior trunk. They have yellow coloring on the jaws and ventral surface, and the area around the eye is dark. Males have a large dewlap that extends into the abdominal region. Females are duller and have a smaller dewlap. Behavior It typically perches at low heights, below around 3 m 10 feet . References refbegin colwidth 60em citation last1 Malhotra first1 Anita last2 Thorpe first2 Roger S. title Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean publisher Macmillan Publishers Macmillan Education Ltd. year 1999 isbn 0 333 69141 5 pages 100 . refend External links http www.eol.org pages 453543 Anolis trinitatis at the Encyclopedia of Life http jcvi.org reptiles species.php?genus Anolis&species trinitatis Anolis trinitatis at the Reptile Database lizard stub Category Anoles Category Reptiles of the Caribbean Category Fauna of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Category Fauna of Trinidad and Tobago Category Animals described in 1862 ... more details
other uses Piano Lesson disambiguation Orphan date January 2012 Infobox Painting image file title Piano Lesson ref Getlein, Mark. Chapter 2 Art and Meaning Photo 2.24. Living with Art. 8th ed. Boston, MA McGraw Hill, 2008. Print. ref artist Henri Matisse year 1916 type Oil on canvas height 245.11 width 212.725 city New York museum The Museum of Modern Art The Piano Lesson depicts the living room of Matisse s home in Issy les Moulineaux, with his elder son, Pierre, at the piano, the artist s sculpture Decorative Figure 1908 , at bottom left, and, at upper right, his painting Woman on a High Stool. Matisse began with a naturalistic drawing, but he eliminated detail as he worked, scraping down areas and rebuilding them in broad fields of color. The painting evokes a specific moment in time light suddenly turned on in a darkening interior by the triangle of shadow on the boy s face and the rhyming green triangle of light falling on the garden. The artist s incising on the window frame and stippling on the left side produce a pitted quality that suggests the eroding effects of light or time, a theme reiterated by the presence of the metronome and burning candle on the piano. ref MoMA The Collection Henri Matisse. The Piano Lesson. MoMA The Museum of Modern Art. The Museum of Modern Art. Web. 15 June 2011. http www.moma.org collection object.php?object id 78908 . ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Piano Lesson Category 1916 paintings Category Paintings by Henri Matisse art stub ... more details
to generate dot drawings in the style of stippling harv Deussen Hiller van Overveld Strothotte 2000 ... Weighted Voronoi stippling doi 10.1145 508530.508537 pages 37 43 publisher ACM SIGGRAPH title Proceedings ... more details
Image Gillermanetch.jpg thumb Hedcut of Dan Gillerman . Hedcut is a term referring to a style of drawing , associated with The Wall Street Journal half column portrait illustrations. They use the stippling stipple method of many small dots and the hatching method of small lines to create an image, and are designed to emulate the look of woodcut s from old style newspaper s, and engravings on certificates and currency. The phonetic spelling of hed may be based on newspapers use of the term hed for headline. The Wall Street Journal adopted the current form of this portraiture in 1979 when freelance artist Kevin Sprouls approached the paper with some ink dot illustrations he had created. The front page editor felt that the drawings complemented the paper s classical feeling and gave it a sense of stability. Additionally, they are generally more legible than photographs of the same size would be. Sprouls was subsequently hired as a staff illustrator and remained there until 1987. Today, there are six hedcut artists on staff. Each drawing takes between three and five hours to produce. First, a high quality photograph must be obtained. This photograph is then converted to grayscale and the contrast is adjusted in Photoshop . The photograph is then printed and placed on a light table, and overlaid with tracing vellum. The illustrators then trace directly over this image with ink pens, recreating the source photo using specific dot and line patterns. The final tracing is then scanned back into Photoshop where it can be colorized if needed or otherwise adjusted. These drawings are traditionally created at 18 by 31 Pica typography picas 3 by 5.167 , and then later reduced to fit the column size. Women are sometimes more difficult to depict than men as they tend to have more complicated haircuts, which are often cropped for simplicity. This allows the women s portraits to fit into the same size frame as the men s without reducing the relative scale of the women s faces. In 200 ... more details
Refimprove date June 2008 main Conservation restoration File Art Restoration, Painting and Frame Restoration, before and after, Oliver Brothers Art Restoration, Boston.jpg thumb upright Example of painting and frame restoration before and after Art restoration is related to art conservation . Restoration is a process that attempts to return the work of art to some previous state that the restorer imagines was the original . This was commonly done in the past. However, in the late 20th century a separate concept of conservation was developed that is more concerned with preserving the work of art for the future, and less with making it look pristine. Restoration is controversial, since it often involves some irreversible change to the original material of the artwork with the goal of making it look good. The attitude that has developed in recent years with the development of conservation is to attempt to make all restoration reversible. The use of watercolor paints to inpaint damages on fresco is an example of a technique utilized to achieve almost complete reversibility. This is the technique used in the 20 year restoration of Da Vinci s The Last Supper in Milan. One of the most popular inpainting techniques used today is the Tinted Varnish Treatment. This process is done once the piece is fully cleaned and varnished. This last step in the restoration process is to then go into spots where original paint may be missing, or where patched holes and other irregularities may lay. The restorer then goes in with tinted varnish over the top of the non tinted varnish. This gives the illusion that the spots have been re painted , while in fact it is just a spot of tinted varnish. Most commonly stippling is used while using tinted varnish, in order for light to reflect similar to paint. This is done by using tiny dots in a row for variance. Art conservation can involve the cleaning and stabilization of art work. Ideally, any process used is reversible, departures from that ide ... more details
refimprove date December 2008 Image Russell smokingkid.jpg thumb Scratchboard illustration for WigWag Magazine by Bill Russell Scratchboard or scraperboard is a technique where drawings are created using sharp knives and tools for etching into a thin layer of white Kaolinite China clay that is coated with black India ink . Scratchboard can also be made with several layers of multi colored clay, so the pressure exerted on the instrument used determines the color that is revealed. Scratchboard can be used to yield highly detailed, precise and even textured artwork. History Modern scratchboard originated in the 19th century in Britain and France. As printing methods developed, scratchboard became a popular medium for reproduction because it replaced wood, metal and linoleum engraving. It allowed for a fine line appearance that could be photographically reduced for reproduction without losing quality. It was most effective and expeditious for use in single color book and newspaper printing . From the 1930 s to 1950 s, it was one of the preferred techniques for medical, scientific and product illustration . During that time period, Virgil Finlay made very detailed illustrations, often combining scratchboard methods with traditional pen & ink techniques, and producing highly detailed artworks. In more recent years, it has made a comeback as an appealing medium for editorial illustrators of magazines, ads and graphic novels . The technique Using a sharp, angled blade or scratch tool an outline is made on the surface of the scratchboard. Scratchboard can be purchased in either all black or all white sheets. Shadows and highlights are created by scratching away at the board. Artists using the white scratchboard paint or draw black areas onto it and then proceed to scratch into the black portions to create their drawing. Alternatively, the cleared portions of the scratchboard may be left blank for a stark black and white image. Various techniques such as hatching or stippling ... more details
File Pomponne de Bellievre first president of the Parliament of Paris by Robert Nanteuil.jpeg thumb 260px Based on a painting painted portrait by Charles Le Brun , Robert Nanteuil s engraving of Pompone de Belli vre has been described as foremost among his masterpieces, and a chief masterpiece of art, being, in the judgment of more than one connoisseur, the most beautiful engraved portrait that exists. ref name sumner Sumner, Charles, The Best Portraits in Engraving , http www.gutenberg.org files 22574 22574 h 22574 h.htm extracts at gutenberg.org, accessed 1 August 2008 ref File Robert Nanteuil by Gerard Edelinck.jpeg thumb 260px Robert Nanteuil in portrait by Gerard Edelinck . Yale University Art Gallery Robert Nanteuil 1623 or 1630 1678 was a France French printmaker in engraving . Life He was born about 1623, or, as other authorities state, in 1630, the son of a merchant of Reims . Having received an excellent classical education, he studied engraving under his brother in law, Nicholas Regnesson and, his crayon portraits having attracted attention, he was pensioned by Louis XIV of France Louis XIV and appointed designer and engraver of the cabinet to that monarch. It was mainly due to his influence that the king granted the edict of 1660, dated from Saint Jean de Luz , by which engraving was pronounced free and distinct from the mechanical arts, and its practitioners were declared entitled to the privileges of other artists. He died at Paris in 1678. sfn Chisholm 1911 The plates of Nanteuil, several of them approaching the scale of life, number about three hundred. In his early practice he imitated the technique of his predecessors, working with straight lines, strengthened, but not crossed, in the shadows, in the style of Claude Mellan , and in other prints cross hatching like Regnesson, or stippling in the manner of Jean Boulanger but he gradually asserted his full individuality, modelling the faces of his portraits with the utmost precision and completeness, ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 POV section date April 2012 Printmaking art techniques such as engraving , etching , woodcut and lithography are covered more fully in their respective articles. Image Paul Gustave Dor 1832 1883 Baron von M nchhausen 1862 009.jpg thumb Gustave Dor here illustrates the tales of Baron von M nchhausen in line art . Image High Current Copper Brush Commutated Dynamo.jpg thumb Line art technical illustration from an engineering textbook. Line art is any image that consists of distinct straight and curved lines placed against a usually plain background, without gradations in shading shade darkness or hue color to represent two dimensional or three dimensional objects. Line art can use lines of different colors, although line art is usually monochromatic. Overall it is a great piece of art and refreshment for those who love painting. It is also called line drawing. Line art emphasizes Art Forms, genres, mediums, and styles form and outline , over color, shading, and wikt texture texture . However, areas of solid pigment and dots can also be used in addition to lines. The lines in a piece of line art may be all of a constant width as in some Sketch drawing pencil drawings , of several few constant widths as in technical illustration s , or of freely varying widths as in brush work or engraving . Line art may tend towards Realism arts realism as in much of Gustave Dor s work , or it may be a caricature , cartoon , ideograph , or glyph . Before the development of photography and of halftone s, line art was the standard format for illustrations to be used in Printing print publications, using black ink on white paper. Using either stippling or hatching , shades of gray could also be simulated. One of the most fundamental elements of art is line . An important feature of line is that it indicates the edge of a two dimensional flat shape or a three dimensional form. A shape can be indicated by means of an outline and a three dimensional form can b ... more details
italic title Vinckeia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium all of which are parastic protozoa . The subgenus Vinckeia was created by Garnham in 1964 to accommodate the mammalian parasites other than those infecting the primates. ref name Garnham1964 Garnham P.C. 1964 The subgenera of Plasmodium in mammals. Ann. Soc. belge Med. trop. 44 2 267 272 ref ref name Garnham1966 Garnham P.C 1966 Malaria Parasites And Other Haemosporidia. Blackwell, Oxford ref Taxobox name Plasmodium image Malaria.jpg Plasmodium domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium Diagnostic features Species in this subgenus infect mammal s other than the higher primates . Species infecting lemurs have since been included in this subgenus. This classification may not be correct. ref name Pacheco2011 Pacheco MA, Battistuzzi FU, Junge RE, Cornejo OE, Williams CV, Landau I, Rabetafika L, Snounou G, Jones Engel L, Escalante AA 2011 Timing the origin of human malarias the lemur puzzle. BMC Evol Biol 11 1 299 ref Schizonts These do not fill the erythrocyte and do not show true stippling. They give rise normally to 8 or fewer merozoites. Schizongony nomally takes three days or less. Merozoites Gametocytes These are spherical Species in this subgenus Plasmodium achromaticum br Plasmodium aegyptensis br Plasmodium anomaluri br Plasmodium atheruri br Plasmodium berghei br Plasmodium booliati br Plasmodium bouillize br Plasmodium brodeni br Plasmodium bubalis br Plasmodium bucki br Plasmodium cephalophi br Plasmodium cercopitheci br Plasmodium chabaudi br Plasmodium coulangesi br Plasmodium cyclopsi br Plasmodium foleyi br Plasmodium girardi br Plasmodium incertae br Plasmodium inopinatum br Plasmodium joyeuxi br Plasmodium landauae br Plasmodium lemuris br Plasmodium melanipherum br Plasmodium narayani br Plasmodium odocoilei br Plasmodium percygarnhami br Plasmodium pulmophilium br Plasmodium sando ... more details
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