Orphan date November 2006 Context date October 2009 StressMigration is a failure mechanism that often occurs in IC metallization aluminum , copper . Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or unacceptable resistance increase that impededs the IC performance. StressMigration is often referred as Stress Voiding , Stress Induced Voiding or SIV . High temperature processing of copper dual damascene structures leaves the copper with a large tensile stress due to a mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion of the materials involved. The stress can relax with time through the diffusion of vacancies leading to the formation of voids and ultimately open circuit failures. ref StressMigration and the Mechanical Properties of Copper, G.B. Alers, et al ref References references Category Semiconductor device fabrication industry stub ... more details
wiktionary stressStress may refer to tocright Mechanical Stress mechanics , the average amount of force exerted per unit area Compressive stress , the stress applied to materials resulting in their compaction. It is the ability of a material to resist being crushed. Tensile stress also referred to as tension is the stress state leading to expansion Yield engineering Yield stress , the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically Biology Stress biology Stress physiology Stress psychological Geology Compression geology , the set of stresses directed toward the center of a rock mass Shear geology , the response of a rock to deformation usually by compressive stress and forms particular textures Tension geology , occurs when a rock is pulled apart in two opposite directions Music Accent music Stress band , an early 1980s melodic rock band from San Diego Stress Metal band , a Brazilian speed metal band. Stress Neo Psychedelic band , from the late 1980s Stress , a song by French band Justice, from album Stress song , the Norwegian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1968, performed in Norwegian by Odd B rre Stress Anonymus album Stress Daddy Freddy album Stress Daddy Freddy album Other Stress card game , card game Stress linguistics , phonological use of prominence in language Stress journal Stress journal , a medical journal published by Informa plc Stress The Unit Stress The Unit , an episode of the television series The Unit disambiguation ar bg bs Stres de Stress Begriffskl rung fa fr Stress homonymie ko it Stress he ja simple Stress sk Stres sr uk ... more details
wiktionary migration migrate migratory Migration , Migratory behavior , or Migratory may refer Gene migration, a process in evolution and population genetics Animal migration , the travelling of long distances in search of a new habitat Human migration , physical movement by humans from one area to another Bird migration , the regular seasonal journey done by many species of birds Reverse migration , a phenomenon in bird migration Fish migration , the regular journey of fish Insect migration , the seasonal movement of insects Diel vertical migration , a daily migration undertaken by some ocean organisms Plant migration, see Seed dispersal , the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant Forest migration , the movement of large seed plant dominated communities in geographical space over time Computing Data migration , moving information between data storage devices PC migration , moving a user environment between different computers or operating systems Process migration , in computer & application programming System migration , moving computer programs from one platform to another Other science Cell migration , in biology Molecular diffusion , in physics Migration chemistry , type of reaction in organic chemistry Geophysical migration , in seismic and ground penetrating ... , sedimentation , in physical chemistry and materials Planetary migration , the alteration of the satellite ... film , a 1988 film Migrations album Migrations album , a 2006 album by The Duhks Migration Creative Source album Migration Creative Source album Migration The Amboy Dukes album Migration The Amboy Dukes album Other Piercing migration , in body modification, a process that occurs when a body piercing moves from its initial location disambiguation cy Mudo de Migration es Migraci n desambiguaci n fr Migration hr Migracija id Migrasi disambiguasi he lt Migracija mk nl Migratie pl Migracja pt Migra o ru sl Migracija fi Migraatio sv Migration tr G uk ... more details
Infobox single Name No Stress Cover No stress CD maxi .jpg Border Caption Artist Laurent Wolf Album Wash ... Last single Another Brick br 2006 This single No Stress br 2008 Next single Wash My World br ... No Stress is the name of a 2008 song recorded by the French House music house producer and DJ ... weeks. No Stress was also a hit in Belgium Wallonia and Flanders , where it hit number one for one week ... seven and totaled 72 weeks in the top 100. Track listings CD single Tracklist title1 No Stress note1 length1 3 26 CD maxi Tracklist title1 No Stress note1 radio edit length1 3 22 title2 No Stress note2 Anton Wick remix length2 7 28 title3 No Stress note3 Ortega & Gold remix length3 7 09 title4 Columbia note4 length4 5 10 12 maxi Tracklist title1 No Stress note1 original club mix length1 6 59 title2 No Stress note2 Anton Wick remix length2 7 28 title3 No Stress note3 Ortega & Gold remix length3 7 09 title4 No Stress note4 Anton Wick elektra remix length4 7 08 Digital download Tracklist title1 No Stress note1 Zen Acoustic version length1 3 26 title2 No Stress note2 radio edit length2 3 21 title3 No Stress note3 Anton Wick remix length3 7 29 title4 No Stress note4 Ortega & Gold remix length4 ... No Stress , Belgian Flanders Singles Chart url http www.ultratop.be nl showitem.asp?key 420755&cat ... ref cite web title No Stress , Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart url http www.ultratop.be fr showitem.asp ... 1 Czech Republic IFPI ref cite web title No Stress , Czech IFPI Chart url http www.ifpicr.cz hitparada ... No Stress , Danish Singles Chart url http danishcharts.com showitem.asp?interpret Laurent Wolf&titel ... 19 Europe Eurochart Hot 100 align center 7 France SNEP ref cite web title No Stress , French Singles ... 18 June 2008 ref align center 1 Hungary Dance Mahasz ref cite web title No Stress , Hungarian ... cite web title No Stress , Italian Singles Chart url http italiancharts.com showitem.asp?interpret ... 2008 ref align center 18 singlechart Dutch40 18 artist Laurent Wolf song No Stress Russian Airplay ... more details
Stress tensor may refer to Stress mechanics , in classical physics Stress energy tensor , in relativistic theories Maxwell stress tensor , in electromagnetism See also Stress disambiguation Tensor disambiguation disambig de Spannungstensor he ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Radial stress is Stress physics stress towards or away from the central axis of a curved member. br DEFAULTSORT Radial Stress Category Solid mechanics Engineering stub ... more details
Stress test may refer to Stress testing , a form of testing that is used to determine the stability of a given system or entity Stress testing Financial sector , broad overview of financial sector stress tests Bank stress tests , links to USA Supervisory Capital Assessment Program stress testing and EU banking stress test exercise program Stress testing software , determines the robustness of software Cardiac stress test Stress Test television , an episode of Brandy and Mr Whiskers Contraction stress test For stress testing of materials, see Fatigue material dab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Stress intensity can refer to Stress intensity factor in fracture mechanics Tresca effective stress after Henri Tresca in material yielding disambig ... more details
refimprove date October 2010 File Stress ball manipulation.jpg thumb A stress ball in use File Turkey stress reliever.jpg thumb A turkey shaped foam rubber stress reliever A stress ball is a malleable toy, usually not more than 7 cm in diameter. It is squeezed in the hand and manipulated by the fingers, ostensibly to either help relieve stress and muscle tension or to exercise the muscles of the hand. There are many types of stress balls. Many are a closed cell polyurethane foam rubber . This type of stress ball is made by injecting the liquid components of the foam into a mold. The resulting chemical reaction creates carbon dioxide bubbles as a byproduct, which in turn creates the foam. ref cite web url http www.stressballs.gb.com info stressfaq.html title Stress Ball FAQs archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080215101551 http www.stressballs.gb.com info stressfaq.html archivedate Feb. 15, 2008 ref Stress balls, especially those used in physical therapy , can also contain gel of different ... balls similar to a footbag are marketed and used as stress balls. Despite the name, many stress balls are not spherical. Many stress toys are molded in amusing shapes and screen or transfer printed with corporate logos. They are presented to employees and clients as promotional gifts. Stress balls are the third most popular promotional gift in the UK. citation needed date October 2010 Stress toys are a staple of cubicle s where repetitive stress injury repetitive stress injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome are common. Because of the many shapes now available, stress balls are generically known as stress relievers. Citation needed date August 2007 References reflist Commons category Stress balls DEFAULTSORT Stress Ball Category Ergonomics Category Physical therapy Category Stress Category Balls Category Executive toys Category Rubber toys ar fr Balle anti stress it Palla anti stress ml nl Stressbal sv Stressboll ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date October 2008 In continuum mechanics , Haigh Westergaard stress space , or simply stress space is a 3 dimensional space in which the three spatial axes represent the three principal stresses for a body subject to Stress physics stress . Functions of the principal stresses, such as the yield function, can be represented by surfaces in stress space . In particular, the surface represented by von Mises stress von Mises yield function is a right circular cylinder, equiaxial to each of the three stress axes. In 2 dimensional models, stress space reduces to a plane and the von Mises yield surface reduces to an ellipse. DEFAULTSORT Stress Space Category Continuum mechanics ... more details
Migration Assistant may refer to Migration Assistant Apple Migration Assistant Linux dab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
orphan date December 2009 Contrastive stress is the Stress linguistics stressing of a word or syllable different from its normal Stress linguistics accentuation or pronunciation for the purpose of providing contrast or focus from an alternative word or syllable. Examples In the Gettysburg Address given by Abraham Lincoln , the stress given in the words of , by , and for in the sentence of the people, by the people, for the people is used to distinguish the three words as having greater purpose than the common terms. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse contrastive stress ref References Reflist Category Phonology Category Phonetics ... more details
Italic title Infobox journal title Stress cover File Stress front cover.jpg thumbnail center discipline Stress biology Stress , neurology abbreviation Stress editor John A. Russell publisher Informa country United Kingdom website http www.informahealthcare.com sts impact 3.205 impact year 2009 frequency Bimonthly history 1996 present ISSN 1025 3890 eISSN 1607 8888 CODEN STREFR OCLC 36276980 Stress is a Peer review peer reviewed medical journal covering interdisciplinary aspects of stress in terms of the mechanisms of stressful stimulation, the physiological and behavioural responses to stress, and their regulation, in both the short and long term adaptive mechanisms, coping strategies and the pathological consequences of stress. This includes research in physiology , neuroscience neurobiology , molecular biology , genetics , immunology , and behavioural studies. Stress is published by Informa and is edited by John A. Russell University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, UK . Ref Cite web url http informahealthcare.com page EditorialAdvisoryBoard?journalCode sts title Stress Editorial Board accessdate 14 06 2010 ref The journal was established in 1996 and according to the Journal Citation Reports it has a 2009 impact factor of 3.205. The journal is published 6 times a year. ref cite web url http informahealthcare.com loi sts?open 2009 title Stress Online Publications accessdate 09 06 2010 format work ref References Reflist Category Medical journals Category Informa academic journals Category English language journals Category Bimonthly journals Category Publications established in 1996 ... more details
Great Migration , Great Migrations , or The Great Migration may refer In history The Migration Period of Europe from 400 to 800 C.E. Great Migration of Puritan migration to New England 1620 1640 Puritans from England to New England 1620 1643 Great Serb Migrations from the Ottoman Empire to the Habsburg Monarchy 1690 and 1737 Great Migration of Canada , increased migration to Canada, approximately 1815 1850 Great Transatlantic migrations , a voluntary mass migration of Europeans to the Americas 1836 1916 , including over 30 million Europeans who migrated to the United States ref Nicholas J. Evans, http www.tandfonline.com doi abs 10.1080 21533369.2001.9668313 Indirect passage from Europe Transmigration via the UK, 1836 1914 , in Journal for Maritime Research , Volume 3, Issue 1 2001 , pp. 70 84. ref Great Migration, resulting from the 1947 Partition of India Partition of British India African American Great Migrations The original Great Migration African American Great Migration from the southern United States to the northern United States 1910 1930 The Second Great Migration African American Second Great Migration from the southern United States to the northern and western United States 1941 1970 The New Great Migration , reverse migration from the North, Midwest and the West to the southern United States 1965 present The Great Migration of 1843, the first large group of settlers to travel via the Oregon Trail to the Oregon Country In media Great Migrations , 2010 National Geographic nature documentary television miniseries The Great Migration album , 2006 album by rapper Bronze Nazareth Great Migrations Greyhawk , fictional migrations of the Oeridians and Suloise in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons role playing game References Reflist See also Great Trek Migration Period M ori migration canoes Mass migration Forced migration Human migration Indo Aryan migration Great Upheaval disambig Category Human migration ... more details
Migration studies is the academic study of human migration . Migration Information Source is a leading journal in the field, covering modern human migration. ref citation url http www.nytimes.com 2008 02 04 world americas 04iht migrate.1.9720151.html journal New York Times title Online journal chronicles global migration author Jason DeParle date 4 February 2008 ref References reflist External links http www.migrationinformation.org Migration Information Source Category Cultural studies anthropology stub economics stub ... more details
migration Image Migrationroutes.svg thumb 300px Example of long distance bird migration routes. Bird migration is the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of bird s. Bird movements include ... are not termed true migration because they are irregular nomadism, invasions, irruptions or in only one direction dispersal, movement of young away from natal area . Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. ref cite book title Bird Migration A General Survey author Peter Berthold, Hans G nther ... 8 ref General patterns Image 101111 Maison 007.jpg thumb Flocks of birds assembling before migration ... long distance migration. The primary motivation for migration appears to be food for example, some ... the available food supply varies little with the season. These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration such as predation. Predation can be heightened during migration the Eleonora s Falcon , which breeds on Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean islands ... as partial migration . Partial migration is very common in the southern continents in Australia ... Chan K year 2001 title Partial migration in Australian landbirds a review journal Emu volume 101 .... This is an example of leap frog migration . ref cite journal author Boland, J. M. year 1990 title Leapfrog migration in North American shorebirds intra and interspecific examples journal The Condor ... fully migratory species show leap frog migration birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes , and many show the alternative, chain migration where populations slide more evenly ... be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees. The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different. ref name newton cite book author Newton, I. year 2008 title The Migration ... is clockwise migration, where birds flying North tend to be further West, and flying South tend to shift ... altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mount Everest Mt. Everest found skeletons of Northern ... more details
Context date October 2009 About mass migration human migration in general Human migration Image Chinese ... on board the steam ship Alaska, headed for San Francisco . Mass migration refers to the human migrationmigration of a large group of people from one geographical area to another. Mass migration is distinguished from individual or small scale migration it is also different from Seasonal human migration seasonal migration , which occurs on a regular basis. A specific mass migration that is seen as especially influential to the course of history may be referred to as a Great Migration disambiguation great migration . Examples of great migrations include the migrations period Barbarian Invasions during the Roman Empire , the Great Migration Puritan Great Migration from England of the 1630s, the California Gold Rush from 1848&ndash 1850, and the Great Migration African American Great Migration ... 1950. Historians often identify an age of mass migration , occurring from c. 1850 to 1914 sometimes 1940 , in which long distance migration occurred at an unprecedented and exceptionally high rate. There were three factors that led to the age of mass migration . First, cost of migration decreased dramatically. Second, benefits of migration rise returns on migration was higher in the US than in other countries . Third, open border regime. Age of mass migration usually refers to the voluntary Transatlantic migrations transatlantic migration of Europe an peasants and labourers to the Americas . Immigration ... costs of migration and higher wages in the U.S. Migrant selection varies over time and across sending country, depending on relative wage premium in U.S. for high low skilled and cost of migration ... of Global History ref Mass migration is not always voluntary, sometimes including forced migration ... of Exodus Exodus and migration through the upper Himalyan route from the east by Purohits of Aryan ... and the Caribbean . See also Human migration Great Migration disambiguation Transatlantic migrations ... more details
Flow stress is defined as the instantaneous value of stress required to continue deforming the material to keep the metal flowing. It is the yield strength of the metal as a function of strain, which can be expressed ref Mikell P. Groover, 2007, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc. ref Yf Ke sup n sup Yf Flow stress, MPa e Strain materials science True strain K Strength Coefficient, MPa n Work hardening Strain hardening exponent Hence, Flow stress can also be defined as the stress required to sustain plastic deformation at a particular strain. The flow stress is a function of plastic strain. Flow stresses occur when a mass of flowing fluid induces a dynamic pressure on a conduit wall. The force of the fluid striking the wall acts as the load. This type of stress may be applied in an unsteady fashion when flow rates fluctuate. Water hammer is an example of a transient flow stress. The following properties that have an effect on flow stress chemical composition , purity, crystal structure , phase constitution, exit microstructure, grain size , and heat treatment . ref http www.metalpass.com metaldoc paper.aspx?docID 3 Flow Stress Bot generated title ref References reflist Category Metallurgy Category Mechanical engineering engineering stub ... more details
near the hole A stress concentration often called stress raisers or stress risers is a location in an object where stress physics stress is concentrated. An object is strongest when force is evenly distributed ... in stress. A material can fail, via a crack propagation propagating crack , when a concentrated stress exceeds the material s theoretical cohesive strength. The real fracture strength of a material ... especially foreign particles that concentrate stress. Fatigue material Fatigue cracks always start at stress raisers, so removing such defects increases the fatigue strength . Causes Image Stress.JPG right thumb 140px The sharp corner at the brick has acted as a stress concentrator within the concrete ... in the intensity of a stress field. The examples of shapes that cause these concentrations are cracks ... to minimize stress concentrations. Prevention A counter intuitive method of reducing one of the worst types of stress concentrations, a Fracture crack , is to drill a large hole at the end of the crack. The drilled hole, with its relatively large diameter , causes a smaller stress concentration ... opportune time. It is important to systematically check for possible stress concentrations caused ... to support the femur after a hip fracture fracture , but the concentration of stress at its bend increases the possibility that it may break under force. The term stress raiser is used in orthopedics a focus point of stress on an implant medicine implanted orthosis is very likely to be its point of failure. Classic cases of metallurgy metal failures due to stress concentrations include metal ... Ocean . Concentration factor for cracks main Stress intensity factor The maximum stress felt ... crack of length math 2a math and width math 2b math , under an applied external stress math sigma math , the stress at the ends of the major axes is given by math sigma max sigma left 1 ... tip. A stress concentration factor is the ratio of the highest stress math sigma max math ... more details
Language migration may refer to Language change Language change associated with human migration Particular language migrations may have names for example Bantu expansion and particular languages may have notable migration histories for example Indo Aryan languages Indo Aryan . For these, Special Search Language migration Search Wikipedia for language migration . Language contact Changes that occur with contact with other languages Sound change External history disambig ... more details
Cleanup date June 2008 Traumatic Stress is a commonly used term describing reactive anxiety and depression . It is not a medical term and is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM . What is popularly referred to as Traumatic Stress is covered in DSM IV by Adjustment disorder Adjustment Disorders . This includes subtypes of anxiety , Depression mood depression and disturbance of conduct and combinations of these symptoms. It results from events that are less threatening and distressing than the events that lead to posttraumatic stress disorder . The condition presents in a manner similar to posttraumatic stress disorder , but lacking the same intensity. Category Stress ... more details
Infobox IPA above Secondary stress ipa symbol ipa number 502 decimal1 716 Secondary stress or secondary accent obsolete is the weaker of two degrees of Stress linguistics stress in the pronunciation of a word the stronger degree of stress is called primary . The help IPA International Phonetic Alphabet symbol for secondary stress is a short vertical line preceding and at the foot of the stressed ... accents for primary and secondary stress pron nci tion . Most languages, if they have stress at all, have only one degree of it on the phonemic level. That is, each syllable has stress or it does not. Many languages have rhythmic stress location of the stress may not be predictable, but once the location of one stressed syllable which may be the primary stress is known, certain syllables before or after can be predicted to also be stressed these may have secondary stress. However, a few languages may have secondary stress that is not predictable, that is, phonemic. English is generally considered to be such a language, but this analysis is problematic. Degrees of stress in English In many phonological approaches, and in many dictionaries, English is represented as having two levels of stress. Secondary stress is important primarily in long words with several syllables before the primary stress, such as c unterint lligence IPA ka nt r. n t l d ns , and after the primary stress in many ... with secondary stress in Merriam Webster s dictionaries, for example, but not in the Oxford English Dictionary. Both dictionaries assign secondary stress to the counter of counterintelligence. ref Indeed, in some theories English has been described as having three levels of stress primary, secondary ... one degree of stress, as long as unstressed vowel unstressed syllables are phonemically distinguished ... phoneme phonemic stress. They report that often the alleged secondary stress in English is not characterized by the increase in respiratory activity normally associated with primary stress in English ... more details
Cyclic stress in engineering refers to an internal distribution of forces a stress that changes over time in a repetitive fashion. As an example, consider one of the large wheels used to drive an aerial lift such as a ski lift . The Wire rope wire cable wrapped around the wheel exerts a downward force on the wheel and the drive shaft supporting the wheel. Although the shaft, wheel, and cable move the force remains nearly vertical relative to the ground. Thus a point on the surface of the drive shaft will undergo tension when it is pointing towards the ground and compression when it is pointing to the sky. Because the wheel rotates many times during the use of the machine, this cycle of Tensile stress tension and Compressive stress compression is repeated many times &mdash hence the name cyclic stress. Types of cyclic stress Cyclic stress is frequently encountered in rotating machinery where a bending moment is applied to a rotating part. This is called a cyclic bending stress and the aerial lift above is a good example. However, cyclic axial stress es and cyclic torsional stress es also exist. An example of cyclic axial stress would be a bungee cord see bungee jumping , which must support the mass of people as they jump off structures such as bridges. When a person reaches the end ... a large axial stress in the cord. A fraction of the elastic potential energy stored in the cord ... he or she fell. The person then falls on the cord again, inducing stress in the cord. This happens ..., but have a torque that varies significantly over time. Cyclic stress and material failure When ... cyclic stresses into mean and alternating components. Mean stress is the time average of the principal stress. Alternating stress is the difference between the mean and the maximum or the mean and the minimum value the principal stress takes on. Engineers try to design mechanisms whose parts are subjected to a single type bending, axial, or torsional of cyclic stress because this more ... more details
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