of Iron in All Ages . Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0 8337 3463 6. Category Structuralengineering ... by steel in building structures, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide ... Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri main Steel Structural steel see also Steel frame Steel is an iron ... . It has similar structural properties to steel, although its strength varies significantly. It is rarely ... widely in building and civil engineering structures, due to its low cost, flexibility, durability ... in facades and very widely in aircraft engineering because of its good strength to weight ratio. It is a relatively ... or steel provide. The most commonly used in structural applications are glass reinforced plastic ... structural tension, it also cannot carry bending, so masonry walls become unstable at relatively small ..., stone is rarely used as a primary structural material, often only appearing as a cladding, because ... Happold main Timber Timber is the oldest of structural materials, and though mainly supplanted by steel ... and allows the structure to retain some strength for a reasonable length of time. Other structural ... 84670 6. Hoogenboom P.C.J., Discrete Elements and Nonlinearity in Design of Structural Concrete Walls , Section 1.3 Historical Overview of Structural Concrete Modelling, August 1998, ISBN 90 9011843 ... 29740 X. Schlaich, J., K. Sch fer, M. Jennewein 1987 . Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete ... more details
Image Alignment of thioredoxins2.png thumb 300px right Structural alignment of thioredoxin s from humans ... 3TRX 3TRX and http www.rcsb.org pdb explore.do?structureId 1XWC 1XWC . Structural alignment attempts ... s but can also be used for large RNA molecules. In contrast to simple structural superposition, where at least some equivalent residues of the two structures are known, structural alignment requires no a priori knowledge of equivalent positions. Structural alignment is a valuable tool for the comparison ... cannot be easily detected by standard sequence alignment techniques. Structural alignment can therefore ... amino acid sequences converge on a common tertiary structure . Structural alignments can compare two ... spectroscopy . It is possible to perform a structural alignment on structures produced by protein ... a structural alignment between the model and the true known structure to assess the model s quality. Structural alignments are especially useful in analyzing data from structural genomics and proteomics ... 1029 34. ref The outputs of a structural alignment are a superposition of the atomic coordinates coordinate .... Structural alignment can be complicated by the existence of multiple protein domain s within one ... structures to be aligned can artificially inflate the RMSD. Data produced by structural alignment The minimum information produced from a successful structural alignment is a set of superposed three ... mutual RMSD values, as well as other more sophisticated measures of structural similarity ... in CASP . The structural alignment also implies a corresponding one dimensional sequence alignment ... macromolecule can be used in producing a structural alignment and calculating the corresponding RMSD ... it is common for structural alignment methods to use by default only the backbone atoms included ... godzik Godzik A. 1996 . The structural alignment of proteins is there a unique answer? Protein Sci 5 1325 8. ref Structural superposition The most basic possible comparison between protein structures ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor i.e. regulatory protein . It may code for a Protein Structural proteins structural protein , an enzyme , or an RNA molecule not involved in regulation. Structural genes represent an enormous variety of protein structures and functions, including structural proteins, enzymes with catalytic activities and so on. These genes are needed for the morphological or functional traits of the cell. In Eukaryotes, these occur in spilt form, segmented into introns and exons. But Prokaryotes, these are continuous. The structural genes are concerned with the synthesis of polypeptide chain or a number of polypeptide chains and are also concerned with the synthesis of different types of RNA required during protein synthesis. In the Lac Operon concept , these genes are associated with the synthesis of those enzymes that are needed for the catabolism of Lactose. In lac operon, there are three structural genes a, Lac Z gene for beta galactosodase enzyme. b, Lac Y gene for galactose permease enzyme. c, Lac A gene for thio galactoside trans acetylase enzyme. DEFAULTSORT Structural Gene Category Genes Category Gene expression Genetics stub ja ur ... more details
In physics , structural theory explains the large variety in chemical compound s in terms of atom s making up molecule s, the order in which atoms are put together in molecules and the electron s that hold them together. According to structural theory from a structural formula of a molecule alone it is possible to derive all physical and spectroscopic data and predict chemical reaction chemical reactivity ref Organic Chemistry , Morrison & Boyd, 4th Ed. Allyn & Bacon New York 1986 ref . Development of structural theory was initiated by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov to whom is attributed the following quote ref http www.lse.ac.uk collections CPNSS pdf DP withCoverPages DP64 DP64F 03 C.pdf ref the chemical nature of a compound molecule depends on the nature and quantity of its elementary constituents and its chemical structure. References Reflist Category History of chemistry tl Teoryang pambalangkas ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 Structural Soil is a medium that can be compacted to Road surface pavement design ... Urban. Structural Soil. Urban Horticulture Institute. Cornell University, 1996. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http ... thumb Structural Soil Diagram Problems with Typical Installations Previously the main problem facing ... Island Plan Viewx800.gif thumb Plan View of Structural Soil Extents CU Structural Soil Structural ... rights to Cornell s CU Structural Soil Urban Tree Planting Mix. It is marketed as CU Structural Soil for quality control and is produced by a network of qualified AMEREQ licensed companies. CU Structural Soil on average costs 35 42 per ton . Other companies have formed their own brand of structural soil based on Cornell s work. For example, STALITE has developed STALITE MATRIX Structural Soil .... 20 Apr 2010. http amereq.com pages 2 index.htm . ref ref Structural Soil. America s Premier Paver. Pine Hall Brick, n.d. Web. 20 Apr 2010. http www.americaspremierpaver.com alliedproducts structural soil.htm . ref ref name second Bassuk, Nina. CU Structural Soil An Update after More than a Decade of Use in the Urban Environment. www.urban forestry.com. 16 19. Print. ref Wallace Structural Soil ... 50,000 cubic yards of the Wallace Labs formulation. Composition As discussed above, structural soil .... Structural soil is not typically stockpiled it should be mixed and installed soon after delivery. If a stockpile .... Cornell also suggests a minimum of 24 to 36 for CU Structural Soil depth and they have established no minimum for length and width of installation, however, because it is a structural soil it was designed to go under the entire pavement area. Testing has shown that structural soil is safe around utilities .... 2008. Managing Stormwater for Urban Sustainability using Trees and Structural Soils. Virginia Polytechnic ... left Plan View of Structural Soil Extents File 3Street Tree Planting View 2x800.gif thumb Typical Street Planting Section with Structural Soil Continued Development Cornell is continuing its development ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Semantics Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some critical theorists suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions outside of these interactions language may become meaningless. See also Prototype Semantics Cognitive Semantics Cognitive Linguistics Principle of compositionality Ferdinand de Saussure Category Logical positivism DEFAULTSORT Structural Semantics Ling stub bn nl Structuralistische semantiek pt Sem ntica estrutural ... more details
Structural parasitology is the study of the structures of proteins for interesting Parasitism parasites . It applies the techniques of structural biology such as X ray crystallography or NMR to determine the 3 D structures of protein molecules involved in a parasitic relationship. One goal is to distinguish the workings of functional pathways in these organisms in comparison to humans. More importantly, it is hoped that structures of parasite proteins will lead to faster discovery of drugs for diseases neglected by pharmaceutical companies. This is a challenging field because parasite proteins are often more difficult to express using a heterologous system. The challenge is particularly great for proteins from eukaryotic parasites. Once expressed, many parasitic proteins are also resistant to crystallization because they contain Genetic insertion inserts which are not commonly found in human or prokaryotic proteins. Parasites of interest include Plasmodium , Trypanosoma , Leishmania , Giardia , Entamoeba , Cryptosporidium , Helminth and Toxoplasma , most of which are agents for Neglected Diseases . Many academic labs around the world study structural parasitology. Two groups in particular have contributed many parasite structures the SGPP Structural Genomnics of Pathogenic Protozoa and the SGC Structural Genomics Consortium . External links http thesgc.org SGC website http sgpp.org SGPP website Category Parasitology ... more details
Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology , biochemistry , and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecule s, especially protein s and nucleic acid s, how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. This subject is of great interest to biologists because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of cell biology cells , and because it is only by coiling into specific three dimensional shapes that they are able to perform these functions. This architecture, the tertiary structure of molecules, depends in a complicated way on the molecules basic composition, or primary structure s. File Hemoglobin t r state ani.gif thumb Hemoglobin , the oxygen transporting protein found in red blood cells Biomolecule s are too small to see in detail even with the most advanced light microscope s. The methods that structural biologists use to determine their structures generally involve measurements on vast numbers of identical molecules at the same time. These methods include X ray crystallography Biological macromolecular crystallography Macromolecular crystallography , Protein NMR NMR , Electron paramagnetic resonance EPR , Cryo electron microscopy cryo EM Multiangle light scattering , Biological small angle scattering Small angle scattering , Ultra fast laser spectroscopy , and Dual Polarisation ... approach that structural biologists take to understanding structure is bioinformatics to look ... Quaternary structure Structural domain Structural motif Protein subunit Molecular model Cooperativity Chaperonin Structural genomics Stereochemistry Resolution electron density Proteopedia The collaborative ... Nature Structural & Molecular Biology magazine website http www.journals.elsevier.com journal of structural biology Journal of Structural Biology http www.biochemweb.org structural.shtml Structural ... structure Category Biophysics Category Structural biology ca Biologia estructural de Strukturbiologie ... more details
Not to be confused with Structural abuse Structural violence is a term first used in the 1960s commonly ... adultism adultism , nationalism , heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung. Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent ... defines structural violence as the increased rates of death and disability suffered by those who occupy ... direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art ..., Vol. 27, No. 3 Aug., 1990 , pp. 291 305 ref Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence ... of cultural violence highlights the way in which the act of direct violence and the fact of structural ... child. But not doing so costs us five million lives a year. These are classic examples of structural violence . The violence in structural violence is attributed to the specific organizations of society ... structural violence affects the health of subaltern or marginalized people, medical anthropologist Paul Farmer writes bquote Their sickness is a result of structural violence neither culture nor pure ... conspire to constrain individual agency. Structural violence is visited upon all those whose ... Hughes . Theorists argue that structural violence is embedded in the current world system. This form .... Ending the global problem of structural violence will require actions that may seem unfeasible ... the harmful impacts of structural violence. Others, such as futurist Wendell Bell, see a need for long term vision to guide projects for social justice. Many structural violences, such as racism and sexism ... to health care Structural violence has affected health care availability in the sense that physicians ... Keshavjee. 2006. Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 1686 1691. ref Structural violence is the result of policy and social structures, and change can only be a product of altering the processes that encourage structural violence in the first place. Paul Farmer claims ... more details
World geologic provinces A structural basin is a large scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying stratum strata . Structural basins are geological depressions, and are the inverse of dome geology dome s. Some elongated structural basins are also known as syncline s. Structural basins may also be sedimentary basin s, which are aggregations of sediment that filled up a depression or accumulated in an area however, many structural basins were formed by tectonic events long after the sedimentary layers were deposited. Basins appear on a geologic map as roughly circular or elliptical, with concentric layers. Because the strata dip toward the center, the exposed stratum strata in a basin are progressively younger from outside in, with the youngest rocks in the center. Basins are often large in areal extent, often hundreds of kilometers across. Structural basins are often important sources of coal , petroleum , and groundwater . Examples of structural basins globalize date December 2010 Australia Amadeus Basin Bowen Basin Cooper Basin Europe Hampshire Basin , United Kingdom London Basin , United Kingdom Paris Basin geology Paris Basin , France Permian Basin Europe Permian Basin , Poland , northern Germany , Denmark , The Netherlands , the North Sea , and Scotland United States Appalachian Basin Geology Appalachian Basin , Eastern United States Big Horn Basin , Wyoming Black Warrior Basin , Alabama and Mississippi Delaware Basin , Texas and New Mexico Denver Basin , Colorado Illinois Basin , Illinois Los Angeles Basin , California Michigan Basin , Michigan North Park Colorado basin North Park Colorado Basin Paradox Basin , Utah and Colorado Permian Basin North America Permian Basin , Texas and New Mexico Piceance Basin , Colorado .... ISBN 0 314 09577 2 DEFAULTSORT Structural Basin Category Basins Category Depressions geology Category Structural geology Geology stub be be x old bg ca Conca estructural ... more details
Structural change of an economy refers to a long term widespread change of the fundamental structure, rather than microscale or short term output and employment. For example, a subsistence economy is transformed into a manufacturing economy, or a regulated mixed economy is liberalized. A current structural change in the world economy is globalization . Fisher 1939 ref Fisher, A 1939 Production Primary, Secondary and Tertiary, Economic Record, June ref and Clark 1940 ref Clark, C 1940 The Conditions of Economic Progress ref look at patterns in changes in sectoral employment. The logic of their arguments being that patterns of production are functions of the level of income and that resource and production shifts are an integral part of development. The major determinant of these shifts is the income elasticity of demand. Goods or sectors for which there is a high income elasticity of demand will grow in importance as income grows. Countries start with their production dominated by primary production, then secondary activities start to dominate and finally the tertiary sector dominates. The role of technical progress is crucial in the process of structural change as suggested by Paolo Leon 1967 ref Leon, P. 1967 Structural Change and Growth in Capitalism, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore ref and Luigi Pasinetti 1981 ref Pasinetti, L. 1981 , Structural Change and Economic Growth a Theoretical essay on the dynamics of the wealth of nations, Cambridge University Press ref . Structural change can be initiated by policy decisions or permanent changes in resources, population or the society ... reaching implications on the economies dependent on the state run Soviet economy. Structural change ... in structural unemployment . Short term economical challenges can be managed with short term Fiscal ... years. Managing structural change requires long term investments such as education , and Microeconomic ... and Structural Change http www.dol.gov sec media speeches 20031215 G 8.htm ref References ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For other uses of analog, see Analog disambiguation . In chemistry , a structural analog structural analogue , also known as chemical analog or simply analog , is a chemical compound compound having a structure similar to that of another one, but differing from it in respect of a certain component. It can differ in one or more atom s, functional group s, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. A structural analog can be imagined to be formed, at least theoretically, from the other compound. Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily functional analog s and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. In drug development large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure activity relationship study. Examples class wikitable Carbon Based Silicon Based File Methane 2D.svg thumb 100px Methane File Silane 2D.png thumb 100px Silane File Ethane 2D.png thumb 100px Ethane File Disilane.png thumb 100px Disilane File Acetylene 2D.png thumb 100px Acetylene File Disilyne.svg thumb 100px Disilyne File Propane 3D balls B.png thumb 100px Propane File Trisilane 2D A.png thumb 100px Trisilane File Methanol 2D.png thumb 100px Methanol File Silanol.svg thumb 100px Silanol See also Derivative chemistry Homology chemistry Homolog , a compound of a series differing only by repeated units Functional analog , compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties Transition state analog DEFAULTSORT Structural Analog Category Chemical nomenclature Physical chemistry stub ca An leg estructural de Analogon Chemie et Struktuurianaloog ja pl Analog chemia pt An logo qu mica sr Strukturni analog ... more details
. Note also that, even when two genes encode secondary structural elements of a motif in the same order ... helix end folded over to bind a zinc ion . Important in DNA binding proteins. seealso structural ... prosite Database of protein families and domains Structural Classification of Proteins SCOP http scop.mrc lmb.cam.ac.uk scop Structural classification of Proteins CATH http www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk ... PASS2 Protein Alignments as Structural Superfamilies SMoS http caps.ncbs.res.in SMoS SMoS Database of Structural Motifs of Superfamily S4 http www1.i2r.a star.edu.sg azeyar SuperSSE S4 Server for Super ... year 2007 pmid 17557333 doi 10.1002 prot.21473 DEFAULTSORT Structural Motif Category Protein structural ... more details
in sentential form is structural priming ref name bock . Theory of structural priming At least three theories exist to explain the phenomenon of structural priming syntactic Priming psychology repetition ... type prime. However, other structural priming patterns exist that complicate this explanation. Thematic ... mapping is what allows structural priming ref Melinger, A. 2006 . The influence of thematic role assignment on structural priming. Poster presented at the 19th annual CUNY conference on Human Sentence ... to be nevertheless derived ref Kim, C. 2006 . Structural and Thematic Information in Sentence ... more details
In polymer chemistry , a structural unit is a building block of a polymer chain. It is the result of a monomer which has been polymerized into a long chain. There may be more than one structural unit in the repeat unit . When different monomers are polymerized, a copolymer is formed. It is a routine way of developing new properties for new materials. Example Consider the example of polyethylene terephthalate PET or polyester . The monomers which could be used to create this polymer are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid HO CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub OH and HOOC C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub COOH In the polymer, there are two structural units, which are O CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O and CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO The repeat unit is CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO O Functionality of structural units The functionality of a monomeric structural unit is defined as the number of covalent bonds which it forms with other reactants. ref http goldbook.iupac.org FT07505.html Definition of functionality in IUPAC Gold Book ref A structural unit in a linear polymer chain segment forms two bonds and is therefore bifunctional , as for the PET structural units above. Other values of functionality exist. Unless the macromolecule is cyclic, it will have monovalent structural units at each end of the polymer chain. In Branching polymer chemistry branched polymers , there are trifunctional units at each branch point. For example in the synthesis of PET, a small fraction of the ethylene glycol can be replaced by glycerol which has three alcohol groups. This trifunctional molecule inserts itself in the polymeric chain and bonds to three carboxylic acid groups forming a branch point. Finally, the formation of cross link ed polymers involves tetrafunctional structural units. For example, in the synthesis of cross linked polystyrene , a small fraction of monomeric styrene or vinylbenzene is remplaced by 1,4 divinylbenzene or para divinylbenzene . Each of the two vinyl ... more details
Structural capital is the supportive infrastructure, processes and databases of the organisation that enable human capital to function. ref Maddocks, J. & Beaney, M. 2002. See the invisible and intangible. Knowledge Management, March, 16 17. ref Structural capital includes such traditional things as buildings, hardware, software, processes, patents, and trademarks. In addition, structural capital includes such things as the organization s image, organization, information system, and proprietary databases. Because of its diverse components, structural capital can be classified further into organization, process and innovation capital. Organizational capital includes the organization philosophy and systems for leveraging the organization s capability. Process capital includes the techniques, procedures, and programs that implement and enhance the delivery of goods and services. Innovation capital includes intellectual properties and intangible assets. ref Edvinsson, L. & Malone, M.S. 1997. Intellectual Capital Realizing your Company s True Value by Finding Its Hidden Roots. New York Harper Business. ref Intellectual properties are protected commercial rights such as copyrights and trademarks. Intangible assets are all of the other talents and theory by which an organization is run. See also Intellectual capital References reflist business term stub Category Capital es Capital estructural ... more details
Image Schenkerian Ursatz 321IVI.png thumb Fundamental structure. audio Ursatz.mid Play In Schenkerian analysis , a structural level is a representation of a musical composition piece of music at a different level of abstraction, with levels typically including foreground, middleground, and background. ref Bello, Juan Pablo, ed. 2008 . Kirlin, Philip B. and Utgoff, Paul E. A Framework for Automated Schenkerian Analysis , ISMIR 2008 , p.363. ISBN 978 0 615 24849 3. ref According to Schenker musical form is, an energy transformation a transformation of the forces which flow from the background to the foreground through the structural levels. ref Tymieniecka, Anna Teresa, ed. 2006 . Inhabited Time Couperin s Passacaille , Logos of Phenomenology and Phenomenology of the Logos , p.189. ISBN 978 1 4020 3717 7. Cites Free Composition 1935 . ref For example, while details such as melodic notes exist at the lowest structural levels, the foreground, in the background the fundamental structure is the most basic structural level of all tonality tonal music , representing the digression from and necessary return to the tonic music tonic that motivates musical form . It may be conceived of in a specific piece as the opening in the tonic and the return to the tonic with a perfect authentic cadence V I after the musical development development of sonata form sonata allegro form . Sources reflist Schenkerian analysis Category Schenkerian analysis ... more details
Structural abuse is the process by which an individual is dealt with unfairly by a system of harm in ways ... change. Every system contains at least one level at which structural abuse occurs, when the actions ... abuse of others occurs. citation needed date November 2011 Structural abuse should not be confused with structural violence . Structural violence refers to action committed by a larger society, such as racism or classism in an entire society. Structural abuse refers to actions that are not necessarily endorsed by the broader society. Classes There are three kinds of structural abuse Imposed interference ... the relationship and the physical and emotional wellbeing of the person being kept waiting. Structural .... Impacts Structural abuse is also called societal abuse. It has four permanent impacts upon the individuals ... structural abuses are accepted by the community is where a political journalist Who date August 2011 ... System Structural Abuse Indicators include the inability of an outsider to make contact on a personal ... blaring down the earpiece is structural abuse because by listening for the resumption of the discussion ... are not kept is a category of political structural abuse. Unkept promises fixate the expectations ... to the unkept promises of politicians. Community Control Functions of Structural Abuse All categories of structural abuse involve the manipulative control of time, energy, focus and connection .... Most people call structural abuse bad manners or rudeness , since it generally breaks conventions by which there is mutual control within each situation. Each instance of structural abuse ..., missing redress, and feelings of entrapment from which it is hard to escape. Dealing with structural abuse Structural abuse is helped by talking therapies in which those abused find a listener, and then find ... against structural abuse, protecting the victim from such abuse, and enabling him or her to approach ... murder Kangaroo court Legal abuse Structural violence References Reflist Dissociative Cues Dave ... more details
technical date November 2010 Structural cohesion is the sociological conception ref cite journal last Moody first James authorlink James Moody Sociologist coauthors Douglas R. White White, Douglas title Structural Cohesion and Embeddedness A Hierarchical Concept of Social Groups. journal American Sociological Review volume 68 issue 1 pages 1 25 year 2003 publisher url http www2.asanet.org journals ASRFeb03MoodyWhite.pdf format PDF id accessdate 2006 08 19 ref ref cite journal last White first Douglas authorlink Douglas R. White coauthors Frank Harary title The Cohesiveness of Blocks in Social Networks Node Connectivity and Conditional Density. journal Sociological Methodology 2001 volume 31 issue 1 pages 305 359 year 2001 publisher Blackwell Publishers, Inc., Boston, USA and Oxford, UK. url http www.ingentaconnect.com content bpl some 2001 00000031 00000001 art00098 jsessionid 1f96pkuejdhry.victoria format book id accessdate 2006 08 19 doi 10.1111 0081 1750.00098 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref of a useful formal definition and measure of Social cohesion cohesion in social groups . It is defined as the minimal number of actors in a social network that need to be removed to disconnect the group. It is thus identical to the question of the node connectivity graph theory connectivity of a given graph. The vertex cut version of Menger s theorem also proves that the disconnection number is equivalent to a maximally sized group with a network in which every pair of persons ... be connected. The boundaries of structural endogamy in a kinship group are a special case of structural ... is the R program for computing structural cohesion according to the Moody White 2003 algorithm . This wiki ... has connectivity 2 or a level 2 of structural cohesion because the removal of two nodes is needed ..., nodes 1 5 Image NetworkTopology FullyConnected.png A 6 node clique is a 5 component, structural ... to measure structural cohesion in groups. In 1990, Bollen and Hoyle used the PCS and applied it to a study ... more details
NOTOC Structural bioinformatics is the branch of bioinformatics which is related to the analysis and prediction of the three dimensional structure of biological macromolecules such as proteins , RNA , and DNA . It deals with generalizations about macromolecular 3D structure such as comparisons of overall folds and local motifs, principles of molecular folding, evolution, and binding interactions, and structure function relationships, working both from experimentally solved structures and from computational models. The term structural has the same meaning as in structural biology , and structural bioinformatics can be seen as a part of computational structural biology. genomics footer See also columns list 2 MMDB Protein Data Bank SCOP STING Molecular modelling List of software for molecular mechanics modeling Molecular Conceptor CASP References Books Bourne, P.E., and Gu, J. 2009 Structural Bioinformatics 2nd edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 978 0 470 18105 8 Bourne, P.E., and Weissig, H. 2003 Structural Bioinformatics , Wiley ISBN 0 471 20199 5 Leach, Andrew 2001 Molecular Modelling Principles and Applications 2nd edition , Prentice Hall, ISBN 978 0582382107 Hallmark publications cite journal journal RNA volume 7 pages 499&ndash 512 year 2001 author Leontis NB, Westhof E. title Geometric nomenclature and classification of RNA base pairs doi 10.1017 S1355838201002515 pmid 11345429 pmc 1370104 issue 4 cite journal journal Adv Protein Chem volume 34 pages 167&ndash 339 ... lmb.cam.ac.uk scop Structural Classification of Proteins SCOP http mozart.bio.neu.edu topofit index.php ... of proteins http sbkb.org The Structural Biology Knowledgebase ProtCID http dunbrack2.fccc.edu protcid ... on line application http www.moltalk.org MolTalk , structural bioinformatics software http ... platform for structural bioinformatics http www.spadeweb.org SPADE the structural proteomics ... web servers for binding site level analysis Category Structural bioinformatics bioinformatics ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 A structural break is a concept in econometrics . A structural break appears when we see an unexpected shift in a macroeconomic time series . This can lead to huge forecasting errors and unreliability of the Economic model model in general ref name guj cite book last Gujarati first Damodar title Basic Econometrics year 2007 publisher Tata McGraw Hill location New Delhi isbn 0070660050 pages 278 284 ref . This issue was popularised by David Hendry . Test In general, the CUSUM cumulative sum and CUSUM sq CUSUM squared tests can be used to test the constancy of the coefficients in a model. The bounds test can also be used. ref Pesaran, MH Shin, Y Smith, RJ 2001 Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships Journal of Applied Econometrics , 16 3 , 289 326 ref For a linear model with one known single break in mean, the Chow test is often used. If the single break in mean is unknown, then Hartley s test may be appropriate. Other challenges are where there are a known number of unknown breaks in mean an unknown number of unknown breaks in mean breaks in variance. The Chow test is not applicable for these situations ref name guj . For nonstationary process, there are many more challenges. For a cointegration model, the Gregory and Hansen test 1996 ref Gregory, Allan Hansen, Bruce 1996 Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime and Trend Shifts Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics , 58 3 , 555 560 ref is used for one unknown structural break, and the Hatemi J test 2006 ref Hacker, R. Scott Hatemi J, Abdulnasser 2006 Tests for Causality ... programs that can be used to find structural breaks, including R open source and GAUSS . More sophisticated .... The latest method has been used by Bai and Perron 2003 full in which multiple structural breaks can ... by Chandan Mukherjee 2009 full . See also Structural change The Great Moderation Change detection References references Refimprove date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Structural Break Category Change ... more details
In petroleum geology , a structural trap is a type of geological trap that forms as a result of changes in the structure of the subsurface, due to fault geology tectonic , salt tectonics diapiric , gravitational and fold geology compactional processes. ref http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term structural 20trap Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary ref ref Gluyas, J. & Swarbrick, R. 2004 Petroleum Geoscience. Publ. Blackwell Publishing ref These changes block the upward migration of hydrocarbons and can lead to the formation of a petroleum reservoir . The three basic forms of structural traps are the anticline trap, the fault trap and the salt dome trap. ref http www.priweb.org ed pgws systems traps structural structural.html Petroleum Research Institution ref Anticlinal trap Image Structural Trap Anticlinal .svg thumb 90px Anticlinal trap An anticline is an area of the subsurface where the strata have been pushed into forming a domed shape. If there is a layer of impermeable rock present in this dome shape, then hydrocarbons can accumulate at the crest until the anticline is filled to the spill point the highest point where hydrocarbons can escape the anticline. ref Cite book author Sheriff, R. E., Geldart, L. P. year 1995 title Exploration Seismology edition 2nd publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 0 521 46826 4 page 351 ref This type of trap is by far the most significant to the hydrocarbon industry. Anticline traps are usually long oval domes of land that can often be seen by looking at a geological map or by flying over the land. Fault trap Image Structural Trap Fault.svg thumb 90px Fault trap This trap is formed by the movement of permeable and impermeable layers of rock along a fault line. ref http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term fault 20trap Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary ref The permeable reservoir rock faults such that it is now adjacent ... ed pgws systems traps structural structural.html Petroleum Research Institute ref This is one ... more details
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