Refimprove date October 2008 geology2 Structuralgeology is the study of the three dimensional distribution of Rock geology rock units with respect to their deformational histories. The primary goal of structuralgeology is to use measurements of present day rock geometries to uncover information about ... . Use and importance The study of geologic structures has been of prime importance in economic geology , both petroleum geology and mining mining geology . ref cite book last Russell first William L title StructuralGeology for Petroleum Geologists publisher McGraw Hill location New York year 1955 ... located in structurally complex areas. Structuralgeology is a critical part of engineering geology , which is concerned with the physical and mechanical properties of natural rocks. Structural ..., including earthquake risk can only be investigated by inspecting a combination of structuralgeology ... need to understand structuralgeology because structures are sites of groundwater flow and penetration ... structuralgeology on a planet scale, and is used throughout structuralgeology as a framework to analyze ... in that deformation. Geometries Primary data sets for structuralgeology are collected in the field. Structural geologists measure a variety of planar features Bed geology bedding planes , Foliation ... for analysing structuralgeology is to identify the planar structures , often called planar fabrics ... scale, structuralgeology is the study of the three dimensional relationships of stratigraphic units to one another within terrane s of rock or within geological regions. This branch of structuralgeology ... cite book author G.H. Davis and S.J. Reynolds title The structuralgeology of rocks and regions ... to StructuralGeology and Tectonics edition 2nd url http globalchange.umich.edu ben ES earthstructure.htm ... refend Category Structuralgeology af Strukturele geografie ar ca Geologia estructural ... goal is to understand the structural evolution of a particular area with respect to regionally widespread ... more details
the study of rocks , stratigraphy the study of sedimentary layers , and structuralgeology the study ... that occur within the Earth, such as subduction and magma chamber evolution. Structuralgeology File ... of dirt, where the bulldozer is the overriding plate. Main StructuralgeologyStructural geologists ... between other geologic structures. Among the most well known experiments in structuralgeology ...Geology2 For the scientific journal Geology journal File WasatchFault.JPG thumb 300px Students examining the Wasatch Fault near Salt Lake City , Utah . Geology from the Ancient Greek Greek , g , earth and , logos , study is the science comprising the study of solid Earth , the rock geology rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which it evolves. Geology gives insight into the history ... of life , and paleoclimatology past climates . In modern times, geology is commercially important for mining mineral and petroleum geology hydrocarbon exploration and for evaluating water resources ... Geology environmental problems, and for providing insights into past climate change ... Main History of geology Timeline of geology Image Geological map Britain William Smith 1815.jpg ... geology ref The study of the physical material of the Earth dates back at least to ancient Greece ... that modern geology began in the Islamic Golden Age medieval Islamic world . ref The Saracens themselves were the originators not only of algebra, chemistry, and geology, but of many of the so ... works included the earliest writings on the geology of India , hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent ... of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern Geology, which ... continuity three defining principles of stratigraphy . The word geology was first used by Ulisse ...?id Ip rAAAACAAJ Four centuries of the word geology Ulisse Aldrovandi 1603 in Bologna ref then by Jean ... to another source, the word Geology comes from the Norwegian, Mikkel Peders n Escholt 1600 1699 , who ... more details
, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay See also Wikisource1911Enc Basin Sedimentary basin Fold geology Folds Syncline Depression geology Drainage basin References Monroe, James S., and Reed Wicander. The Changing Earth Exploring Geology and Evolution. 2nd ed. Belmont Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0 314 09577 2 DEFAULTSORT Structural Basin Category Basins Category Depressions geology Category StructuralgeologyGeology stub be be x old bg ca Conca estructural ...World geologic provinces A structural basin is a large scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying stratum strata . Structural basins are geological depressions, and are the inverse of dome geology dome s. Some elongated structural basins are also known as syncline s. Structural basins may also be sedimentary basin s, which are aggregations of sediment that filled up a depression or accumulated in an area however, many structural basins were formed by tectonic events long after the sedimentary layers were deposited. Basins appear on a geologic map as roughly circular or elliptical, with concentric layers. Because the strata dip toward the center, the exposed stratum strata in a basin are progressively younger from outside in, with the youngest rocks in the center. Basins are often large in areal extent, often hundreds of kilometers across. Structural basins are often important sources of coal , petroleum , and groundwater . Examples of structural basins globalize date December 2010 Australia Amadeus Basin Bowen Basin Cooper Basin Europe Hampshire Basin , United Kingdom London Basin , United Kingdom Paris Basin geology Paris Basin , France Permian Basin Europe Permian Basin , Poland , northern Germany , Denmark , The Netherlands , the North Sea , and Scotland United States Appalachian Basin Geology Appalachian Basin , Eastern United ... Dakota Wind River Basin , Wyoming South America Geology of Paraguay Chaco Basin , Argentina ... more details
In petroleum geology , a structural trap is a type of geological trap that forms as a result of changes in the structure of the subsurface, due to fault geology tectonic , salt tectonics diapiric , gravitational and fold geology compactional processes. ref http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term structural 20trap Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary ref ref Gluyas, J. & Swarbrick, R. 2004 Petroleum Geoscience. Publ. Blackwell Publishing ref These changes block the upward migration of hydrocarbons and can lead to the formation of a petroleum reservoir . The three basic forms of structural traps are the anticline trap, the fault trap and the salt dome trap. ref http www.priweb.org ed pgws systems traps structural structural.html Petroleum Research Institution ref Anticlinal trap Image Structural Trap Anticlinal .svg thumb 90px Anticlinal trap An anticline is an area of the subsurface where the strata have been pushed into forming a domed shape. If there is a layer of impermeable rock present in this dome shape, then hydrocarbons can accumulate at the crest until the anticline is filled to the spill point the highest point where hydrocarbons can escape the anticline. ref Cite book author Sheriff, R. E., Geldart, L. P. year 1995 title Exploration Seismology edition 2nd publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 0 521 46826 4 page 351 ref This type of trap is by far the most significant to the hydrocarbon industry. Anticline traps are usually long oval domes of land that can often be seen by looking at a geological map or by flying over the land. Fault trap Image Structural Trap Fault.svg thumb 90px Fault trap This trap is formed by the movement of permeable and impermeable layers of rock along a fault line. ref http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term fault 20trap ... ed pgws systems traps structural structural.html Petroleum Research Institute ref This is one ... reflist Category Petroleum geology ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 In geology, a trough generally refers to a linear structuralgeologystructural depression that extends laterally over a distance, while being less steep than a oceanic trench trench . A trough can be a narrow Basin geology basin or a geologic rift . There are various oceanic troughs , troughs found under ocean s examples include the rift along the mid oceanic ridge and the Cayman Trough . See also Walker Lane DEFAULTSORT Trough Geology Category Geomorphology Category Geology terminology Category Landforms geology stub ko kk ja simple Trough geology zh ... more details
A structural drawing , a type of technical drawing , shows information about architectural foundations, roof, or other structural details. See also Architectural drawing Working drawing engineering stub Category Technical drawing ... more details
Structural estimation is a technnique for estimating deep structural parameter Statistics and econometrics parameter s of theoretical model economics economic models . In this sense, structural estimation is contrasted with reduced form estimation, which generally provides evidence about partial equilibrium relationships in a regression analysis regression framework. Specific structural estimation techniques include generalized method of moments and maximum likelihood . Structural estimation is used by economist s, econometrician s, and statistician s. Category Economics models Econometrics stub ... more details
Infobox Journal cover File The Journal of Geology.gif discipline Geology abbreviation J. Geol. publisher University of Chicago Press country United States history 1893 present frequency Bimonthly website http www.journals.uchicago.edu JG ISSN 0022 1376 The Journal of Geology publishes research on geology , geophysics , geochemistry, sedimentology, geomorphology, petrology , plate tectonics , volcanology , structuralgeology, mineralogy , and planetary sciences. Its content ranges from planetary evolution to computer modeling of fossil development, making it relevant to geologists as well as other researchers working in the Earth or planetary sciences. External links Official http www.journals.uchicago.edu JG DEFAULTSORT Journal Of Geology, The Category English language journals Category Bimonthly journals Category University of Chicago Press academic journals Category Publications established in 1893 Category Geology journals Science journal stub es The Journal of Geology pt The Journal of Geology ... more details
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research List of structural elements structural components and structural system s to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants ..., but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered ..., most practicing structural engineers are currently licensed as civil engineer s, but the situation varies from state to state. In the UK, most structural engineers in the building industry are members of the Institution of Structural Engineers rather than the Institution of Civil Engineers . Typical structures designed by a structural engineer include building s, towers , stadium stadia ... may also be designed by a structural engineer. ref Institution of Structural Engineer, http www.istructe.org structuralengineers db 35.asp What do they do? , viewed on 22 May 2007 ref Most structural engineers are employed in the construction industry, however there are also structural engineers in the aerospace ... surveyors , and Construction management construction managers . Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate structural .... Education The education of structural engineers is usually through a civil engineering bachelor s degree, and often a master s degree specializing in structural engineering. The fundamental core subjects for structural engineering are strength of materials or solid mechanics , Structural Analysis Static & Dynamic, material science , numerical analysis and conceptual structural design . Reinforced concrete , composite structure , timber , masonry and structural steel designs are the general structural design courses that will be introduced in the next level of the education of structural engineering. The structural analysis courses which include structural mechanics , Structural Dynamics structural dynamics and structural failure analyses are designed to build up the fundamental analyses ... more details
Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri main Steel Structural steel see also Steel frame Steel is an iron ... . It has similar structural properties to steel, although its strength varies significantly. It is rarely ... or steel provide. The most commonly used in structural applications are glass reinforced plastic ... structural tension, it also cannot carry bending, so masonry walls become unstable at relatively small ..., stone is rarely used as a primary structural material, often only appearing as a cladding, because ... Happold main Timber Timber is the oldest of structural materials, and though mainly supplanted by steel ... and allows the structure to retain some strength for a reasonable length of time. Other structural ... 84670 6. Hoogenboom P.C.J., Discrete Elements and Nonlinearity in Design of Structural Concrete Walls , Section 1.3 Historical Overview of Structural Concrete Modelling, August 1998, ISBN 90 9011843 .... ISBN 0 07 248305 9. Prentice, John E. 1990 . Geology of Construction Materials . Springer. ISBN 0 412 29740 X. Schlaich, J., K. Sch fer, M. Jennewein 1987 . Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete ... of Iron in All Ages . Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0 8337 3463 6. Category Structural engineering ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 In geology the term compression refers to a set of stresses directed toward the center of a rock mass. Compressive strength refers to the maximum compressive stress that can be applied to a material before failure occurs. When the maximum compressive stress is in a horizontal orientation, thrust fault ing can occur, resulting in the shortening and thickening of that portion of the crust geology crust . When the maximum compressive stress is vertical, a section of rock will often fail in normal fault s, horizontally extending and vertically thinning a given layer of rock. Compressive stresses can also result in fold geology folding of rocks. Because of the large magnitudes of lithostatic stress in tectonic plate s, tectonic scale deformation geology deformation is always subjected to net compressive stress. See also Gravitational compression Category Structuralgeology Category Geology terminology geology stub ca Compressi mec nica ... more details
File Argonne s Midwest Center for Structural Genomics deposits 1,000th protein structure.jpg An example of a protein structure determined by the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics. thumb 300px Structural ... . The principal difference between structural genomics and protein structure prediction traditional structural prediction is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of every protein ... solved homologs. Because protein structure is closely linked with protein function, the structural ... protein functions, structural genomics can be used to identify novel protein folds and potential targets for drug discovery. Structural genomics involves taking a large number of approaches to structure ... based on sequence or homology modeling structural homology to a protein of known structure ... to traditional structural biology , the determination of a protein structure through a structural .... This raises new challenges in structural bioinformatics , i.e. determining protein function from its Three dimensional space 3D structure. Structural genomics emphasizes high throughput determination ... links centers of structural genomics . While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural genomics pursue structures of proteins on a genome ... structures is at times questioned. A Science article from January 2006 analyzes the structural genomics field. ref cite journal author Chandonia JM, Brenner SE title The impact of structural genomics ... 347 ref One advantage of structural genomics, such as the Protein Structure Initiative , is that the scientific ... not have corresponding publications. This requires new ways of communicating this structural information to the broader research community. The Bioinformatics core of the Joint center for structural ... structural genomics centers. Goals One goal of structural genomics is to identify novel protein ... structure determination methods of structural genomics have the potential to inform our understanding ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor i.e. regulatory protein . It may code for a Protein Structural proteins structural protein , an enzyme , or an RNA molecule not involved in regulation. Structural genes represent an enormous variety of protein structures and functions, including structural proteins, enzymes with catalytic activities and so on. These genes are needed for the morphological or functional traits of the cell. In Eukaryotes, these occur in spilt form, segmented into introns and exons. But Prokaryotes, these are continuous. The structural genes are concerned with the synthesis of polypeptide chain or a number of polypeptide chains and are also concerned with the synthesis of different types of RNA required during protein synthesis. In the Lac Operon concept , these genes are associated with the synthesis of those enzymes that are needed for the catabolism of Lactose. In lac operon, there are three structural genes a, Lac Z gene for beta galactosodase enzyme. b, Lac Y gene for galactose permease enzyme. c, Lac A gene for thio galactoside trans acetylase enzyme. DEFAULTSORT Structural Gene Category Genes Category Gene expression Genetics stub ja ur ... more details
Image Hancock tower 2006.jpg right thumb John Hancock Center , in Chicago , a work of structural art ... right thumb Salginatobel Bridge , in Switzerland , a work of structural art designed by Robert Maillart Certain works of structural engineering design are also works of structural art . Such works can be classified as structural art when they attain excellence in the three areas of efficiency, economy ... Basic Books location New York ref ref name structural art article 1 cite journal last1 Billington first1 David year 1984 title Bridges and the new art of structural engineering journal American Scientist volume 72 issue 1 pages 22 31 ref . A key part of the concept of structural art is that the structural ... of structural art without also being a successful work of structural engineering design, yet many works of structural engineering design that are safe and serviceable do not rise to the level of structural art because they fail to be economical, efficient, or elegant. Structural art is a topic of active ... . While structural artists often collaborate with architects, the discipline of structural art is based upon engineering rather than architectural design Origin of the concept The idea of structural art as a creative subdiscipline of structural engineering originates from the scholarship of Prof. David ... and the Bridge , and arose out of scholarly study of great works of structural design made by engineers starting in the late 18th century with the beginning of the wide availability of iron as a structural ... structural artists is that they either were builders themselves John Roebling or had a builder s mentality Fazlur Khan . Other scholars of structural engineering design have published works that can be considered part of the body of knowledge on structural art. Notable among these is Alan Holgate ref name The Art in Structural Design cite book last Holgate first Alan title The Art in Structural ... said that a work of structural art should be interpreted in terms of the Three S s the scientific ... more details
In physics , structural theory explains the large variety in chemical compound s in terms of atom s making up molecule s, the order in which atoms are put together in molecules and the electron s that hold them together. According to structural theory from a structural formula of a molecule alone it is possible to derive all physical and spectroscopic data and predict chemical reaction chemical reactivity ref Organic Chemistry , Morrison & Boyd, 4th Ed. Allyn & Bacon New York 1986 ref . Development of structural theory was initiated by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov to whom is attributed the following quote ref http www.lse.ac.uk collections CPNSS pdf DP withCoverPages DP64 DP64F 03 C.pdf ref the chemical nature of a compound molecule depends on the nature and quantity of its elementary constituents and its chemical structure. References Reflist Category History of chemistry tl Teoryang pambalangkas ... more details
see also Index of geology articles The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geologyGeology &ndash one of the Earth science s, it is the study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology ... by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock geology rock , sediment , soil , river s, and natural resources . Branches of geologyGeology applies primarily to Earth, but can be applied to any planet. Geology of Earth Subdisciplines of geology Economic geology Mining Mining geology Petroleum geology Engineering geology Environmental geology Geochemistry Geological modelling Geomorphology Geophysics Historical geology Hydrogeology Mineralogy Paleontology Petrology Sedimentology Stratigraphy Structuralgeology Volcanology Planetary geology Main Planetary geology See also Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geology of Mercury Geology of Venus Geology of the Moon Geology of Mars Jupiter Internal structure Geology of Jupiter Saturn Physical characteristics Geology of Saturn Uranus Physical characteristics Geology of Uranus Neptune Physical characteristics Geology of Neptune Principles of geology Principle of intrusive relationships Principle of cross cutting ... succession History of geology Main article History of geology Geological history of Earth Timeline of geology General geology concepts Geologic provinces Image World geologic provinces.jpg thumb 300px ... Geologic province s legend f96 Shield geology Shield legend f9c Continental platform Platform legend 9fc Orogeny Orogen legend 9cf Basin geology Basin legend 969 Large igneous rock igneous province legend ff9 Extended crust geology crust border dc8 main Geologic province Geologic provinces based on origin Shield geology Shield Platform geology Platform shield covered with sediment Orogen Island ... Extended Crust geology crust Rifted margin Rift Plate tectonics main Plate tectonics Occupations in Geology ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 Structural Soil is a medium that can be compacted to Road surface pavement design ... Urban. Structural Soil. Urban Horticulture Institute. Cornell University, 1996. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http ... thumb Structural Soil Diagram Problems with Typical Installations Previously the main problem facing ... Island Plan Viewx800.gif thumb Plan View of Structural Soil Extents CU Structural Soil Structural ... rights to Cornell s CU Structural Soil Urban Tree Planting Mix. It is marketed as CU Structural Soil for quality control and is produced by a network of qualified AMEREQ licensed companies. CU Structural Soil on average costs 35 42 per ton . Other companies have formed their own brand of structural soil based on Cornell s work. For example, STALITE has developed STALITE MATRIX Structural Soil .... 20 Apr 2010. http amereq.com pages 2 index.htm . ref ref Structural Soil. America s Premier Paver. Pine Hall Brick, n.d. Web. 20 Apr 2010. http www.americaspremierpaver.com alliedproducts structural soil.htm . ref ref name second Bassuk, Nina. CU Structural Soil An Update after More than a Decade of Use in the Urban Environment. www.urban forestry.com. 16 19. Print. ref Wallace Structural Soil ... 50,000 cubic yards of the Wallace Labs formulation. Composition As discussed above, structural soil .... Structural soil is not typically stockpiled it should be mixed and installed soon after delivery. If a stockpile .... Cornell also suggests a minimum of 24 to 36 for CU Structural Soil depth and they have established no minimum for length and width of installation, however, because it is a structural soil it was designed to go under the entire pavement area. Testing has shown that structural soil is safe around utilities .... 2008. Managing Stormwater for Urban Sustainability using Trees and Structural Soils. Virginia Polytechnic ... left Plan View of Structural Soil Extents File 3Street Tree Planting View 2x800.gif thumb Typical Street Planting Section with Structural Soil Continued Development Cornell is continuing its development ... more details
The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to structural load load resisting sub system of a structure. The structural system transfers load s through interconnected List of structural elements structural components or members. Commonly used structures can be classified into five major categories, depending on the type of primary stress that may arise in the members of the structures under major design loads. However any two or more of the basic structural types described in the following may be combined in a single structure, such as a building or a bridge in order to meet the structures functional requirements. ref name Kassimali Kassimali, A. 1999 . Structural analysis. 2nd edition. Pacific Grove, C.A. PWS Pub ref Tensile structure s Members of tensile structures are subjects to pure tension under the action of external loads. Because the tensile stress is uniformly distributed over the cross sectional area of members, the material of such a structure is utilized in the most efficient manner. Compressive strength Compressive structures Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of axial loads. Because compressive structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of such a failure should be considered ... rise buildings The structural system of a high rise building is designed to cope with the vertical gravity loads and lateral loads caused by wind or seismic activity. The structural system consists only of the members designed to carry the loads, all other members are referred to as non structural. A classification for the structural system of a high rise was introduced in 1969 by Fazlur Khan and was extended ... defines if a structural system is an interior or exterior one. ref name AliStruct Cite journal title Structural Developments in Tall Buildings Current Trends and Future Prospects first1 Mir M. last1 ... Superleggera References reflist DEFAULTSORT Structural System Category Structural system civil engineering ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Structural Damage Type studio Artist Steve Morse Cover Steve Morse 1995 Structural Damage.jpg Released Start date 1995 3 14 ref http www.amazon.com Structural Damage Steve Morse Band dp B00000131U Structural Damage & 91 Import& 93 . Amazon.com Amazon . Retrieved 2012 02 12. ref Recorded M.O.R. Studio in Ocala, Florida Genre Instrumental rock Length Duration m 43 Label High Street Records High Street Producer Steve Morse, Dave LaRue Last album Coast to Coast Steve Morse Band album Coast to Coast br 1992 This album Structural Damage br 1995 Next album StressFest br 1996 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 2 5 ref http www.allmusic.com album r210007 Structural Damage Steve Morse Band . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2012 02 12. ref Structural Damage is the sixth studio album by guitarist Steve Morse , released on March 14, 1995 through High Street Records . Track listing Track listing all writing Steve Morse title1 Sacred Ground length1 4 01 title2 Good to Go length2 4 54 title3 Dreamland length3 4 58 title4 Barbary Coast length4 3 27 title5 Smokey Mtn. Drive length5 3 43 title6 Slice of Time length6 2 37 title7 Native Dance length7 4 40 title8 Just Out of Reach length8 3 45 title9 Rally Cry length9 4 33 title10 Foreign Exchange length10 2 53 title11 Structural Damage length11 3 29 total length 43 00 Personnel Steve Morse guitar , audio mixing recorded music mixing , record producer production Van Romaine drum kit drums , percussion instrument percussion Dave LaRue bassline bass , mixing, production Nigel Walker audio engineering engineering Michael Fuller audio mastering mastering References Reflist Category Steve Morse albums Category 1995 albums ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Semantics Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some critical theorists suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions outside of these interactions language may become meaningless. See also Prototype Semantics Cognitive Semantics Cognitive Linguistics Principle of compositionality Ferdinand de Saussure Category Logical positivism DEFAULTSORT Structural Semantics Ling stub bn nl Structuralistische semantiek pt Sem ntica estrutural ... more details
under construction in 2007 since completed Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the structural analysis analysis and design of structure s that support or resist structural load load s. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering , but it can also be studied in its own right. ref cite web url http structures.ucsd.edu index.php?page structural engineering about us history title History of Structural Engineering publisher University of San Diego accessdate 2007 12 02 ref Structural engineer s are most commonly involved in the design ... of machinery , medical equipment , vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects the item s function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design ... to endure massive loads as well as changing climate and natural disasters. Structural engineering theory is based upon physics physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials. Structural engineering design utilizes a relatively small number of basic structural elements to build up structural system s that can be very complex. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials ... db 35.asp title What is a structural engineer publisher Institution of Structural Engineers accessdate ... visible on any retail computer monitor A structural engineer Main Structural engineer File Rivers .... Under construction. C cuta , Colombia . Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and structural analysis analysis . Entry level structural engineers may design the individual structural .... More experienced engineers would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building. Structural engineers often specialize in particular fields, such as bridge ... mechanical structures such as vehicles, ships or aircraft. Structural engineering has existed since ... more details
Structural parasitology is the study of the structures of proteins for interesting Parasitism parasites . It applies the techniques of structural biology such as X ray crystallography or NMR to determine the 3 D structures of protein molecules involved in a parasitic relationship. One goal is to distinguish the workings of functional pathways in these organisms in comparison to humans. More importantly, it is hoped that structures of parasite proteins will lead to faster discovery of drugs for diseases neglected by pharmaceutical companies. This is a challenging field because parasite proteins are often more difficult to express using a heterologous system. The challenge is particularly great for proteins from eukaryotic parasites. Once expressed, many parasitic proteins are also resistant to crystallization because they contain Genetic insertion inserts which are not commonly found in human or prokaryotic proteins. Parasites of interest include Plasmodium , Trypanosoma , Leishmania , Giardia , Entamoeba , Cryptosporidium , Helminth and Toxoplasma , most of which are agents for Neglected Diseases . Many academic labs around the world study structural parasitology. Two groups in particular have contributed many parasite structures the SGPP Structural Genomnics of Pathogenic Protozoa and the SGC Structural Genomics Consortium . External links http thesgc.org SGC website http sgpp.org SGPP website Category Parasitology ... more details
Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology , biochemistry , and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecule s, especially protein s and nucleic acid s, how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. This subject is of great interest to biologists because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of cell biology cells , and because it is only by coiling into specific three dimensional shapes that they are able to perform these functions. This architecture, the tertiary structure of molecules, depends in a complicated way on the molecules basic composition, or primary structure s. File Hemoglobin t r state ani.gif thumb Hemoglobin , the oxygen transporting protein found in red blood cells Biomolecule s are too small to see in detail even with the most advanced light microscope s. The methods that structural biologists use to determine their structures generally involve measurements on vast numbers of identical molecules at the same time. These methods include X ray crystallography Biological macromolecular crystallography Macromolecular crystallography , Protein NMR NMR , Electron paramagnetic resonance EPR , Cryo electron microscopy cryo EM Multiangle light scattering , Biological small angle scattering Small angle scattering , Ultra fast laser spectroscopy , and Dual Polarisation ... approach that structural biologists take to understanding structure is bioinformatics to look ... Quaternary structure Structural domain Structural motif Protein subunit Molecular model Cooperativity Chaperonin Structural genomics Stereochemistry Resolution electron density Proteopedia The collaborative ... Nature Structural & Molecular Biology magazine website http www.journals.elsevier.com journal of structural biology Journal of Structural Biology http www.biochemweb.org structural.shtml Structural ... structure Category Biophysics Category Structural biology ca Biologia estructural de Strukturbiologie ... more details
Not to be confused with Structural abuse Structural violence is a term first used in the 1960s commonly ... adultism adultism , nationalism , heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung. Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent ... defines structural violence as the increased rates of death and disability suffered by those who occupy ... direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art ..., Vol. 27, No. 3 Aug., 1990 , pp. 291 305 ref Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence ... of cultural violence highlights the way in which the act of direct violence and the fact of structural ... child. But not doing so costs us five million lives a year. These are classic examples of structural violence . The violence in structural violence is attributed to the specific organizations of society ... structural violence affects the health of subaltern or marginalized people, medical anthropologist Paul Farmer writes bquote Their sickness is a result of structural violence neither culture nor pure ... conspire to constrain individual agency. Structural violence is visited upon all those whose ... Hughes . Theorists argue that structural violence is embedded in the current world system. This form .... Ending the global problem of structural violence will require actions that may seem unfeasible ... the harmful impacts of structural violence. Others, such as futurist Wendell Bell, see a need for long term vision to guide projects for social justice. Many structural violences, such as racism and sexism ... to health care Structural violence has affected health care availability in the sense that physicians ... Keshavjee. 2006. Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 1686 1691. ref Structural violence is the result of policy and social structures, and change can only be a product of altering the processes that encourage structural violence in the first place. Paul Farmer claims ... more details
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