Cleanup date January 2008 Refimprove date July 2009 File Structuralsteel icons.jpg thumb 500px Various structuralsteel shapes Structuralsteel is steel construction material , a Profile engineering profile ... of Chemistry chemical composition and mechanical properties. Structuralsteel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc., is regulated in most industrialized countries. Structuralsteel members ... . In these examples, S denotes structural rather than engineering steel 275 or 355 denotes ... e.g. in the UK, almost all structuralsteel is grades S275 and S355. Higher grades are available ... Construction, 1987, ch 1 page 1 5 ref Carbon steels A36 steel A36 structural shapes and plate A53 steel A53 structural pipe and tubing A500 steel A500 structural pipe and tubing A501 steel A501 structural pipe and tubing A529 steel A529 structural shapes and plate High strength low alloy steels A441 steel A441 structural shapes and plates A572 steel A572 structural shapes and plates A618 steel A618 structural pipe and tubing A992 steel A992 W shapes beams only A270 steel A270 structural shapes ... steel A588 structural shapes and plates Quenched and tempered alloy steels A514 steel A514 structural shapes and plates A514 steel A517 A517 boilers and pressure vessels CE Marking The concept ... building method. While rebar is almost always steel, it is not considered a structuralsteel and is described ... of fireproofing materials , thus limiting steel temperature. Common fireproofing methods for structural ... Best Practice Guidelines for Structural Fire Resistance Design of Concrete and Steel Buildings, NIST ... involving ordinary combustibles during the same fire period. Structuralsteel fireproofing materials ... Commons category StructuralsteelStructuralSteel http www.aisc.org The American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. http cic.nist.gov vrml cis2.html Product Data Standards for StructuralSteel ... them to be very stiff in respect to their cross sectional area. Common structural shapes This section ... more details
AISC 360 is a standard that gives provision for the determination of the nominal and available strengths of members, connections and other components of steel building structures. It is issued and maintained by the American Institute of Steel Construction . Category Structural engineering ... more details
AISI S 100 is a specification for the design of load carrying cold formed steel members in buildings and other applications throughout the US, Canada and Mexico. It was developed by a joint effort by the American Iron and Steel Institute , the Canadian Standards Association and the Camara Nacional de la Industria del Hierro y del Acero , in Mexico, and is intended for use in the three countries. Category Structural engineering ... more details
are hot or cold rolled into structuralsteel , such as I beam s and rail tracks rails . In modern ... , the most commonly used structuralsteel in the United States. ref Steel Construction Manual, 8th ... concrete Railroad tracks Structuralsteel in modern building s and bridges Wire s Input to reforging ...Other uses pp move indef File Steel wire rope.JPG thumb right The Wire rope steel cable of a coal mining colliery headframe winding tower Steels Steel is an alloy made by combining iron and another element, usually carbon . When carbon is used, its content in the steel is between 0.2 and 2.1 by weight, depending on the steel grades grade . Other alloying elements sometimes used are manganese , chromium ... of alloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel solute elements, precipitated ... of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron. Alloys with a higher than 2.1 carbon content are known as cast iron because of their lower melting point and good castability . ref name EM2 Steel ... in the form of slag inclusion casting inclusion s. Two distinguishing factors are steel s increased rust resistance and better weldability . Though steel had been produced by various inefficient ... 19th century, steel became an inexpensive mass production mass produced material. Further refinements ... the quality of the metal. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world, with more ..., ships, automobile s, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations . Material properties File Steel pd.svg ... in an alloy pig iron containing too much carbon to be called steel. ref cite book title Smelting publisher ... to produce steel with desired properties. Nickel and manganese in steel add to its tensile strength ..., at least 11 chromium is added to steel so that a hard passivation oxide forms on the metal surface ... more details
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research List of structural elements structural components and structural system s to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants ..., but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered ..., most practicing structural engineers are currently licensed as civil engineer s, but the situation varies from state to state. In the UK, most structural engineers in the building industry are members of the Institution of Structural Engineers rather than the Institution of Civil Engineers . Typical structures designed by a structural engineer include building s, towers , stadium stadia ... may also be designed by a structural engineer. ref Institution of Structural Engineer, http www.istructe.org structuralengineers db 35.asp What do they do? , viewed on 22 May 2007 ref Most structural engineers are employed in the construction industry, however there are also structural engineers in the aerospace ... surveyors , and Construction management construction managers . Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate structural .... Education The education of structural engineers is usually through a civil engineering bachelor s degree, and often a master s degree specializing in structural engineering. The fundamental core subjects for structural engineering are strength of materials or solid mechanics , Structural Analysis Static & Dynamic, material science , numerical analysis and conceptual structural design . Reinforced concrete , composite structure , timber , masonry and structuralsteel designs are the general structural design courses that will be introduced in the next level of the education of structural engineering. The structural analysis courses which include structural mechanics , Structural Dynamics structural dynamics and structural failure analyses are designed to build up the fundamental analyses ... more details
Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri main SteelStructuralsteel see also Steel frame Steel is an iron alloy with between 0.2 and 1.7 carbon. Steel is used extremely widely in all types of structures, due to its relatively low cost, high strength to weight ratio and speed of construction. Steel is a ductile ..., steel buildings have as much thermal mass as similar concrete buildings. The elastic modulus of steel is approximately 205 GPa Steel is very prone to corrosion rust . Stainless steel main Stainless steel Stainless steel is an iron carbon alloy with a minimum of 10.5 chromium content. There are different types of stainless steel, containing different proportions of iron, carbon, molybdenum , nickel . It has similar structural properties to steel, although its strength varies significantly. It is rarely ... or steel provide. The most commonly used in structural applications are glass reinforced plastic ... Happold main Timber Timber is the oldest of structural materials, and though mainly supplanted by steel ...Image Stress v strain A36 2.svg thumb 250px right Stress strain curve for low carbon steel . Hooke s law ... region br 5. Necking region. br A Apparent stress F A sub 0 sub br B Actual stress F A Structural ... how different materials support and resist loads. Common structural materials are Iron Wrought iron .... It does not corrosion corrode as easily as steel. Cast iron main Cast iron Cast iron is a brittle ... by steel in building structures, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide ... 1 3 silicon. It does not corrode as easily as steel. Steel Image gateway arch.jpg thumb right The 630 ... fracture at point 3 on the curve . Steel is equally strong in tension and compression. Steel ... trebar.jpg thumb right A cage of rebar reinforcing steel main Concrete Concrete is used extremely ... steel reinforcement bars rebars , plates or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material ... and in brittle manner under flexural bending or tensile force unless adequately reinforced with steel ... more details
support and resist loads. Common structural materials are Iron Wrought iron Cast iron Steel Stainless ... Fracture Mechanics Structural failure Structuralsteel Col end Portal Engineering Removing these in line ... under construction in 2007 since completed Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the structural analysis analysis and design of structure s that support or resist structural load load s. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering , but it can also be studied in its own right. ref cite web url http structures.ucsd.edu index.php?page structural engineering about us history title History of Structural Engineering publisher University of San Diego accessdate 2007 12 02 ref Structural engineer s are most commonly involved in the design ... of machinery , medical equipment , vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects the item s function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design ... to endure massive loads as well as changing climate and natural disasters. Structural engineering theory is based upon physics physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials. Structural engineering design utilizes a relatively small number of basic structural elements to build up structural system s that can be very complex. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials ... db 35.asp title What is a structural engineer publisher Institution of Structural Engineers accessdate ... visible on any retail computer monitor A structural engineer Main Structural engineer File Rivers .... Under construction. C cuta , Colombia . Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and structural analysis analysis . Entry level structural engineers may design the individual structural .... More experienced engineers would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire ... more details
A structural drawing , a type of technical drawing , shows information about architectural foundations, roof, or other structural details. See also Architectural drawing Working drawing engineering stub Category Technical drawing ... more details
Structural estimation is a technnique for estimating deep structural parameter Statistics and econometrics parameter s of theoretical model economics economic models . In this sense, structural estimation is contrasted with reduced form estimation, which generally provides evidence about partial equilibrium relationships in a regression analysis regression framework. Specific structural estimation techniques include generalized method of moments and maximum likelihood . Structural estimation is used by economist s, econometrician s, and statistician s. Category Economics models Econometrics stub ... more details
Use dmy dates date August 2010 Mechanical failure modes Structural failure refers to loss of the Structural ... or of the structure itself. Structural failure is initiated when the List of building materials material ... of the limit state design limit states that must be accounted for in structural engineering and structural design . Notable failures Further2 List of structural failures and collapses Bridges See also ... formal inquiries into a structural failure. The result of the inquiry was that the design of the structure ... iron largely being replaced by steel construction, and a complete redesign in 1890 of the Forth Railway Bridge . As a result, the Forth Bridge was the first entirely steel bridge in the world. ref name ... 35W Mississippi River bridge officially known simply as Bridge 9340 was an eight lane steel truss arch ... Inspect All Steel Arch Truss Bridges ref after a possible design flaw in the bridge was discovered, related to large steel sheets called gusset plate s which were used to connect girder s together ... collapsed when a relatively small gas explosion on the 18th floor caused a structural wall ... out because there was insufficient reinforcement steel passing between the panels. This also ... can exert on buildings, and led to increased consideration of terrorism in structural design of buildings ... 23 April 2008 ref The impacts dislodged some of the fireproofing from the steel, increasing its exposure ... within seconds due to a small fire inside the building which makes it the first steel building ... 20did 20 26 20Did 20Not 20Cause 20It 20 20Revised 206 22 07.pdf id Structural Engineering Report ... people bazant PDFs Papers 405.pdf accessdate 23 August 2007 format PDF ref Aircraft Main Loss of structural ... structural failure Image Boeing B 52 with no vertical stabilizer.jpg thumb right A 1964 B 52 Stratofortress ... Elephant Mountain & 1964 Savage Mountain B 52 crash 1964 Savage Mountain crashes . Repeated structural ... Structural Fracture Mechanics Collapse zone References Reflist Feld, Jacob Carper, Kenneth L. 1997 ... more details
Structural adjustments are the policies implemented by the International Monetary Fund IMF and the World ... that the money lent will be spent in accordance with the overall goals of the loan. The Structural .... ref Greenberg, James B. 1997. A Political Ecology of Structural Adjustment Policies The Case of the Dominican Republic. Culture & Agriculture 19 3 85 93 ref Through conditionalities, Structural Adjustment ... have no choice but to comply. Since the late 1990s, some proponents of structural adjustment such as the World Bank, have spoken of poverty reduction as a goal. Structural Adjustment Programs were ... has turned out to be quite similar to the original content of bank authored Structural Adjustment ... for structural adjustment can include Cutting expenditures, also known as austerity . Focusing economic ... have also been sometimes labeled as the Washington Consensus . History Structural adjustment ... of which demand substantial portions of government expenditures to make payments on. Structural ... universality of debt, a popular criticism is that the structural adjustment s terms have become a template ... or life styles available to them are much worse. Structural adjustment became a major tool ... ref Privatization See also Privatisation A common policy required in structural adjustment is the privatization ..., Barbara 2009 In other words, SAPs are extremely detrimental for poor countries who have structural ... care is actually counter intuitive to the alleged purpose of structural adjustment programs. Agriculture ... like farmers did before structural adjustment, farmers were introduced to fertilizers that left ... effects of policy change in the west African Savannah resettlement, structural adjustment and conservation ..., structural adjustment does not appear of much help to the agricultural sector. In theory, devaluation .... A Political Ecology of Structural Adjustment Policies The Case of the Dominican Republic. Culture ... of producing a product like steel in China is much greater, than it would be in the U.S. Another example ... more details
File Argonne s Midwest Center for Structural Genomics deposits 1,000th protein structure.jpg An example of a protein structure determined by the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics. thumb 300px Structural ... . The principal difference between structural genomics and protein structure prediction traditional structural prediction is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of every protein ... solved homologs. Because protein structure is closely linked with protein function, the structural ... protein functions, structural genomics can be used to identify novel protein folds and potential targets for drug discovery. Structural genomics involves taking a large number of approaches to structure ... based on sequence or homology modeling structural homology to a protein of known structure ... to traditional structural biology , the determination of a protein structure through a structural .... This raises new challenges in structural bioinformatics , i.e. determining protein function from its Three dimensional space 3D structure. Structural genomics emphasizes high throughput determination ... links centers of structural genomics . While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural genomics pursue structures of proteins on a genome ... structures is at times questioned. A Science article from January 2006 analyzes the structural genomics field. ref cite journal author Chandonia JM, Brenner SE title The impact of structural genomics ... 347 ref One advantage of structural genomics, such as the Protein Structure Initiative , is that the scientific ... not have corresponding publications. This requires new ways of communicating this structural information to the broader research community. The Bioinformatics core of the Joint center for structural ... structural genomics centers. Goals One goal of structural genomics is to identify novel protein ... structure determination methods of structural genomics have the potential to inform our understanding ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor i.e. regulatory protein . It may code for a Protein Structural proteins structural protein , an enzyme , or an RNA molecule not involved in regulation. Structural genes represent an enormous variety of protein structures and functions, including structural proteins, enzymes with catalytic activities and so on. These genes are needed for the morphological or functional traits of the cell. In Eukaryotes, these occur in spilt form, segmented into introns and exons. But Prokaryotes, these are continuous. The structural genes are concerned with the synthesis of polypeptide chain or a number of polypeptide chains and are also concerned with the synthesis of different types of RNA required during protein synthesis. In the Lac Operon concept , these genes are associated with the synthesis of those enzymes that are needed for the catabolism of Lactose. In lac operon, there are three structural genes a, Lac Z gene for beta galactosodase enzyme. b, Lac Y gene for galactose permease enzyme. c, Lac A gene for thio galactoside trans acetylase enzyme. DEFAULTSORT Structural Gene Category Genes Category Gene expression Genetics stub ja ur ... more details
Structural analysis is mainly concerned with finding out the behaviour of a structure when subjected to some action. This action can be in the form of load due to the weight of things such as people, furniture, wind, snow, etc. or some other kind of excitation such as an earthquake, shaking of the groud due to a blast nearby, etc. In essence all these loads are dynamic including the self weight of the structure because at some point in time these loads were not there. The distinction is made between the dynamic and the static analysis on the basis of whether the applied action has enough acceleration in comparison to the structure s natural frequency. If a load is applied sufficiently slowly, the inertia forces Newton s second law of motion can be ignored and the analysis can be simplified as static analysis. Structural dynamics , therefore, is a type of structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structure s subjected to Dynamics physics dynamic actions having high acceleration loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquake s, and blasts. Any structure can be subject to dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic Displacement vector ... can be used to solve basic structural dynamics problems. Displacements A dynamic load can have a significantly ... Coefficient math and is typically 2 10 depending on the type of construction Bolted steel 6 Reinforced concrete 5 Welded steel 2 Generally damping would be ignored for non transient events such as wind ... by the Energy principles in structural mechanics energy method . For a given mode shape of a multiple ... frequency sub n sub . For an assumed mode shape math bar u x math , of a structural system with mass ... Structural Dynamics and Vibration Laboratory of McGill University http frame3dd.sourceforge.net Frame3DD open source 3D structural dynamics analysis program http www.noisestructure.com products FRF.php Frequency response function from modal parameters Category Structural analysis Category ... more details
Image Hancock tower 2006.jpg right thumb John Hancock Center , in Chicago , a work of structural art ... right thumb Salginatobel Bridge , in Switzerland , a work of structural art designed by Robert Maillart Certain works of structural engineering design are also works of structural art . Such works can be classified as structural art when they attain excellence in the three areas of efficiency, economy ... Basic Books location New York ref ref name structural art article 1 cite journal last1 Billington first1 David year 1984 title Bridges and the new art of structural engineering journal American Scientist volume 72 issue 1 pages 22 31 ref . A key part of the concept of structural art is that the structural ... of structural art without also being a successful work of structural engineering design, yet many works of structural engineering design that are safe and serviceable do not rise to the level of structural art because they fail to be economical, efficient, or elegant. Structural art is a topic of active ... . While structural artists often collaborate with architects, the discipline of structural art is based upon engineering rather than architectural design Origin of the concept The idea of structural art as a creative subdiscipline of structural engineering originates from the scholarship of Prof. David ... and the Bridge , and arose out of scholarly study of great works of structural design made by engineers starting in the late 18th century with the beginning of the wide availability of iron as a structural ... structural artists is that they either were builders themselves John Roebling or had a builder s mentality Fazlur Khan . Other scholars of structural engineering design have published works that can be considered part of the body of knowledge on structural art. Notable among these is Alan Holgate ref name The Art in Structural Design cite book last Holgate first Alan title The Art in Structural ... said that a work of structural art should be interpreted in terms of the Three S s the scientific ... more details
In physics , structural theory explains the large variety in chemical compound s in terms of atom s making up molecule s, the order in which atoms are put together in molecules and the electron s that hold them together. According to structural theory from a structural formula of a molecule alone it is possible to derive all physical and spectroscopic data and predict chemical reaction chemical reactivity ref Organic Chemistry , Morrison & Boyd, 4th Ed. Allyn & Bacon New York 1986 ref . Development of structural theory was initiated by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov to whom is attributed the following quote ref http www.lse.ac.uk collections CPNSS pdf DP withCoverPages DP64 DP64F 03 C.pdf ref the chemical nature of a compound molecule depends on the nature and quantity of its elementary constituents and its chemical structure. References Reflist Category History of chemistry tl Teoryang pambalangkas ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 Structural Soil is a medium that can be compacted to Road surface pavement design ... Urban. Structural Soil. Urban Horticulture Institute. Cornell University, 1996. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http ... thumb Structural Soil Diagram Problems with Typical Installations Previously the main problem facing ... Island Plan Viewx800.gif thumb Plan View of Structural Soil Extents CU Structural Soil Structural ... rights to Cornell s CU Structural Soil Urban Tree Planting Mix. It is marketed as CU Structural Soil for quality control and is produced by a network of qualified AMEREQ licensed companies. CU Structural Soil on average costs 35 42 per ton . Other companies have formed their own brand of structural soil based on Cornell s work. For example, STALITE has developed STALITE MATRIX Structural Soil .... 20 Apr 2010. http amereq.com pages 2 index.htm . ref ref Structural Soil. America s Premier Paver. Pine Hall Brick, n.d. Web. 20 Apr 2010. http www.americaspremierpaver.com alliedproducts structural soil.htm . ref ref name second Bassuk, Nina. CU Structural Soil An Update after More than a Decade of Use in the Urban Environment. www.urban forestry.com. 16 19. Print. ref Wallace Structural Soil ... 50,000 cubic yards of the Wallace Labs formulation. Composition As discussed above, structural soil .... Structural soil is not typically stockpiled it should be mixed and installed soon after delivery. If a stockpile .... Cornell also suggests a minimum of 24 to 36 for CU Structural Soil depth and they have established no minimum for length and width of installation, however, because it is a structural soil it was designed to go under the entire pavement area. Testing has shown that structural soil is safe around utilities .... 2008. Managing Stormwater for Urban Sustainability using Trees and Structural Soils. Virginia Polytechnic ... left Plan View of Structural Soil Extents File 3Street Tree Planting View 2x800.gif thumb Typical Street Planting Section with Structural Soil Continued Development Cornell is continuing its development ... more details
The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to structural load load resisting sub system of a structure. The structural system transfers load s through interconnected List of structural elements structural components or members. Commonly used structures can be classified into five major categories, depending on the type of primary stress that may arise in the members of the structures under major design loads. However any two or more of the basic structural types described in the following may be combined in a single structure, such as a building or a bridge in order to meet the structures functional requirements. ref name Kassimali Kassimali, A. 1999 . Structural analysis. 2nd edition. Pacific Grove, C.A. PWS Pub ref Tensile structure s Members of tensile structures are subjects to pure tension under the action of external loads. Because the tensile stress is uniformly distributed over the cross sectional area of members, the material of such a structure is utilized in the most efficient manner. Compressive strength Compressive structures Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of axial loads. Because compressive structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of such a failure should be considered ... rise buildings The structural system of a high rise building is designed to cope with the vertical gravity loads and lateral loads caused by wind or seismic activity. The structural system consists only of the members designed to carry the loads, all other members are referred to as non structural. A classification for the structural system of a high rise was introduced in 1969 by Fazlur Khan and was extended ... defines if a structural system is an interior or exterior one. ref name AliStruct Cite journal title Structural Developments in Tall Buildings Current Trends and Future Prospects first1 Mir M. last1 ... Superleggera References reflist DEFAULTSORT Structural System Category Structural system civil engineering ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Structural Damage Type studio Artist Steve Morse Cover Steve Morse 1995 Structural Damage.jpg Released Start date 1995 3 14 ref http www.amazon.com Structural Damage Steve Morse Band dp B00000131U Structural Damage & 91 Import& 93 . Amazon.com Amazon . Retrieved 2012 02 12. ref Recorded M.O.R. Studio in Ocala, Florida Genre Instrumental rock Length Duration m 43 Label High Street Records High Street Producer Steve Morse, Dave LaRue Last album Coast to Coast Steve Morse Band album Coast to Coast br 1992 This album Structural Damage br 1995 Next album StressFest br 1996 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 2 5 ref http www.allmusic.com album r210007 Structural Damage Steve Morse Band . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2012 02 12. ref Structural Damage is the sixth studio album by guitarist Steve Morse , released on March 14, 1995 through High Street Records . Track listing Track listing all writing Steve Morse title1 Sacred Ground length1 4 01 title2 Good to Go length2 4 54 title3 Dreamland length3 4 58 title4 Barbary Coast length4 3 27 title5 Smokey Mtn. Drive length5 3 43 title6 Slice of Time length6 2 37 title7 Native Dance length7 4 40 title8 Just Out of Reach length8 3 45 title9 Rally Cry length9 4 33 title10 Foreign Exchange length10 2 53 title11 Structural Damage length11 3 29 total length 43 00 Personnel Steve Morse guitar , audio mixing recorded music mixing , record producer production Van Romaine drum kit drums , percussion instrument percussion Dave LaRue bassline bass , mixing, production Nigel Walker audio engineering engineering Michael Fuller audio mastering mastering References Reflist Category Steve Morse albums Category 1995 albums ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Semantics Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some critical theorists suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions outside of these interactions language may become meaningless. See also Prototype Semantics Cognitive Semantics Cognitive Linguistics Principle of compositionality Ferdinand de Saussure Category Logical positivism DEFAULTSORT Structural Semantics Ling stub bn nl Structuralistische semantiek pt Sem ntica estrutural ... more details
Structural parasitology is the study of the structures of proteins for interesting Parasitism parasites . It applies the techniques of structural biology such as X ray crystallography or NMR to determine the 3 D structures of protein molecules involved in a parasitic relationship. One goal is to distinguish the workings of functional pathways in these organisms in comparison to humans. More importantly, it is hoped that structures of parasite proteins will lead to faster discovery of drugs for diseases neglected by pharmaceutical companies. This is a challenging field because parasite proteins are often more difficult to express using a heterologous system. The challenge is particularly great for proteins from eukaryotic parasites. Once expressed, many parasitic proteins are also resistant to crystallization because they contain Genetic insertion inserts which are not commonly found in human or prokaryotic proteins. Parasites of interest include Plasmodium , Trypanosoma , Leishmania , Giardia , Entamoeba , Cryptosporidium , Helminth and Toxoplasma , most of which are agents for Neglected Diseases . Many academic labs around the world study structural parasitology. Two groups in particular have contributed many parasite structures the SGPP Structural Genomnics of Pathogenic Protozoa and the SGC Structural Genomics Consortium . External links http thesgc.org SGC website http sgpp.org SGPP website Category Parasitology ... more details
Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology , biochemistry , and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecule s, especially protein s and nucleic acid s, how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. This subject is of great interest to biologists because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of cell biology cells , and because it is only by coiling into specific three dimensional shapes that they are able to perform these functions. This architecture, the tertiary structure of molecules, depends in a complicated way on the molecules basic composition, or primary structure s. File Hemoglobin t r state ani.gif thumb Hemoglobin , the oxygen transporting protein found in red blood cells Biomolecule s are too small to see in detail even with the most advanced light microscope s. The methods that structural biologists use to determine their structures generally involve measurements on vast numbers of identical molecules at the same time. These methods include X ray crystallography Biological macromolecular crystallography Macromolecular crystallography , Protein NMR NMR , Electron paramagnetic resonance EPR , Cryo electron microscopy cryo EM Multiangle light scattering , Biological small angle scattering Small angle scattering , Ultra fast laser spectroscopy , and Dual Polarisation ... approach that structural biologists take to understanding structure is bioinformatics to look ... Quaternary structure Structural domain Structural motif Protein subunit Molecular model Cooperativity Chaperonin Structural genomics Stereochemistry Resolution electron density Proteopedia The collaborative ... Nature Structural & Molecular Biology magazine website http www.journals.elsevier.com journal of structural biology Journal of Structural Biology http www.biochemweb.org structural.shtml Structural ... structure Category Biophysics Category Structural biology ca Biologia estructural de Strukturbiologie ... more details
Not to be confused with Structural abuse Structural violence is a term first used in the 1960s commonly ... adultism adultism , nationalism , heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung. Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent ... defines structural violence as the increased rates of death and disability suffered by those who occupy ... direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art ..., Vol. 27, No. 3 Aug., 1990 , pp. 291 305 ref Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence ... of cultural violence highlights the way in which the act of direct violence and the fact of structural ... child. But not doing so costs us five million lives a year. These are classic examples of structural violence . The violence in structural violence is attributed to the specific organizations of society ... structural violence affects the health of subaltern or marginalized people, medical anthropologist Paul Farmer writes bquote Their sickness is a result of structural violence neither culture nor pure ... conspire to constrain individual agency. Structural violence is visited upon all those whose ... Hughes . Theorists argue that structural violence is embedded in the current world system. This form .... Ending the global problem of structural violence will require actions that may seem unfeasible ... the harmful impacts of structural violence. Others, such as futurist Wendell Bell, see a need for long term vision to guide projects for social justice. Many structural violences, such as racism and sexism ... to health care Structural violence has affected health care availability in the sense that physicians ... Keshavjee. 2006. Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 1686 1691. ref Structural violence is the result of policy and social structures, and change can only be a product of altering the processes that encourage structural violence in the first place. Paul Farmer claims ... more details
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