Multiple issues wikify February 2012 one source February 2012 notability February 2012 A continuum structurefunction CSF is defined by Laurence Baxter Baxter as a nondecreasing mapping from the unit hypercube to the unit interval. It is used by Baxter to help in the modelling of the level of performance of a system in terms of the performance levels of its components. ref Baxter, L A 1984 Continuum structures I., Journal of Applied Probability , 21 4 , pp. 802 815. ref ref Baxter, L A, 1986 ,Continuum structures. II, Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc .99, 331 331 ref ref Kim, Chul Baxter, Laurence A. 1987 Reliability importance for continuum structure functions. J. Appl. Probab . 24, 779 785 ref References Reflist Kim, C., Baxter. L.A. 1987 Axiomatic characterizations of continuum structure functions , Operations Research Letters , 6 6 , 297&ndash 300, DOI 10.1016 0167 6377 87 90047 2 . Category Statistical models Category Survival analysis stat stub ... more details
of models of given maximal Kolmogorov complexity . The Kolmogorov Structurefunction of an individual ... and the least log cardinality of a model in the class containing the data. The structurefunction ... Structurefunction precisely quantify the goodness of fit of an individual model with respect to individual data. The Kolmogorov Structurefunction is used in the algorithmic information theory , also known as the theory of Kolmogorov complexity , for describing the structure of a String ... s definition Image Kolm complexity lect.jpg thumb Kolmogorov left talks on the Structurefunction see drawing on the blackboard in Tallinn , 1973 . The structurefunction was originally proposed by Kolmogorov ... Vitanyi, Kolmogorov s structurefunction and model selection, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 50 12 2004 , 3265 3290 ref where also the main properties are resolved. The Kolmogorov Structurefunction ... statistic . With respect to the picture The MDL Structurefunction math lambda x alpha math is explained below. The Goodness of fit Structurefunction math beta x alpha math is the least randomness ... and value is realized by the structurefunction of some data x and vice versa. Where the graph hits ... math alpha math of complexity the structurefunction allows us to select the best model S for the individual ... level math alpha math of complexity the structurefunction allows us to select the best model S for the individual ..., 2007. ref Probability models and the Kolmogorov structurefunction For every computable probability ... mass functions we incur a logarithmic additive error term. Kolmogorov s Structurefunction ... alpha math of complexity the structurefunction allows us to select the best model S for the individual .... Especially pp. 401 431 about the Kolmogorov Structurefunction, and pp. 613 629 about rate distortion ..., The Computer Journal 1999 42 4 294 317. DEFAULTSORT Kolmogorov StructureFunction Category Algorithmic ... object corresponds a function math Phi x k math of a natural number k the log of minimal cardinality ... more details
Multi function material is a composite material . The traditional approach to the development of structures is to address the loadcarrying function and other functional requirements separately. Recently, however, there has been increased interest in the development of load bearing materials and structures which have integral non load bearing functions, guided by recent discoveries about how multifunctional biological system s work ref A review of recent research on mechanics of multifunctional composite, Journal of Composite Structures 92 2010 2793 2810 ref . Introduction With conventional structural materials, it has been difficult to achieve simultaneous improvement in multiple structural functions, but the increasing use of composite material s has been driven in part by the potential for such improvements. The multi functions can vary from mechanical to electrical and thermal functions. The most widely used composites have polymer matrix materials, which are typically poor conductors. Enhanced conductivity could be achieved with reinforcing the composite with carbon nanotubes for instance. ref Sensors and actuators based on carbon nanotubes and their composite J. Composites Science and Technology 68 2008 1227 1249 ref ref Challenges and opportunities in multifunctional nanocomposite structures for aerospace applications. MRS Bull 2007 32 4 324 34 ref Functions Among the many functions that can be attained are Electrical thermal conductivity, Sensing and actuation, Energy harvesting storage, Self healing capability, Electromagnetic interference EMI shielding and recyclability and biodegradability. See also Functionally graded material Functionally graded materials FGM which are composite materials where the composition or the microstructure are locally varied so that a certain ... can be designed for specific function and applications. Applications Expand section more applications with a small introduction to each application date September 2010 Touchscreen s Smart structure ... more details
Primary sources date January 2012 relies entirely on Collani and Wurzburg affiliates The random structurefunction ref Elart von Collani, Defining and Modeling Uncertainty, Journal of Uncertainty Systems , Vol. 2, 202 211, 2008, http www.worldacademicunion.com journal jus jusVol02No3paper05.pdf . ref is the third component of the Bernoulli space which constitutes the stochastic model within Bernoulli stochastics ref Elart von Collani ed. , Defining the Science Stochastics , Heldermann Verlag, Lemgo, 2004. ref . The Bernoulli space describes the transition from past to future. The determinate past is represented by a variable D which is called deterministic variable, because its value is fixed. The future represented by the variable X is subject to randomness and X is therefore called random variable. The random variable X may adopt one of a set of different values according to a random law which depends on the actual initial conditions given by the value d of the deterministic variable. The random law does not only fix the range of variability of X but also the probability of the future events which are given by subsets of the range of variability of X . TOC limit 3 Probability distribution The random variable X stands for the future indeterminate outcome of a process. If the process is repeated then different outcomes will occur according to a random law that depends on the actual initial conditions given by the value d of the deterministic variable D . The random variable X under the condition d is denoted math X d math where the set of possible initial conditions is given by the ignorance space math mathfrak D math . The random structurefunction assigns to each subset of the ignorance space a probability distribution. Let math mathfrak D 0 math be a subset of the ignorance space math mathfrak D math then the corresponding probability distribution is obtained from the images math mathfrak P d math of the singletons math d math as follows math mathfrak P mathfrak D ... more details
structure , interactions and their effects on gene function. The current Program Director is Dr. Robert ... ref Reflist DEFAULTSORT Center for Study of Gene Structure and Function Category Research ... more details
wiktionary functionFunction may refer to Diatonic function , a term in music theory Function E 40 song , a 2012 song by American rapper E 40 featuring YG rapper YG , iAmSu & Problem Function biology , explaining why a feature survived selection Function computer science , or subroutine, a portion of code within a larger program, performs a specific task Function engineering , related to the selected property of a system Function language , in linguistics, a way of achieving an aim using language Function mathematics , an abstract entity that associates an input to a corresponding output according to some rule Function model , a structured representation of the functions, activities or processes Function object , or functor or functionoid, a concept of object oriented programming Function Drinks , a beverage company based in Redondo Beach, California. An organised event such as a party or meeting See also Functionalism disambiguation Function hall Functional disambiguation Functionality in polymer chemistry see Structural unit Functor disambiguation bg bs Funkcija vor ca Funci desambiguaci cs Funkce da Funktion de Funktion et Funktsioon es Funci n eo Funkcio eu Funtzio argipena fr Fonction ko id Fungsi it Funzione lt Funkcija lmo Funziun nl Functie ja no Funksjon nn Funksjon pl Funkcja ujednoznacznienie pt Fun o desambigua o ro Func ie dezambiguizare ru simple Function sk Funkcia sl Funkcija razlo itev sr sh Funkcija razvrstavanje sv Funktion olika betydelser th uk zh ... more details
In mathematics, S function may refer to sigmoid function Schur polynomials In physics, it may refer to Action physics action functional mathdab Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Image VEST Core4 LowLevel.png thumbnail 320px right VEST 4 T function followed by a transposition layer In cryptography , a T function is a bijection bijective mapping that updates every bit of the state computer science state in a way that can be described as math x i x i f x 0, cdots, x i 1 math , or in simple words an update function in which each bit of the state is updated by a linear combination of the same bit and a function of a subset of its less significant bits. If every single less significant bit is included in the update of every bit in the state, such a T function is called triangular . Thanks to their bijectivity no collisions, therefore no entropy loss regardless of the used Boolean function s and regardless of the selection of inputs as long as they all come from one side of the output bit , T functions are now widely used in cryptography to construct block cipher s, stream cipher s, PRNG s and cryptographic hash function hash functions . T functions were first proposed in 2002 by Alexander Klimov A. Klimov and Adi Shamir A. Shamir in their paper A New Class of Invertible Mappings . Ciphers such as TSC 1 , TSC 3 , TSC 4 , ABC stream cipher ABC , Mir 1 and VEST are built with different types of T functions. Because arithmetic operation s such as addition , subtraction and multiplication are also T functions triangular T functions , software efficient word based T functions can be constructed by combining bitwise logic with arithmetic operations. Another important property of T functions based on arithmetic operations is predictability of their period mathematics period , which is highly attractive to cryptographers. Although triangular T functions are naturally vulnerable to guess and determine attacks, well chosen bitwise transposition mathematics transposition ... bit. Subsequent transposition of the output bits and iteration of the T function also do not affect ... and losing the T function bias of depending only on the less significant bits of the state. References ... more details
In mathematics, the structure space of a commutative Banach algebra is an analog of the spectrum of a C algebra . It consists of all multiplicative linear functional s on the algebra. The Gelfand representation of the Banach algebra is a map taking the Banach algebra elements to continuous function s on the structure space. Category Banach algebras Mathanalysis stub ... more details
structure, experimental analysis of molecular structure and function, and further understanding on development ... BC, Woese CR title Probing RNA Structure, Function, and History by Comparative Analysis year 1999 ...Biomolecular structure is the structure of biomolecule s, mainly protein s and the nucleic acid s DNA and RNA . The structure of these molecules is frequently decomposed into primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure. The scaffold for this structure is provided ... recognizable domains of protein structure and nucleic acid structure , including secondary structure ... and beta sheet s for proteins. The terms primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure were ... . Primary structure Main Protein primary structure Nucleic acid primary structure In biochemistry , the Primary structure of a biological molecule is the exact specification of its atomic composition ... structure is equivalent to specifying the sequence of its monomer ic subunits, e.g., the nucleotide sequence nucleotide or peptide sequence . Primary structure is sometimes mistakenly termed ... sequence. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino terminal N end to the carboxyl terminal C end, while the primary structure of DNA or RNA molecule is reported from the 5 end to the 3 end. The primary structure of a nucleic acid molecule refers to the exact sequence of nucleotides that comprise the whole molecule. Frequently the primary structure encodes ... The family of box ACA small nucleolar RNAs is defined by an evolutionarily conserved secondary structure ... doi 10.1016 0092 8674 81 90522 5 ref Secondary structure Main Protein secondary structure Nucleic acid secondary structure image TRNA all2.png 250px thumb right alt Colored dice with checkered background Secondary inset and tertiary structure of tRNA demonstrating coaxial stacking. PDB http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... and structural biology , secondary structure is the general three dimensional form of local ... more details
name Wol David Wolber 2009 http www.usfca.edu wolberd cs112 SupplementalNotes structureChart.doc Structure Charts Supplementary Notes Structure Charts and Bottom up Implementation Java Version. Accessed Nov 8, 2009 ref A structure chart depicts ref name IRT the size and complexity of the system, and number of readily identifiable functions and modules within each function and whether each identifiable function is a manageable entity or should be broken down into smaller components. A structure chart ... SANDIA REPORTS 85 2348qUC 32 ref A Structure Chart SC in software engineering and organizational ... is represented by a box, which contains the module s name. The tree structure visualizes the relationships ... then it will execute the module Give Money To Debt Collector to finish the job. A structure ... analysis structure charts, according to Wolber 2009 , are used to specify the high level ... decomposition . Programmers use a structure chart to build a program in a manner similar .... An accurate and complete structure chart is the key to the determination of the configuration items ... sup define CI clearly sup . During the configuration control process, the structure chart is used to identify CIs and their associated artifacts that a proposed change may impact. ref name IRT Structure chart construction Image Structure chart construction.jpg thumb 320px A process flow diagram describing the construction of a structure chart by a so called Subject Matter Experts SME . ref name IRT According to Wolber 2009 , a structure chart can be developed starting with the creating of a structure, which places the root of an upside down tree which forms the structure chart. The next step ... Wol In practice, see figure, first it is checked if a Structure Chart has been developed already. If so an expert needs to review it to ensure it represents the current structure and if not, updates the chart where needed. ref name IRT See also Commons category Structure charts Computer aided software ... more details
In mathematics , a smooth structure on a manifold allows for an unambiguous notion of smooth function . In particular, a smooth structure allows one to perform mathematical analysis on the manifold. Definition A smooth structure on a manifold M is a collection of smoothly equivalent smooth atlases. Here, a smooth atlas for a topological manifold M is an atlas topology atlas for M such that each transition function is a smooth map , and two smooth atlases for M are smoothly equivalent provided their union set theory union is again a smooth atlas for M . This gives a natural equivalence relation on the set of smooth atlases. A smooth manifold is a topological manifold M together with a smooth structure on M . Maximal smooth atlases By taking the union of all atlases belonging to a smooth structure, we obtain a maximal smooth atlas . This atlas contains every chart that is compatible with the smooth structure. There is a natural one to one correspondence between smooth structures and maximal smooth atlases. Thus, we may regard a smooth structure as a maximal atlas and vice versa. In general, computations with the maximal atlas of a manifold are rather unwieldy. For most applications, it suffices to choose a smaller atlas. For example, if the manifold is compact , then one can find an atlas with only finitely many charts. Equivalence of smooth structures Let math mu math and math nu math be two maximal atlases on M . The two smooth structures associated to math mu math and math nu math are said to be equivalent if there is a homeomorphism math f M rightarrow M math such that math ... a smooth structure that is not equivalent to the standard smooth structure. A sphere equipped with a nonstandard smooth structure is called an exotic sphere . Related structures The smoothness requirements ... analytic structure on the manifold rather than a smooth one. Similarly, we can define a complex manifold complex structure by requiring the transition maps to be holomorphic. References refbegin cite ... more details
mathematics metric or a topology contains information on the small scale structure of a space, a coarse structure contains information on its large scale properties. Properly, a coarse structure is not the large scale analog of a topological structure, but of a Uniform space uniform structure . Definition A coarse structure on a Set mathematics set X is a collection E of subset s of X X therefore ... is a member of E &mdash the composition of relations. A set X endowed with a coarse structure ... A is controlled is negligible, while a function f X X such that its graph is controlled is close to the identity. In the bounded coarse structure, these sets are the bounded sets, and the functions ... coarse structure on a metric space X , d is the collection E of all subsets E of X X such that sup d x , y x , y is in E is finite set finite . With this structure, the integer lattice Z sup n ... coarse structure is bounded as a coarse space if and only if it is bounded as a metric space . The trivial coarse structure only consists of the diagonal and its subsets. In this structure, a map is a coarse equivalence if and only if it is a bijection of sets . The C sub 0 sub coarse structure ... structure on a set X consists of the diagonal together with subsets E of X X which contain only ... structure on X consists of all proper subsets of X X , meaning all subsets E such that E K and E ... more details
. The sequence of a protein is unique to that protein, and defines the structure and function ...Refimprove date March 2009 In molecular biology protein structure describes the various levels of organization ... function, proteins fold into one or more specific spatial conformations, driven by a number ... necessary to determine their three dimensional structure. This is the topic of the scientific ... NMR spectroscopy , and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins. Protein ... changes in performing its biological function. The alternative structures of the same protein ... are called conformational change s. Levels of protein structure File Main protein structure levels en.svg thumb left 250px Protein structure , from primary to quaternary structure. There are four distinct levels of protein structure. Primary structure Main Protein primary structure The primary structure refers to amino acid linear sequence of the polypeptide chain. The primary structure is held ... where the amino group is not involved in a peptide bond. The primary structure of a protein is determined ... structure, and cannot be read from the gene. Amino acid residues Main Amino acid Main Proteinogenic ... atom is viewed with the H in front, the residues read CO R N in a clockwise direction. Secondary structure ... secondary structure Secondary structure refers to highly regular local sub structures. Two main types of secondary structure, the alpha helix and the beta strand or beta sheets , were suggested ..., Branson HR journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA year 1951 volume 37 issue 4 pages 205 211 title The structure ... structure. Several sequential secondary structures may form a supersecondary structure supersecondary ... doi 10.1002 prot.21473 ref Tertiary structure Main Protein tertiary structure Tertiary structure refers to three dimensional structure of a single protein molecule. The alpha helices and beta sheets ... the burial of hydrophobic residues from water , but the structure is stable only when the parts of a protein ... more details
Refimprove date April 2011 An active structure also known as a smart or adaptive structure is a mechanical structure with the ability to alter its configuration, form or properties in response to changes in the environment. The term active structure also refers to structures that, unlike traditional engineering structures e.g. bridges, buildings , require constant motion and hence power input to remain stable. The advantage of active structures is that they can be far more massive than a traditional static structure an example would be a space fountain , a building that reaches into orbit. Function The result of the activity is a structure more suited for the type and magnitude of the load it is carrying. For example, an orientation change of a beam structure beam could reduce the maximum stress or strain level, while a shape change could render a structure less susceptible to dynamic vibrations. A good example of an adaptive structure is the human body where the skeleton carries a wide range of loads and the muscle s change its configuration to do so. Consider carrying a backpack. If the upper body did not adjust the centre of mass of the whole system slightly by leaning forward, the person would fall on his or her back. An active structure consists of three integral components besides ... active structure is tens of metres in dimensions. Design Man made actuators existing in the market ... arms , based on rotary actuators. A good active structure has a number of requirements. First, it needs to be easily actuated. The actuation should be energy saving. A structure which is very stiff and strongly resists morphing is therefore not desirable. Second, the resulting structure must have ... the structure s strength. More precisely, we can say We seek an active structure where actuation ... words, a structure that has both statical determinacy and kinematic determinacy is optimal for actuation ... tolerance of an active tensegrity structure. Engineering Structures , 33 6, p. 1930 1939. doi 10.1016 ... more details
Image Upper structure triad.png thumb right Upper structure ref name Workman Advanced Secrets of the symmetrical augmented scale . Josh Workman. Guitar Player 41.7 July 2007 p108 2 . ref Dm in red Audio D minor triad.mid play , on top of lower structure C7 in black Audio Dominant seventh chord on C.mid play , creating dominant thirteenth chord C E G B music flat D F A Audio Dominant thirteenth chord on C.mid play In jazz music , the term upper structure or upper structure triad refers to a voicing music voicing approach developed by jazz pianists and arrangement arrangers defined by the sounding of a major and minor major or minor triad music triad in the uppermost pitch music pitches of a more complex harmony . ref name Ellenberger Ellenberger, Kurt. Materials and Concepts in Jazz Improvisation , p.20. ref Examples Example 1 Below, a common voicing used by jazz pianists is given for the chord C7 music 9 C major chord with a flat 7th, and extended with a sharpened 9th . In the lower stave ... these form an E music b major triad. Image Upper structure triad 1.png thumb center audio Upper structure triad 1.mid Play This E music b major triad is what would be called the upper structure. Considered in relation to the root C, the notes of this E music b major triad function, respectively ... Image Upper structure triad 2.png thumb center audio Upper structure triad 2.mid Play In relation ... which upper structure s can be juxtaposed on top of a chord is achieved by considering the relationship ... C13 music b 9 music 11 chord will provide a potential upper structure that agrees with this chord ... major is a compound minor 3rd away from C root of the bottom chord . Thus, this upper structure can be called upper structure flat three , or US music b III for short. Example two C13 music b 9 music 11 is called upper structure sharp minor four , and can be written shorthand as US music iv . Other ... Upper Structure Category Chords de Upper Structure nl Upperstructure ... more details
The term magnetic structure of a material pertains to the ordered arrangement of magnetic spins, typically within an ordered crystallographic lattice . Its study is a branch of solid state chemistry . Image Antiferromagnetic ordering.svg thumb 200px A very simple antiferromagnetic structure Magnetic structures Image Ferromagnetic ordering.svg thumb left A very simple ferromagnetic structure Most solid materials are Pauli paramagnetic. These materials either do not have electron spins or these spins are not ordered unless an external field induces some non random orientation. Such materials are not considered to have a magnetic structure. This is different for ferromagnetism ferro , ferrimagnetism ferri and antiferromagnetism antiferromagnetic materials. They differ in the relative ordering of their spins within the lattice. In some ferromagnetic cases the structure may be relatively simple in that all spins point in the same direction, or at least that would be the case at very low temperatures. Towards higher temperatures there will be more and more rebellious spins defying the order of the magnetic structure and at a certain temperature the order will break down and the spins will point in random directions. In some materials the pattern in which the spins order is much more complicated ref http www.ftj.agh.edu.pl Pytlik msdb magngif.htm an example ref . In antiferromagnetic materials ... Techniques to study them Such ordering can be studied by observing the magnetic susceptibility as a function ... of the atoms in the structure. At a temperature above the ordering point of the magnetic moments, where ... structure only. Below the ordering point, e.g. the N el temperature of an antiferromagnetism ... structure. This is a form of superstructure condensed matter superstructure formation. Thus the symmetry of the total structure may well differ from the crystallographic substructure. It needs to be described ... to study magnetic structure. If a wavelength is selected that is close to an absorption edge of one ... more details
A complex structure may refer to Almost complex manifold Complex manifold Linear complex structure Complex data structure See also Real structure disambig ... more details
morphisms. Every algebraic structure has its own notion of homomorphism , namely any function mathematics function compatible with the operation s defining the structure. In this way, every algebraic ... specifically abstract algebra , the term algebraic structure generally refers to an arbitrary Set ... in the branch known as abstract algebra . The general theory of algebraic structure mathematical logic structure s has been formalized in universal algebra . Category theory is used to study the relationships ... of two different kinds. In a slight abuse of notation, the expression structure can also refer only to the operations on a structure, and not the underlying set itself. For example, the group math mathbb Z, math can be seen as a set math mathbb Z math that is equipped with an algebraic structure, namely ... algebraic structure having no operations. Pointed set S has one or more distinguished elements ... structure Boolean algebra a complemented distributive lattice. Either of meet or join can be defined in terms of the other and complementation. This can be shown to be equivalent with the ring like structure ... function successor , and with distinguished element 0. Robinson arithmetic . Addition and multiplication ... of scalar multiplication is a function R x M M , which satisfies several axioms. Counting the ring ... with a function from V into F satisfying certain properties. Every quadratic space is also an inner ... a free module over a commutative ring R , which also carries a ring structure that is compatible with the module structure. This includes distributivity over addition and Bilinear map linearity ... dually to that of Lie algebras. Graded algebra a graded vector space with an algebra structure compatible ... operations Bialgebra an associative algebra with a compatible coalgebra structure. Lie bialgebra a Lie algebra with a compatible bialgebra structure. Clifford algebra a graded associative algebra equipped ... also coexist with added structure of a non algebraic nature, such as a partial order or a topology . The added ... more details
251 year 1989 ref The 2D structure tensor Continuous version For a function math I math of two variables p x , y , the structure tensor is the 2 2 matrix math S w p begin bmatrix int w r I x p r 2 ... of the window function . The 3D structure tensor Definition The structure tensor can be defined also ... structure tensor or multi scale second moment matrix of a function math I math is in contrast to other ... structure tensor has been used to analyze three dimensional video data viewed as a function of x ...FeatureDetectionCompVisNavbox In mathematics, the structure tensor , also referred to as the second moment matrix , is a matrix mathematics matrix derived from the gradient of a function mathematics function ..., and the degree to which those directions are coherent. The structure tensor is often used in image ... cite conference author H. Knutsson title Representing local structure using tensors location Oulu ... function , a distribution mathematics distribution on two variables. Note that the matrix S sub w sub is itself a function of p x , y . The formula above can be written also as math S w p int w r S 0 p r ,d r math , where math S 0 math is the matrix valued function defined by math S 0 p begin bmatrix ... column transpose of the gradient. Note however that the structure tensor math S w p math cannot be factored in this way. Discrete version In image processing and other similar applications, the function math I math is usually given as a discrete array data structure array of samples math I p math , where p is a pair of integer indices. The 2D structure tensor at a given pixel is usually taken to be the discrete ... from by math I math by finite difference formulas. The formula of the structure tensor can be written ... The importance of the 2D structure tensor math S w math stems from the fact that its eigenvalue ..., math lambda 1 lambda 2 0 math if and only if the function math I math is constant math nabla ... but oppositely oriented gradient vectors would cancel out in this average, whereas in the structure ... more details
In jazz , a constant structure is a chord progression consisting of three or more chord music chords of the same type or quality. ref name Rawlins Rawlins, Robert 2005 . Jazzology The Encyclopedia of Jazz Theory for All Musicians , p.131. ISBN 0 634 08678 2. ref Popularized by pianists Bill Evans and Herbie Hancock , the combination of diatonic function functional and non functional chords provides cohesiveness while producing a free and shifting tonic music tonal center . ref name Rawlins Image Constant structure.png thumb center 400px Constant structure example ref name Rawlins audio Constant structure.mid Play . For example, the progression Fmaj7 A music b maj7 D music b maj7 G music b maj7 C13sus ref name Rawlins contains four major seventh chord s and one thirteenth chord , none of which are diatonic and chromatic diatonic to the key music key of F major except the first. Image Vi ii V I in C.png thumb right vi ii V I in C ref name Materials William G Andrews and Molly Sclater 2000 . Materials of Western Music Part 1 , p.227. ISBN 1551220342. ref audio Vi ii V I in C.mid Play . In contrast, the vi ii V I or circle progression from classical theory contains four chords of two or three different qualities major, minor, and possibly a dominant seventh chord all of which, however, are diatonic to the key. Thus diversity is achieved within a stable and fixed tonal center. See also Parallel harmony Side slipping Sources references Chord progressions DEFAULTSORT Constant Structure Category Jazz techniques Category Music theory ... more details
function into a division. Each division within a divisional structure contains all the necessary ... groups employees by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both ...An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision ... name Jacobides 2007 Jacobides., M. G. 2007 . The inherent limits of organizational structure and the unfulfilled ... An organization can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure ... structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes ... workgroup and employee individual . Organizational structure affects organizational action in two ... organizational structure may not coincide with facts, evolving in operational action. Such divergence decreases performance, when growing. E.g., a wrong organizational structure may hamper cooperation ... theorists of organizational structure, Taylor, Fayol, and Weber saw the importance of structure for effectiveness and efficiency and assumed without the slightest question that whatever structure was needed, people could fashion accordingly. Organizational structure was considered a matter of choice ... not a denial of the idea of structure as an artifact, but rather an advocacy of the creation of a different sort of structure, one in which the needs, knowledge, and opinions of employees ... structure is an externally caused phenomenon, an outcome rather than an artifact. ref ... proposing that organizational structure development is very much dependent on the expression of the strategies ..., M., G. Griffiths, and S. Sambrook. 2010 . Organizational structure for the twenty first century. Presented .... ref Organizational structure types Pre bureaucratic structures Pre bureaucratic entrepreneurial structures lack standardization of tasks. This structure is most common in smaller organizations and is best used to solve simple tasks. The structure is totally centralized. The strategic leader ... more details
In condensed matter physics and crystallography , the static structure factor or structure factor for short is a mathematical description of how a material scatters incident radiation. The structure factor .... The static structure factor is measured without resolving the energy of scattered photons electrons neutrons. Energy resolved measurements yield the dynamic structure factor . Derivation Let us ... function math f mathbf r math , such that NumBlk math phi mathbf r sum j 1 N f mathbf ... as the convolution product math ast math of the function math f math , describing the form of the particles, with a sum of Dirac delta function s depending only on their positions. Using ... 2 rangle N left f mathbf q right 2 S mathbf q math , EquationRef 3 thus defining the structure factor ... are identical so the above separation in factor and structure factors EquationNote 3 holds . We ... write math S mathbf q frac 1 N left sum j 1 N mathrm e i mathbf q mathbf R j right 2 math . The structure ... thumb Structure factor of a periodic chain, for different particle numbers math N math . The reciprocal ... is odd . The sum of the phase factors is a simple geometric series and the structure factor becomes ... q a 2 sin q a 2 right 2 math . This function is shown in the Figure below for different values of math ... fulfills Bragg s law . Three dimensions Lattice with a basis To compute structure factors for a specific ... in terms of their Miller index Miller indices , it is useful to examine a specific structure ... at the following result for the structure factor for scattering from a plane math hkl math ... diffraction peak from a material with a BCC structure is typically the 110 . The 110 plane is the most ... peak from a material that crystallizes in the FCC structure is typically the 111 . Films of FCC materials ... Structure The Diamond cubic crystal structure occurs in diamond carbon , most semiconductors and tin ... The Structure factor then takes on a form like this math begin matrix F mathbf K & & f left begin matrix ... more details
In the study of complex network s, a network is said to have community structure if the nodes of the network ... to each other. What is community structure? Image Network Community Structure.svg right thumb A sketch of a small Complex networks network displaying community structure , with three ... structure ref name ComSocBio cite journal author M. Girvan and M. E. J. Newman year 2002 title Community structure in social and biological networks journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA pmid 12060727 ... ref . In the context of networks, community structure refers to the occurrence of groups of nodes ... cases. Not all networks need display community structure. Many model networks, for example, such as the Erd s ... structure. Why are we interested in it? Community structures are quite common in real networks. Social ... structures within a network can provide insight into how network function and topology affect each ... ideal for finding community structure in general networks since it will find communities regardless of whether they are implicit in the structure, and it will find only a fixed number of them. ref cite journal author M. E. J. Newman year 2004 title Detecting community structure in networks journal ... community structure in networks journal Phys. Rev. E volume 69 issue 6 pages 066133 doi 10.1103 ... is modularity maximization. ref name fast Modularity networks Modularity is a benefit function ... and A. Arenas year 2005 title Comparing community structure identification journal J. Stat. Mech ... an overlapping community structure . One approach is to find the maximal cliques , that is find ... or a structure which is a generalisation of the line graph Generalizations line graph the case ... structure of complex networks in nature and society journal Nature pmid 15944704 volume 435 issue ... approach to detecting community structure is the maximization of Surprise networks Surprise S ref ... network community structure by Surprise journal PLoS ONE volume 6 issue 9 pages e24195 url http www.plosone.org ... more details
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