Superabsorbent polymers SAP also called slush powder are polymer s that can absorb and retain extremely ... storage pit with a combination of superabsorbentpolymer, sawdust and shredded newspaper. However ... Katime Amashta, Issa Antonio cite book title Modern SuperabsorbentPolymer Technology editor Buchholz ... cations in the solution will impede the polymer s ability to bond with the water molecule. The total ... water conservation in soils. They developed a resin based on the grafting of acrylonitrile polymer ... of this starch acrylonitrile co polymer gave water absorption greater than 400 times its weight. Also, the gel did not release liquid water the way that fiber based absorbents do. The polymer came ... html history of superabsorbents.html title History of Super Absorbent Polymer Chemistry publisher M2 Polymer Technologies, Inc accessdate 2009 06 10 ref Polyacrylate polyacrylamide copolymers ... blocking Current synthesis Copolymer chemistry Superabsorbent polymers are now commonly made from ... a poly acrylic acid sodium salt sometimes referred to as sodium polyacrylate . This polymer is the most common type of SAP made in the world today. Other materials are also used to make a superabsorbentpolymer, such as polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross linked .... Today superabsorbent polymers are made using one of three primary methods suspension polymerization ... Under Load AUL or Absorbency Against Pressure AAP . The dried polymer particles are then screened for proper ... popular method for making the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers now used in baby diapers ... sap.html title Basics of Super Absorbent Polymer & Acrylic Acid Chemistry publisher M2 Polymer Technologies ... of a granular polymer supplied in solution form. Solutions and can be diluted with water prior to application ... time, the result is a coated substrate with superabsorbent functionality. For example .... The reactant polymer gel is then chopped, dried and ground to its final granule size. Any treatments ... more details
Image Single Polymer Chains AFM.jpg thumb 175px Appearance of real linear polymer chains as recorded using an atomic force microscope on surface under liquid medium. Chain contour length for this polymer ... Society volume 127 issue 45 pages 15688 15689 year 2005 pmid 16277495 ref A polymer is a large molecule ... by covalent chemical bond s. Although the term polymer is sometimes taken to refer to plastic s, it actually ... of polymer science an introductory text year 1997 publisher Technomic Pub. Co. location Lancaster ... C. B. title Principles of polymer engineering year 1997 publisher Oxford University Press location .... Natural polymer Natural polymeric materials such as shellac , amber , and natural rubber have been ... butyral PVB , silicone , and many more. Most commonly, the continuously linked backbone of a polymer ..., examples being Silly Putty and waterproof plumbing sealant. Oxygen is also commonly present in polymer ... in phosphodiester bond s . Polymers are studied in the fields of polymer chemistry , polymer physics , and polymer science . Etymology The word polymer is derived from the Greek words poly ... J ns Jacob Berzelius New chemical terms his definition of a polymer was quite different from the modern definition. Polymer synthesis main Polymerization File Polypropylene.svg thumb right 200px The repeating unit of the polymer polypropylene Polymerization is the process of combining many small ... into the polymer is known as a repeat unit or monomer residue. Laboratory synthesis .... Leslie Howard title Introduction to physical polymer science year 2006 publisher Wiley location Hoboken ... oxidation , cross link ing and end capping. Polymer properties Polymer properties are broadly ... modeling of polymer materials using field theoretic methodologies a survey about recent developments ... basic property of a polymer is the identity of its constituent monomers. A second set of properties, known as microstructure, essentially describe the arrangement of these monomers within the polymer ... more details
water soluble thickeners, a polymer for the production of the Superabsorbentpolymer SAP used ...Refimprove date December 2009 An acrylate polymer belongs to a group of polymer s which could be referred to generally as plastic s. They are noted for their transparency and resistance to breakage and elasticity. Also commonly known as acrylics or polyacrylates . Monomers File Acrylic acid 2D skeletal.png thumb 150px right Acrylic acid File Methyl methacrylate skeletal.png thumb 150px right Methylmethacrylate File Acrylonitrile 2D skeletal.png thumb 150px right Acrylonitrile Typical acrylate monomer s used to form acrylate polymers are acrylic acid , methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile . Other examples of acrylate monomers are Methacrylates methyl acrylate ethyl acrylate 2 chloroethyl vinyl ether 2 ethylhexyl acrylate , hydroxyethyl methacrylate butyl acrylate butyl methacrylate TMPTA . Acrylic elastomers Acrylic elastomer is a general term for a type of synthetic rubber whose main component is acrylic acid alkyl ester Ethyl group ethyl or butyl ester . ref http www.patentstorm.us patents 6015860 claims.html ref Acrylic elastomer has characteristics of heat and oil resistance. It is divided into old type and new type Old types include ACM copolymer of acrylic acid ester and 2 chloroethyl vinyl ether containing chlorine and ANM copolymer of acrylic acid ester and acrylonitrile without chloride. Other than the slightly better water resistance of ANM, there are no physical differences even processability is poor for both types. Since prices are also high, demand is not so high vis vis the characteristics. On the other hand, the new type of acrylic rubber does not contain any chlorine despite its unclear chemical composition. Processability has been improved, and most of tackiness ... related to automobiles. Other acrylic polymers Polymethyl methacrylate , an acrylate polymer familiar ... Polymer Category Polyacrylates Category Plastics Category Optical materials de Polyacrylate ml ... more details
multiple issues orphan May 2010 unreferenced April 2009 notability April 2009 In a given formulation or recipe of a polymer compound, the total amount parts per hundred of polymer added to prepare certain compound is called polymer ratio . It basically refers to the aggregated amount of polymer content within the formulation that may undergo any physical or chemical change during the course of post polymerization or physical heat treatment . DEFAULTSORT Polymer Ratio Category Polymers ... more details
Wikify date January 2011 Polymer concrete is part of group of concretes that use polymers to supplement or replace cement as a binder. The types include polymer impregnated concrete, polymer concrete, and polymer Portland cement concrete. Polymers in concrete have been overseen by ACI Committee 548 since 1971. Citation needed date July 2010 Image PolymerConcreteCells.jpg thumb Examples of Polymer Concrete Cells Composition In polymer concrete, thermosetting resins are used as the principal polymer component due to their high thermal stability and resistance to a wide variety of chemicals. Polymer concrete is also composed of aggregates that include silica, quartz, granite, limestone, and other .... Failure of these criteria can reduce the bond strength between the polymer binder and the aggregate. Uses Polymer concrete may be used for new construction or repairing of old concrete. The adhesion properties of polymer concrete allow patching for both polymer and cementitious concretes. The low permeability of polymer concrete allows it to be used in swimming pools, sewer pipes, drainage channels ... image removed Image PolymerConcreteCellsinTankhouse.jpg thumb Polymer Concrete Cells in a Copper Tankhouse Advantages Advantages of polymer concrete include Rapid curing at ambient temperatures High ... Disadvantages Some safety issues arise out of the use of polymer concrete. The monomers can be volatile ... Polymer concretes also cost significantly more than conventional concrete. Citation needed date July 2010 Specifications Following are some specification examples of the features of polymer concrete class ... content 8qx4372410544148 Design and manufacture of hybrid polymer concrete bed for high ... q3h0210888452756 The compressive strength of a new ureaformaldehyde based polymer concrete A. A. Alzaydi, S. A. Shihata1 and T. Alp in table Properties of polymer concrete ref Expand section date April 2008 References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Polymer Concrete Category Concrete cs Polymerbeton ... more details
A polymer blend or polymer mixture is a member of a class of materials analogous to metal alloy s, in which at least two polymer s are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties. ref cite book author Gert R. Strobl title The Physics of Polymers Concepts for Understanding Their Structures and Behavior publisher Springer Verlag year 1996 id ISBN 3 540 60768 4 Section 3.2 Polymer Mixtures ref History During the 1940s, 50s and 60s, the commercial development of the new monomers for production of the new polymers seemed endless. In this period, it was discovered that the development of the new techniques for the modification of the already existing polymers, would ... words, the joint polymerization of more than one kind of polymer. A new polymers modification process ... mixture of natural rubber with Gutta percha . This process generated a new polymer class called Polymer Blends . Basic Concepts Polymer blends can be broadly divided into three categories Immiscible polymer blends heterogeneous polymer blends This is by far the most populous group. If the blend is made of two polymers, two glass transition temperature s will be observed. Compatible polymer blends Immiscible polymer blend that exhibits macroscopically uniform physical properties. The macroscopically ... polymers. ref http goldbook.iupac.org CT07581.html ref Miscible polymer blends homogeneous polymer blend Polymer blend that is a single phase structure. In this case, one glass transition temperature will be observed. The use of the term polymer alloy for a polymer blend is discouraged, as the former term includes multiphase copolymers but excludes incompatible polymer blends. ref http goldbook.iupac.org P04736.html ref Examples of miscible polymer blends Homopolymer Homopolymer Polyphenylene ... PC Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ABS Bayblend, Pulse, Anjablend A . Polymer blends can be used ... External links Miscible polymer blends http pslc.ws macrog blend.htm Immiscible polymer blends ... more details
Orphan date December 2009 Polymers and plastics known as polymer substrates are used for banknotes and other everyday products. The banknote is more durable than paper, won t become soaked in liquids and is harder to counterfeit, though not impossible. Countries whose whole banknote production is in polymer are Australia , Romania , Vietnam and New Zealand . Other countries that have partial polymer and paper issue include Papua New Guinea , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Mexico , Zambia , Brunei , Malaysia , Singapore , Nigeria , Chile , and Nepal . ref name yom cbn http www.cenbank.org Out publications pressRelease GOV 2009 Polymer.pdf CBN Issues New 5,10 and 50 Naira Polymer Notes , PDF Format. ref The material is also used in commemorative notes in some other countries. The process of polymer substrate creation was developed by the Australia CSIRO . Countries like Bulgaria have issued a combination of paper and polymer as the 200 Lev banknote. References references DEFAULTSORT Polymer Substrate Category Polymers ar ... more details
Polymer science or macromolecular science is the subfield of materials science concerned with polymer s, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastic s. The field of polymer science includes researchers ... main sub disciplines Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry , concerned with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers. Polymer physics , concerned with the bulk properties of polymer materials and engineering applications. Polymer characterization is concerned with the analysis ... to compositional and structural parameters. History of polymer science Henri Braconnot s work in the 1830s is perhaps the first modern example of polymer science. Braconnot, along with Christian Sch nbein and others, developed derivatives of the natural polymer cellulose , producing new, semi synthetic materials, such as celluloid and cellulose acetate . The term polymer was coined in 1833 by J ns Jakob Berzelius , though Berzelius did little that would be considered polymer science in the modern ... rubber represents the first commercially successful product of polymer research. In 1884 Hilaire de ... ref In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first chemical synthesis synthetic polymer, a thermoset ting phenol formaldehyde resin called Bakelite . Despite significant advances in polymer synthesis ... Prize in 1953. The World War II era marked the emergence of a strong commercial polymer industry. Citation ... to fuel a strong and growing polymer industry. The growth in industrial applications was mirrored ... Mark Herman Mark established the Polymer Research Institute at Brooklyn Polytechnic , the first research facility in the United States dedicated to polymer research. Mark is also recognized as a pioneer in establishing curriculum and pedagogy for the field of polymer science. ref name NHCL Polymer Research Institute cite web url http acswebcontent.acs.org landmarks landmarks polymer pol 1.html title Polymer Research Institute work National Historical Chemical Landmarks accessdate 2007 11 07 ref ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 Infobox Journal title Polymer Bulletin cover File Polymer Bulletin.jpg editor K. M llen, Y. Chujo, D. Smith, D. Sohn discipline Chemistry abbreviation Polym. Bull. publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer country Germany frequency Monthly history 1978 present openaccess impact website http www.springer.com journal 00289 link1 http www.springerlink.com content 0170 0839 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name RSS http www.springerlink.com content 0170 0839?sortorder asc&export rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0170 0839 eISSN 1436 2449 Polymer Bulletin is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science Business Media , ref http www.springer.com 10337 Journal s homepage ref covering polymer science , including chemistry , physics , physical chemistry , and material science . Impact factor Polymer Bulletin had a 2008 impact factor of 1.022, ref http admin.isiknowledge.com ISI Web of Knowledge ref ranking it 37th out of 73 in Polymer Science . Editors The Editors of the journal are Yoshiki Chujo, Klaus M llen, Dennis Smith, and Daewon Sohn. Hans Joachim Cantow is the Honorary Editor of the journal. External links Official http www.springer.com journal 289 References reflist Category Chemistry journals Category Springer academic journals Category Publications established in 1978 Category Monthly journals Category English language journals fr Polymer Bulletin it Polymer Bulletin ... more details
Infobox Journal title Polymer Journal cover editor Toshikazu Takata discipline polymer science language English abbreviation publisher Nature Publishing Group country United Kingdom frequency monthly history 1970 to present openaccess license impact 1.386 impact year 200 website http www.nature.com pj index.html link1 http www.spsj.or.jp c5 pj pj.htm link1 name SPSJ site of the journal link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0032 3896 eISSN 1349 0540 boxwidth Polymer Journal is the official journal of the Society of Polymer Science , Japan SPSJ and publishes original articles, notes, short communications and reviews on developments in macromolecule research. It is an international peer reviewed journal that is published on a monthly basis. ref cite web url http www.nature.com pj about index.html title Polymer Journal. About the Journal publisher Nature journal Nature ref The current Editor in Chief is Toshikazu Takata of Tokyo Institute of Technology . References references External links http www.nature.com pj index.html Polymer Journal Official Website chem journal stub Category Chemistry journals Category English language journals Category Monthly journals Category Publications established in 1970 it Polymer Journal ja Polymer Journal ... more details
Polymer physics is the field of physics that studies polymer s, their fluctuations, Continuum mechanics ... and Polymerization polymerisation of polymer s and monomer s respectively. ref name flory 53 P. Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry , Cornell University Press, 1953. ISBN 0 8014 0134 8. ref ref name dg 79 Pierre Gilles De Gennes, Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca and London, 1979 ref ref name d e 86 M. Doi and S. F. Edwards, The Theory of Polymer Dynamics Oxford University Inc NY, 1986 ref ref Michael Rubinstein and Ralph H. Colby, Polymer Physics Oxford University Press, 2003 ref While it focuses on the perspective of condensed matter physics , polymer physics is originally a branch of statistical physics . Polymer physics and polymer chemistry are also related with the field of polymer science , where this is considered the applicative part of polymers ... approach for polymer physics is based on an analogy between a polymer and either a Brownian motion , or other type of a random walk , the self avoiding walk . The simplest possible polymer model is presented ... polymers are also common, using Polymer characterization methods, such as size exclusion ... the first scientist establishing the field of polymer physics ref name flory 53 . French scientists ... famous book in polymer physics ref name d e 86 . Russian and Soviet schools of physics I. M. Lifshitz, A. Yu. Grosberg, A.R. Khokhlov have been very active in the development of polymer physics ref Vladimir Pokrovski, The Mesoscopic Theory of Polymer Dynamics, Springer, 2010 ref ref A. Yu. Grosberg ... . Models Models of polymer chains are split into two types ideal models, and real models. Ideal chain ... is the simplest model of a polymer. In this model, fixed length polymer segments are linearly connected, and all bond and torsion angles are equiprobable. ref H. Yamakawa, Helical Wormlike Chains in Polymer Solution , Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1997 ref The polymer can therefore be described by a simple ... more details
A telechelic polymer or oligomer is a prepolymer capable of entering into further polymerization or other reactions through its reactive end groups ref http goldbook.iupac.org TT07167.html ref . It can be used for example to synthesize block copolymer s. By definition, a telechelic polymer is a di end functional polymer where both ends possess the same functionality. ref Moad, G. Solomon, D. H. The Chemistry of Radical Polymerisation, 2nd Ed., Elsevier, 2006, page 374 ref Where the chain ends of the polymer are not of the same functionality they are termed di end functional polymers. All polymers resulting from living polymerization are end functional but may not necessarily be telechelic. ref Moad, G. Solomon, D. H. The Chemistry of Radical Polymerisation, 2nd Ed., Elsevier, 2006, chapter 9 onwards ref To prepare polymers by step growth polymerization , telechelic polymers like Polyol Polyols in polymer chemistry polymeric diols and epoxy prepolymers can be used. The main examples are Polyether diols Polyester diols Polycarbonate diols Polyhexamethylene carbonate diol PHMCD Polyalcadiene diols Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene PBHT ... Other examples of telechelic polymers are the halato telechelic polymers or halatopolymers ref http goldbook.iupac.org HT07207.html ref . The end groups of these polymers are ionic or ionizable like carboxylate or quaternary ammonium groups. References references DEFAULTSORT Telechelic Polymer Category Polymers Chemistry stub ... more details
cleanup link rot date December 2011 File Australian banknotes in wallet.jpg thumb Polymer banknotes, in general use in Australia since 1992. Polymer banknotes were developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia ... and were first issued as currency in Australia in 1988. These banknote s are made from the polymer biaxially oriented polypropylene BOPP which greatly enhances durability of the banknotes. Polymer ... for 20 countries. An alternative polymer of polyethylene fibres marketed as Tyvek by DuPont was developed ... and have become Numismatics collectors items. Development of polymer banknotes Original research section date March 2009 Image 10realplastic.jpg 240px right thumb A R 10.00 ten Brazilian real reais polymer ... anniversary Polymer banknotes were developed to increase the security of Australia s paper currency ... arising from the development of polymer banknotes was filed in 1973. In 1974 the technique of laminate ... and Overcoating notes are coated with a protective varnish . BOPP is a non fibrous and non porous polymer ... on polymer. These features include intaglio, offset and letterpress printing, Latent image printing latent images , microprinting micro printing , and intricate background patterns. Polymer notes can be different colours on the obverse and reverse sides. Like paper currency, polymer banknotes can incorporate a watermark an optically variable shadow image in the polymer substrate. Shadow images ... shift characteristics. Security thread s can also be embedded in the polymer note they may be Magnetic ...? hell if i know Like paper, the polymer can also be Embossing paper embossed . Polymer notes ... is located is a key security feature of the polymer banknote. It is easily identifiable allowing anyone to be able to authenticate a banknote. Because the polymer bank note contains many security ... difficult to counterfeit. The complexities of counterfeiting polymer banknotes are proposed to act as a deterrent to counterfeiters. Adoption of polymer banknotes Image 100 pesos.jpg 240px thumb ... more details
Polymer capacitors , conductive polymer PEDT for example and polymerized organic semiconductor TCNQ complex salt for example capacitors with different chemistry, are types of electrolytic capacitor with solid, rather than the more usual liquid, electrolyte, available since 1983. Names used for similar technologies are OS CON Sanyo trademark , Aluminum Organic Polymer Capacitors AO CAPS , Organic Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor OC CON , Functional Polymer Capacitors FPCAP . Characteristics Equivalent series resistance ESR , an important characteristic particularly for high ripple current and switching applications, is usually lower better than electrolytics of the same value. Unlike standard electrolytics ESR is stable with varying temperature. This allows polymer capacitors to handle higher ripple current. Some wet electrolytic types have ESR as low as polymer capacitors ref name caplab http www.capacitorlab.com capacitor types polymer Capacitor Lab Types of Capacitors Polymer Capacitors ref . As of 2012 Some types have longer life than wet electrolytics, e.g. 50,000 hours life at 85 C. Others are specified typically for guaranteed 1000 hours at 105 C. Working voltage up to around 35 Volt V . May be more expensive than wet electrolytic capacitors of the same capacitance and voltage this may change with time. More restrictive range of capacitance and working voltage available than wet electrolytic capacitors. Construction Cathode is aluminum or tantalum foil. A separator sheet is impregnated with electrolyte. Anode is aluminum or tantalum foil ... or surface mount can. Polymer capacitors with some exceptions ref http thecapking.com fujitsu2 5v820.html ... gas and explode under failure ocnditions. Reliability and failure modes Polymer capacitors can fail ... name caplab History Sanyo OS CON polymer capacitors went into production in 1983 ref name caplab ... docs IO 16110 nichicon diagram0608.jpg Polymer capacitor construction image Category Capacitors ... more details
The Polymer Library , formerly Rapra Abstracts , is a searchable database of research on plastic s, Synthetic rubber rubbers , polymeric composites, and adhesives. It includes abstracts from over 450 Scientific journal journals , as well as company literature, data sheets, and patents. ref name keyfacts cite web title Key Facts about the Polymer Library url http www.polymerlibrary.com keyfacts.asp ref The index covers end use applications and commercial and legal implications, as well as basic research for academic and corporate scientists. The Library is aggregated by EBSCO Industries EBSCO , ref http www.ebscohost.com academic polymer library EBSCO ref ProQuest , ref http www.csa.com factsheets rapra set c.php ProQuest ref and STN International STN . ref http www.stn international.de database.html STN ref References reflist External links http www.polymerlibrary.com Polymer Library Category Bibliographic databases Category Commercial digital libraries ... more details
File PolymerBrush.jpg 100px right thumb Figure 1 Depiction of Polymer Brush Classifications Brush polymers ... last1 Milner first1 S. T. year 1991 title Polymer Brushes journal Science volume 251 issue 4996 pages 905 doi 10.1126 science.251.4996.905 PMID 17847384 ref . The polymer that is adhered to the solid ... first Rigoberto C title Polymer Brushes Synthesis, Characterization, Applications edition 1st year ... books?id TBZQp5cIxgcC&printsec frontcover&dq polymer brushes&hl en&ei yYaYTa 4AquO0QGT2ZWEDA ... adhered to the solid surface often have different properties than the polymer chains in solution ... brush polymers. Brush Polymers are formed by an assembly of polymer chains adhered by one end to a surface or an interface chemistry interface . The assembly of polymer brushes allows for tailor made ... biosurfaces, chromatographic devices, lubricants , polymer surfactants and polymer compatbilizers. ref name B.Zhao cite journal last B.Zhao title Polymer brushes surface immobilized macromolecules journal Progress in Polymer Science year 2000 volume 25 pages 670 710 doi 10.1016 S0079 6700 00 00012 5 ref Polymer brush structures have existed in nature for quite some time. Examples of naturally occurring polymer brushes include extracellular polyssacharides on bacterial surfaces, neurofilaments ..., ultrathin polymer coatings are of particular interest for the surface modification of small ... aggregation of colloidal particles can be prevented by grafting polymer molecules to them. Van ... be inhibited and thus, founded a new movement in polymer science. ref name M.van der Waarden cite ... In 1975, S. J. Alexander began focusing on theoretical study of polymer brushes. He noted the distinctive properties of polymer brushes through theoretical analysis of adsorption of functionalized polymers on flat surfaces. ref cite journal doi 10.1051 jphys 01977003808097700 title Polymer adsorption ... of tethered polymer chains made up of a single type of repeat unit. This would entail a polymer solely ... more details
Image Polymer Branch.svg thumb right 200px Branch point in a polymer An important microstructural feature of a polymer is its architecture , which relates to the way branching chemistry branching leads to a deviation from a strictly linear chain. ref name PP6 Cite book last1 Rubinstein first1 Michael last2 Colby first2 Ralph H. title Polymer physics year 2003 publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford New York isbn 0 19 852059 X page 6 ref Branching may occur randomly or reactions may be designed so that specific architectures are targeted. ref name PP6 A polymer s architecture affects many of its physical properties including, but not limited to, solution viscosity, melt viscosity, solubility in various solvents, glass transition temperature and the size of individual polymer coils in solution. Different polymer architectures Image RAFT Architecture.png thumb 400px Right Various polymer architectures. Random branching Branches can form when the growing end of a polymer molecule reaches either a back around onto itself or b onto another polymer chain, both of which, via abstraction ... chemistry Branching index branching index . Cross linked polymer An effect related to branching is chemical ... DC ref A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network. ref cite journal author1 IUPAC title Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science journal Pure Appl. Chem ... properties In general, the higher degree of branching, the more compact a polymer chain is. Branching ... the bulk physical properties. Long chain branches may increase polymer strength, toughness, and the glass .... A random and short chain length between branches, on the other hand, may reduce polymer strength ... polymer where every monomer unit is also a branch point. This tends to reduce intermolecular chain entanglement and crystallization. A related architecture, the dendritic polymer, are not perfectly ..., will result in the formation of branched polymer. References Reflist Category Polymers ... more details
Infobox company name Polymer Characterization, S.A. logo File Polymer Char.gif Polymer Char logo caption ... br Europe br Africa br Asia industry Analytical Instrumentation for Polymer characterization products ... Image Polymer Char headquarters in Technology Park of Valencia, Spain..jpg thumb Polymer Char Headquarters in Spain Polymer Char is a technology based company which designs and manufactures instrumentation for Polymer Analysis. History Polymer Char was founded by Dr. B. Monrabal in 1992 in the Valencia, Spain Valencia Technology Park, in Spain , being registered with the name of Polymer Characterization ... for Polymer characterization , and more specifically, for Polyolefin Polyethylene and Polypropylene Characterization materials science . Today, Polymer Char s technology is present in the Petrochemical ... Communications publisher Polymer Char ref Analytical Instrumentation The company developes analytical instruments for Polymer analysis and more specifically, for Structural Characterization of Polyolefin ... name momoelf2 B. Monrabal TREF and CRYSTAF technologies for Polymer Characterization. Encyclopedia ... www.selectscience.net product news polymer char eliminate solvent handling from polyolefin analysis ... for Polyolefin GPC Applications from Polymer Char publisher Plastics Engineering , Society of Plastics ... chromatography instruments. File IR4 by Polymer Char.gif thumb left 300px Infrared Detector for Polyolefin ... around the globe Analytical Services for Polymer characterization . ref name momoelf1 Innovation Awards File Polymer Char headquarters.gif thumb right 300px Polymer Char Headquarters and Laboratories ... and Industry. 2005 Autosampler CRYSTAF . br Presented to Polymer Char in Appreciation of its ... of Valencia. See also Polymer characterization Polyolefin Gel permeation chromatography Size Exclusion Chromatography Polymer science Polymer Chemistry Chromatography References Reflist External links http www.polymerchar.com Polymer Char Official Website Category Instrument making corporations Category ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2008 Condensation polymers are any kind of polymer s formed through a condensation reaction where molecules join together losing small molecules as by products such as water or methanol , as opposed to addition polymer s which involve the reaction of unsaturated monomer s. Types of condensation polymers include polyamide s, polyacetal s and polyester s. Condensation polymerization, a form of step growth polymerization , is a process by which two molecules join together, resulting loss of small molecules which is often water. The type of end product resulting from a condensation polymerization is dependent on the number of functional end groups of the monomer which can react. Monomers with only one reactive group terminate a growing chain, and thus give end products with a lower molecular weight. Linear polymers are created using monomers with two reactive end groups and monomers with more than two end groups give three dimensional polymers which are crosslinked. Dehydration synthesis often involves joining monomers with an OH hydroxyl group and a freely ionized H on either end such as a hydrogen from the NH sub 2 sub in nylon or proteins . Normally, two or more different monomers are used in the reaction. The bonds between the hydroxyl group, the hydrogen atom and their respective atoms break forming water from the hydroxyl and hydrogen, and the polymer. Polyester ... and hydroxyl an organic acid and an alcohol monomer . Nylon is another common condensation polymer ... 400px General chemical structure of one type of condensation polymer clear The carboxylic acids and amines .... This method, however, is expensive and inefficient, so the addition polymer of ethene polyethylene is generally used. Condensation polymers, unlike addition polymer s, may be biodegradable ... s breaking the polymer chain into smaller pieces. The most commonly known condensation polymers are proteins ... Biopolymer Polyester Polyamide DEFAULTSORT Condensation Polymer Category Polymer chemistry Category ... more details
Polymer Corporation was a Canadian federal crown corporation established in 1942 to produce artificial rubber to substitute for overseas supply cut off by World War II . A factory was established in Sarnia , Ontario where, using German patents from an American licensee, Polymer produced 5000 tons of artificial rubber from oil every month. The product was used in everything from tires to airplane parts and much of it was sold to the US as part of the common war effort. The company was considered a roaring success, more efficient than its American counterparts and a national asset. Clarence Decatur Howe , under whose Department of Munitions and Supply Canada Department of Munitions and Supply the company fell, decided to keep Polymer going as a Crown corporation after the war. It was a highly profitable enterprise, and he was not convinced that any buyer would pay a proper price or keep it going. Polymer therefore survived the war, reporting through Howe and his successors to Parliament until 1971 when it was sold to the Canada Development Corporation which was a government controlled enterprise. The company was also involved in the petrochemicals industry, primarily in the production of polyurethane . It was renamed Polysar in 1976 and the rubber component became a subsidiary, Polysar Rubber Corp. The company was privatization privatized in 1988 with its sale to NOVA Corp which, in turn ... divisions, including most of the Sarnia site, creating LANXESS AG, also of Germany. Polymer s contribution ... back. ref name bellamy Bellamy, Matthew J., Profiting The Crown Canada s Polymer Corporation, 1942 1990 .... ref name bellamy2 Bellamy, Matthew J., Profiting The Crown Canada s Polymer Corporation, 1942 ... books?hl en&id zcJ5DyY1D7AC&dq polymer corporation 22crown corporation 22&printsec frontcover&source web&ots OQNBcmyIkR&sig BFcnt1psuh0RqFz9rzqk3zA162Y Profiting the Crown Canada s Polymer ... corporations of Canada Category 1942 establishments in Canada nl Polymer Corporation ... more details
Polymer s are chainlike molecule s that are made of the same repetition unit. Aside from few exceptions e.g. protein s polymers consist of molecules with different chain lengths. Therefore average values are given for the molar mass molecular weight like the Molar mass distribution Number average molecular weight number average , the Molar mass distribution Weight average molecular weight weight average or the viscosity average molar mass. A measure for the width of the molar mass distribution molecular weight distribution is the polydispersity index . The targeted manipulation of the molecular weight distribution of a polymer by removing short and or long chain material is called polymer fractionation . Reasons for polymer fractionation The molecular weight of polymers has a large influence on their properties and therefore determines the applications. Among others the flow behavior, the solubility , the mechanical properties but also the lifetime are influenced by the molecular weight. For high duty polymers polymers that have to fulfill elevated demands not only the molecular weight but also the molecular weight distribution is important. This especially holds true if low and or high molecular material disturbs a given task. Analytical Methods Polymers can be fractionated on an analytical scale by size exclusion chromatography SEC , Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization MALDI or Field Flow Fractionation FFF . These methods are used to determine the molecular weight distribution ... polymer fractionation. Literature M.J.R Cantow Polymer Fractionation Academic Press, New ... Polymer Fractionation Springer, Berlin 1994 R. Koningsveld, L.D. Kleintjens, H. Geerissen, P. Sch tzeichel, B.A. Wolf Fractionation in Comprehensive Polymer Science Volume 1 Pergamon Press, Oxford 1989 293 312 External links http www.wee solve.de WEE Solve GmbH Service provider for polymer fractionation Category Polymer chemistry de Polymerfraktionierung es Fraccionamiento de pol meros fr Fractionnement ... more details
Inorganic polymers are polymer s with a skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms ref http goldbook.iupac.org IT07515.html ref . Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are named hybrid polymers ref http goldbook.iupac.org HT07556.html ref . One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane , otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber . It has a repeat unit based on silicon and oxygen O Si CH sub 3 sub sub 2 sub sub n sub Silicon and oxygen also occur widely in a range of inorganic minerals, including silica , mica and feldspar with other elements. The inorganic sulfur nitrogen polymer polythiazyl , SN sub x sub , is, highly unusually, a metallic superconducting polymer below 0.26 K. ref cite journal title Polysulfur nitride a metallic, superconducting polymer author M. M. Labes, P. Love, and L. F. Nichols journal Chemical Reviews Chem. Rev. year 1979 volume 79 issue 1 pages 1 15 doi 10.1021 cr60317a002 ref Examples Homochain polymers with one kind of atom in the main chain Silicon Silicon Polysilanes Germanium germanium Germanium Characteristics Polygermane s Tin tin Polystannane s. Heterochain polymers with more than one type of atom in the main chain, mostly two types of atoms alternate along the main chain Boron nitrogen Borazine Reactions Polyborazylenes Silicon Oxygen Polysiloxane s like the Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS , Polymethylhydrosiloxane PMHS and polydiphenylsiloxane Silicon nitrogen Polysilazane s like Perhydridopolysilazane PHPS Phosphorus nitrogen Polyphosphazene s and their precursor the Poly dichlorophosphazene Sulfur nitrogen Polythiazyl s. Sulfur Polysulfide s. Polymerization Inorganic polymers are formed, like organic polymers, by Step growth polymerization Polysiloxanes Chain growth polymerisation Chain growth polymerization ... links http openlearn.open.ac.uk mod resource view.php?id 196631 Polymer Structure Category Inorganic polymers Polymer stub fa fr Polym re inorganique ru uk ... more details
A Natasha bead by Ivy Koehn Polymer clay is a sculptable material based on the polymer polyvinyl chloride ... by artists, hobbyists, and children. Image polymer clay heart 1.jpg frame This marbled creation was made with Sculpey , a brand of polymer clay. The paler orange parts are translucent clay mixed with a very small amount of orange. Material Polymer clays all contain a basis of PVC and one or more ... and decorative applications, was extremely popular with designers and had an early form of polymer ... discontinued. Modern polymer clays are based on a plastic modeling compound brought to the attention ..., it was being manufactured and sold on a small scale in the United States. The history of polymer ... and have long traditions. This newness means that there is a great deal of innovation by users of polymer ... to sharing and copying. Polymer art jewelry is now part of the permanent collections of the Museum ... Art Museum, and others. Polymer Clay accessory making has become increasingly popular in the younger .... Properties Original formulations of polymer clay remain soft until cured at relatively low temperatures, but air dry polymer clays have recently been added to the market. Traditional polymer clay ... varnish. Leading brands of polymer clay include Fimo Sculpey , Premo and Studio by Sculpey, created ..., glazes, and adhesives. Polymer clay is available in many colors. Special effect colors such as translucent ... skinner Polymer Art Archive Deconstructing Skinner Bot generated title ref is credited with inventing ... in the medium. Polymer clay can be colored with other media. Paint, ink, colored pencil, chalk, metallic ... tools are essential for use with polymer clay, and these can often be found around the house. The most ... sizes and shapes. Most molding and modeling tools used by traditional sculptors are suitable for polymer ... items used in sewing, cooking, woodworking, and paper crafts. Uses and techniques Polymer clay can ... for polymer clay include Sculpting . Hand shaped items can be any size from miniatures to quite ... more details
s can adsorb to many types of surfaces including polymer surfaces. A polymer is a large molecule ... to polymer surfaces plays a role in many applications including biomedical, structural, and coatings. Polymer versus non polymer surfaces Polymer surfaces differ from non polymer surfaces in that the subunits that make up the surface are covalently bonded to one another. Non polymer surfaces can ... component system, non polymer surfaces form when a positive net amount of energy is required to break ... of materials. However, with polymer surfaces, the subunits are covalently bonded together ... forces between the large polymer molecules are difficult to calculate and cannot be determined as easily as non polymer surface molecular interactions. ref name Handbook The covalently bonded subunits form a surface with differing properties as compared to non polymer surfaces. Some examples of polymer surfaces include Polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride PVC , nylon , Polyethylene polyethylene PE , and Polypropylene polypropylene PP . Polymer surfaces have been analyzed using a variety ... way to characterize polymer surfaces. Contact angle is a measure of the wetting ability of the liquid ... Generally, due to low surface energy, liquids will not wet polymer surfaces and the contact angle ... molecules as compared to the polymer surface. Because the polymer surfaces are solid surfaces, surface ... angles can be used to indirectly estimate the surface tension of polymer surfaces. ref name Handbook This is accomplished by measuring the contact angles of a series of liquids on a polymer surface. A Fox ... name Handbook While the actual surface tension of the solid polymer surface cannot be determined ... for binary mixtures of liquids dropped onto a polymer surface. Some estimated surface tensions of different polymers and the contact angles of different liquids on polymer surfaces is shown below. ref ... May 2011 ref class wikitable big Polymer big big sub c sub mN m big Polystyrene PS 40.7 ref name ... more details
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