s in thin films, specifically helium , the two main experimental signatures are the superfluid fraction and heat capacity . If either of these measurements were to be done on a superfluid film in a typical .... Therefore, when studying superfluid films, it is of paramount importance to study a system of large ... ref D. J. Bishop, J. D. Reppy. Study of the Superfluid Transition in Two Dimensional sup 4 sup He .... Superfluid Transition of sup 4 sup He Films Adsorbed on Porous Vycor Glass. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 348 ... of porous gold, 10 micrometres square gallery One can measure the superfluid response of the film by measuring ... design was first used by Andronikashvili to detect superfluid in bulk fluid sup 4 sup He and later ... of the film becomes superfluid, it no longer has any viscosity and will remain at rest in the lab ... the superfluid state. A typical set of data clearly showing the superfluid decoupling in helium films ... the superfluid transition, the superfluid decouples and the frequency increases. ref M Hieda, A. C. Clark, M. H. W. Chan. Quartz crystal microbalance study of superfluid sup 4 sup He films on gold and porous ... on mylar . Specifically, they found that the transition temperature scaled with film thickness and the superfluid ... ref See also Superfluid Bose Einstein condensate Superconductivity Quantum vortex Supersolid Phase ... more details
Superfluid is a state of matter in which the matter behaves like a fluid with zero viscosity and zero ... theories. The formation of the superfluid is known to be related to the formation of a Bose ... vortex lines in superfluid helium. ref H.E. Hall and W.F. Vinen, Proc. R. Soc., Vol.A238 .... ref G. Rayfield and F. Reif Quantized vortex rings in superfluid helium Phys.Rev. Vol.136A p.1194 ... and Avenel and Varoquaux have studied the Josephson effect in superfluid helium 4. ref O. Avenel ... Relation in the Critical Flow of Superfluid 4He through an Aperture Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol.55 pp.2704 ... phase transition. File Normal and superfluid density 01.jpg 300px thumb Fig.3 Temperature dependence of the relative superfluid and normal components sub n sub and sub s sub as functions ... in the He II region the helium is superfluid. The name lambda line comes from the specific heat ... like a normal fluid, and a superfluid component with zero viscosity and zero entropy. The ratios of the respective ... superfluid component, and the total density , depends on temperature and is represented ... By lowering the temperature, the fraction of the superfluid density increases from zero at T sub sub to one at zero kelvin. Below 1 K the helium is almost completely superfluid. It is possible to create density waves of the normal component and hence of the superfluid component since sub n sub ... is in the superfluid phase. As long as it remains superfluid, it creeps up the wall of the cup ... but by a critical velocity which is about 20 cm s. This is a fairly high velocity so superfluid ... film . Superfluid hydrodynamics The equation of motion for the superfluid component, in a somewhat simplified form, ref S.J. Putterman, Superfluid Hydrodynamics North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam ... is the molar mass of sup 4 sup He and math vec v s math is the velocity of the superfluid component ... when moving with the fluid. In the case of superfluid sup 4 sup He in the gravitational field ... more details
Polariton superfluid is predicted to be a state of the exciton polariton system that combines the characteristics of lasers with those of excellent electrical conductors. Researchers look for this state in a solid state optical microcavity coupled with quantum well exciton s. The idea is to create an ensemble of particles known as exciton polariton s and trap them. Wave behavior in this state results in a light beam similar to that from a laser but possibly more energy efficient. Unlike traditional superfluid s that need temperatures of approximately 4 K, the polariton superfluid could in principle be stable at much higher temperatures, and might soon be demonstrable at room temperature. ref Cite web author Morgan Kelly title Pitt Researchers Create New Form of Matter url http mac10.umc.pitt.edu m FMPro? db ma& lay a& format d.html&id 2936& Find publisher University of Pittsburgh accessdate 2007 05 31 ref Claims of the polariton superfluid appeared in the May 18, 2007, issue of the journal Science journal Science by David Snoke, an associate professor in the physics and astronomy department in the University of Pittsburgh School of Arts and Sciences . ref Cite web author Stella Hurtley, Phil Szuromi title Rubble Pile in Space url http www.sciencemag.org cgi reprint 316 5827 949c.pdf publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science accessdate 2007 05 31 ref Snoke worked with University of Pittsburgh graduate students Ryan Balili and Vincent Hartwell on the project and their collaborators at the Bell Labs of Alcatel Lucent in New Jersey . Although several other researchers are working in the same field, ref cite paper author Jacek Kasprzak year 2006 title Condensation of exciton polaritons url http tel.archives ouvertes.fr docs 00 11 83 16 PDF Kasprzak Jacek.pdf ... and conclusions are not completely shared by them. In particular, important properties of superfluid ... Persistent currents and quantized vortices in a polariton superfluid journal Nature Physics volume ... more details
Beyond the Standard Model cTopic Quantum gravity Superfluid vacuum theory SVT , sometimes dubbed as the theory of Bose Einstein condensate BEC vacuum , is an approach in theoretical physics and quantum mechanics where the physical vacuum fundamental non removable background is viewed as a superfluid ... scales, as different manifestations of the same entity, superfluid vacuum. History The concept of a luminiferous ... according to which it is a superfluid state of fermion and antifermion pairs, describable by a macroscopic ... of superfluid background do obey the Lorentz symmetry even if the superfluid itself is non relativistic. Nevertheless, they decided to treat the superfluid as the Theory of relativity relativistic ... of the small fluctuations of the superfluid vacuum as well. This was done by other authors subsequently ... idea but differ in how the structure and properties of the background superfluid must look. In absence ..., the background superfluid is assumed to be essentially non relativistic whereas the Lorentz .... Phys. 117 2003 1 507. ref If the energies and momenta are below the excitation threshold then the superfluid .... Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20, 1064 1950 . ref To summarize, the fluctuations of vacuum superfluid behave ... its source and propagates independently. Theory of superfluid vacuum brings into question that the relativistic ..., according to the approach, the curved spacetime itself is the small collective excitation of the superfluid ... wave like excitations of the superfluid background which might be responsible for the astrophysical ... small fluctuations of background superfluid rather than an elementary particle. This may result in inability ... Superfluid vacuum Logarithmic BEC vacuum theory other features which make it more suitable for the vacuum ... difference of this theory from others is that in the logarithmic superfluid the maximal velocity ... with the superfluid vacuum, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superconductor s. ref ... gravity DEFAULTSORT Superfluid vacuum Category Theoretical physics es Vac o superfluido ... more details
Roton is the name of Roton , an excitation in superfluid Helium 4 Roton label , a Romanian record label Roton, the ill fated design for a single stage to orbit vehicle designed by Gary Hudson that was developed at Rotary Rocket disambig de Roton fr Roton ... more details
Two fluid model is a traffic model to represent an urban non freeway traffic network. Established in the 1970s by Nobel prize winner scientist Ilya Prigogine and Robert Herman, two fluid model of town traffic successfully explain quality of traffic in a town city or metropolitan area. ref cite journal title A Two Fluid Approach to Town Traffic journal Science journal Science month April year 1979 volume 204 issue 4389 pages 148 151 doi 10.1126 science.204.4389.148 first1 Robert last1 Herman first2 Ilya last2 Prigogine authorlink2 Ilya Prigogine url http pchen.ccer.edu.cn homepage A 20Two Fluid 20Approach 20to 20Town 20Traffic.pdf ref There is also a two fluid model which helps explain the behavior of superfluid helium . This model states that there will be two components in liquid helium below its lambda point the temperature where superfluid forms . These components are a normal fluid and a superfluid component. Each liquid has a different density and together their sum makes the total density, which remains constant. The ratio of superfluid density to the total density increases as the temperature approaches absolute zero. External links http www.yutopian.com Yuan TFM.html Two Fluid Model of Superfluid Helium References Reflist Category Mathematical modeling ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 A quantum solvent is essentially a superfluid aka a Quantum hydrodynamics quantum liquid used to solvation dissolve another chemical species . Any superfluid can theoretically act as a quantum solvent, however in practice the only viable superfluid medium that can currently be used is Helium Isotopes helium 4 , and it has been successfully accomplished in controlled conditions. Such solvents are currently under investigation for use in spectroscopy spectroscopic techniques in the field of analytical chemistry , due to their superior kinetic properties. Any matter dissolved or otherwise suspended in the superfluid will tend to aggregate together in clumps, encapsulated by a quantum solvation shell . Due to the totally frictionless nature of the superfluid medium, the entire object then proceeds to act very much like a nanoscopic ball bearing, allowing effectively complete rotational freedom of the solvated chemical species . A quantum solvation shell consists of a region of non superfluid helium 4 atoms that surround the molecule s and exhibit adiabatic following around the centre of gravity of the solute. As such, the kinetics of an effectively gaseous molecule can be studied without the need to use an actual gas which can be impractical or impossible . It is necessary to make a small alteration to the Rotational spectroscopy Classification of molecules based on rotational behavior rotational constant of the chemical species being examined, in order to compensate for the higher mass entailed by the quantum solvation shell. Quantum solvation has so far been achieved with a number of organic, inorganic and organometallic compounds, and it has been speculated that as well as the obvious use in the field of spectroscopy , quantum solvents could be used as tools in nanoscale chemical engineering, perhaps to manufacture components for use in nanotechnology . References reflist Category Condensed matter physics Category Nanotechnology Category ... more details
Other uses Context date October 2009 A roton is an elementary excitation, or quasiparticle , in superfluid Helium 4. The dispersion relation of elementary excitations in this superfluid shows a linear increase from the origin, but exhibits first a maximum and then a minimum in energy as the momentum increases. Excitations with momenta in the linear region are called phonon s those with momenta close to the minimum are called rotons. Excitations with momenta near the maximum are sometimes called maxons. References Reflist http link.aps.org doi 10.1103 RevModPhys.29.205 Feynman, RP, Superfluidity and Superconductivity , Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 205 1957 particles Category Quasiparticles physics stub ar de Roton Physik fr Roton physique it Rotone hu Roton ja pl Roton ru sl Roton uk ... more details
return to rest . A superfluid is a fluid which has no viscosity, or resistance to flow .... Despite having no viscosity, turbulence is possible in a superfluid. This was first suggested theoretically ..., 1955 ref and was soon found experimentally. Since the flow of a superfluid is an inherently quantum phenomenon see macroscopic quantum phenomena and superfluid helium 4 , turbulence in superfluids ... theoretically as a mixture of normal fluid and superfluid, having a total density equal to the sum of the densities of the two components. The normal part behaves like any other liquid, and the superfluid ... all normal fluid at the transition temperature 2.172 K to all superfluid at zero temperature. More details can be found in the Articles on superfluid helium 4 and macroscopic quantum phenomena . In turbulence ... field when a superfluid experiences turbulence. In the superfluid component, however, vorticity is restricted ... tangle mediates an interaction between the superfluid and the normal component known as mutual ... in a counterflow where the normal and superfluid components are made to flow in opposite directions generated by a steady heat current. See superfluid helium 4 . Since the two fluid model, and therefore ... there is a dissipative interaction between the superfluid component and the sup 3 sup He which is called mutual friction. Second sound Second sound is a wave in which the densities of the superfluid ... a measure of the density of vortex lines in the superfluid. Theoretical Developments The idea that a form of turbulence might be possible in a superfluid via the quantized vortex lines was first suggested ... recently investigated. References reflist See also Superfluid helium 4 Macroscopic quantum phenomena ... more details
vortex in a superfluid is different from one in a superconductor. The key similarity is that they are both ... up of each quantum vortex is neither superfluid nor superconductor, for each system. In a superfluid, a quantum vortex carries the angular momentum , thus allowing the superfluid to rotate in a superconductor , the vortex carries the magnetic flux . Vortex in a superfluid In a superfluid, a quantum vortex is a hole with the superfluid circulating around the vortex the inside of the vortex may ... make up of the superfluid in liquid helium , the thickness is on the order of a few Angstroms . A superfluid has the special property of having phase, given by the wavefunction , and the velocity of the superfluid ... around any closed loop in the superfluid is zero, if the region enclosed is simply connected . The superfluid ... that is an absence of superfluid, for example a rod through the superfluid or a vortex, then the circulation ... is the mass of the superfluid particle, and math Delta phi math is the phase difference around the vortex ... mechanics of vortex lines If the temperature is raised in a superfluid or a superconductor ... cores , are normal liquid or normal conductors, respectively, the condensation transforms the superfluid ... vortices Superfluid helium 4 Superfluid film Superconductor Type II superconductor Type 1.5 superconductor ... more details
interference . References Simmonds, R. et al., Quantum interference of superfluid 3He . Nature ... astronomy report 39604.html Superfluid helium 4 whistles just the right tune Category Superconductivity ... more details
wiktionary boojum Boojum may refer to A particularly dangerous kind of Snark Lewis Carroll Snark , a fictional animal species created by Lewis Carroll. Jud Wilson Jud Boojum Wilson , an American baseball player. Boojum superfluidity , a phenomenon in physics, associated with superfluid Helium 3. The boojum tree of Baja, California and Sonora, Mexico. SSM A 5 Boojum , a planned but never completed supersonic version of the SM 62 Snark , an intercontinental cruise missile. disambiguation ... more details
A superglass is a phase of matter which is characterized at the same time by superfluid ity and a frozen amorphous structure. ref cite journal author Giulio Biroli Claudio Chamon Francesco Zamponi year 2008 title Theory of the superglass phase journal Physical Review B volume 78 issue 22 pages 19 doi 10.1103 PhysRevB.78.224306 bibcode 2008PhRvB..78v4306B ref See also Superfluid References reflist External links http www.sciencenews.org view generic id 39242 title Superglass could be new state of matter Superglass could be new state of matter subscription required http www.phys.ens.fr zamponi archivio talks 2009 02 24 firenze.pdf A new quantum glass phase the superglass http prl.aps.org Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol.101, 8th Aug 2008 Phase of matter Category Condensed matter physics Category Phases of matter Category Glass physics physics stub ca Supervidre fi Supralasi ... more details
www.dailymotion.com video x3qvqg superfluid tech Video of the property in action http www.alfredleitner.com Liquid Helium,Superfluid demonstrating Lambda point transition viscosity paradox two fluid ... more details
condensation system Superfluid 4He in Nuclepore, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4222 1996 . A. H. Wootters ... of superfluid 4He in Nuclepore, Physica B 284, 141 2000 . A. H. Wootters and R. B. Hallock, Hysteretic behavior of superfluid helium in Anopore, J. Low Temp. Phys. 121, 549 2001 . A. H. Wootters and R. B. Hallock, The effect of perimeter limited superfluid 4He fluid flow on avalanches in Nuclepore, J ... of nanoporous Nuclepore mediated by the superfluid helium film Phys. Rev. B 65, 104503 2002 . A. H. Wootters and R. B. Hallock, Simulated avalanches in the draining of superfluid helium from ... more details
MI state at small math t math , or in a superfluid SF state at large math t math , or in a supersolid SS phase where both solid and superfluid diagonal and off diagonal orders coexist. The Mott insulating ... superfluidsuperfluid susceptibility . ref M.P.A. Fisher, P.B. Weichman, G. Grinstein, and D.S. Fisher, Bose localization and the superfluid insulator transition , Phys. Rev. B 40 , 546 1989 ... H nsch, and I. Bloch, Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator in a gas of ultracold ... more details
pp move indef small yes Expert subject Physics date November 2008 A fermionic condensate is a superfluid Phase matter phase formed by fermion ic particles at low temperature s. It is closely related to the Bose Einstein condensate , a superfluid phase formed by boson ic atoms under similar conditions. Unlike the Bose Einstein condensates, fermionic condensates are formed using fermion s instead of bosons. The earliest recognized fermionic condensate described the state of electron s in a superconductivity superconductor the physics of other examples including recent work with fermionic atom s is analogous. The first atomic fermionic condensate was created by Deborah S. Jin in 2003. A chiral condensate is an example of a fermionic condensate that appears in theories of massless fermions with chiral symmetry breaking. Background Superfluidity Fermionic condensates are called the sixth state of matter. They are attained at temperatures lower than Bose Einstein condensates. Fermionic condensates are a type of superfluid. As the name suggests, a superfluid possesses fluid properties similar ... superfluid helium and a Bose Einstein condensate is that the former is condensed from a liquid while ... superfluid than a bosonic one, because the Pauli exclusion principle prohibits fermions from occupying the same quantum state . However, there is a well known mechanism by which a superfluid may ... to flow without dissipation. As a result, it becomes a superfluid, and the material through which ... 3 becomes a superfluid below 0.0025 K. It was soon verified that the superfluidity of helium 3 arises from a BCS like mechanism. The theory of superfluid helium 3 is a little more complicated than ... fermionic atoms, which would form a superfluid by the BCS mechanism. However, early calculations indicated ... using chiral perturbation theory . Helium 3 superfluid A helium 3 atom is a fermion and at very low temperatures, they form two atom Cooper pairs which are bosonic and condense into a superfluid ... more details
Use dmy dates date September 2010 Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions 1895 Pierre Curie discovers that induced magnetization is proportional to magnetic field strength 1911 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discloses his research on superconductivity 1912 Peter Debye derives the T cubed law for the low temperature heat capacity of a nonmetallic solid 1925 Ernst Ising presents the solution to the one dimensional Ising model 1928 Felix Bloch applies quantum mechanics to electronic band structure electrons in crystal lattices , establishing the quantum theory of solids 1929 Paul Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac and Werner Karl Heisenberg develop the quantum theory of ferromagnetism 1932 Louis N el Louis Eug ne F lix Neel discovers antiferromagnetism 1933 Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discover perfect superconducting diamagnetism 1933 1937 Lev Davidovich Landau develops the Landau theory of phase transition s 1937 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa and John Frank Allen discover superfluid ity 1941 Lev Davidovich Landau explains superfluid ity 1942 Hannes Alfven predicts magnetohydrodynamics magnetohydrodynamic waves in plasmas 1944 Lars Onsager publishes the exact solution to the two dimensional Ising model 1957 John Bardeen , Leon Cooper , and Robert Schrieffer develop the BCS theory of superconductivity End of the 50s Lev Davidovich Landau develops the theory of Fermi liquid 1959 Philip Warren Anderson predicts Anderson localization localization in disordered systems 1972 Douglas Osheroff , Robert Coleman Richardson Robert C. Richardson , and David Lee physicist David Lee discover that helium 3 can become a superfluid 1974 Kenneth G. Wilson develops the renormalization group technique for treating phase transitions 1980 Klaus von Klitzing discovers the quantum Hall effect 1982 Horst L. Stoermer and Daniel C. Tsui discover the fractional quantum Hall effect 1983 Robert B. Laughlin explains the fractional quantum Hall effect 1987 Karl Alexander M ller and Georg Bednor ... more details
3 and helium 4 undergo a transition to a superfluid phase see table below . ref name w1 Liquid helium ... into a lighter normal fluid that is mostly helium 3, and a denser superfluid that is mostly helium ... atmospheric pressure atm 29 atm at 0.3 K Superfluid transition temperature at saturated vapor pressure ... W lfle title The Superfluid Phases of Helium 3 page 3 publisher Taylor and Francis year 1990 ... and then apparently stops completely. In the superfluid state, the thermal conductivity is extremely ... in the body of the liquid are formed. Image Liquid helium superfluid phase.jpg Superfluid phase ... colbegin 3 Expansion ratio Liquid nitrogen Liquid hydrogen Superfluid Liquid air Cryogenics Liquid ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In physics , quantum acoustics is the study of sound under conditions such that quantum mechanics quantum mechanical effects are germane. For most applications, classical mechanics are sufficient to accurately describe the physics of sound. However very high frequency sounds, or sounds made at very low temperatures may be subject to quantum effects. A symposium on quantum acoustics is held in Poland each year http gnom.matfiz.polsl.gliwice.pl afik 2005 index.html See also Superfluid References http www.accessscience.com Encyclopedia 5 56 Est 562350 frameset.html?doi Quantum acoustics by Humphrey J. Maris in the McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online Handbook of Acoustics by Malcolm Crocker has a chapter on quantum acoustics. Category Condensed matter physics ... more details
Analogue models of gravity is a direction of research in physics , where various phenomena of general relativity e.g., black holes or physical cosmology cosmological geometries are Scientific modelling modeled by other physical system s, such as acoustics in a moving fluid , superfluid helium , or Bose Einstein condensate gravity wave s in water and propagation of electromagnetic waves in a dielectric medium. See also Acoustic metric Dumb hole External links http relativity.livingreviews.org Articles lrr 2005 12 Analogue Gravity a review of analogue models of gravity Category General relativity Category Physical systems relativity stub es Modelo an logo ... more details
Infobox scientist name Peter V. E. McClintock image filename only image size caption birth date Birth date and age 1940 10 17 birth place Omagh , Northern Ireland death date death place residence United Kingdom citizenship nationality United Kingdom British ethnicity fields Physicist workplaces Lancaster University alma mater Queen s University, Belfast br University of Oxford doctoral advisor Harold Max Rosenberg academic advisors doctoral students Nigel G. Stocks notable students known for Superfluid s author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced awards religion signature filename only footnotes Peter Vaughan Elsmere McClintock was born in Omagh , Northern Ireland , in 17 October 1940. McClintock is notable for his scientific work on superfluid s and stochastic nonlinear dynamics . ref IEEE Trans. Circ. & Sys. II, Vol. 46 , No. 9, pp. 1214, 1999. ref Education He received the B.Sc. degree in physics in 1962 and the D.Sc. degree from Queen s University , Belfast , Northern Ireland . He completed his D.Phil. at Oxford University in 1966, under Harold Max Rosenberg , with a thesis entitled Experiments on Spin Phonon Interactions in the area of paramagnetism paramagnetic crystal s at very low temperatures. Career He performed postdoctoral research on superfluid helium at Duke University , Durham , North Carolina . He joined Lancaster University , UK , in 1968, where he is now a Professor of Physics. His research interests span superfluid helium 4 , medical physics , and stochastic nonlinear dynamics . The particular sub topics are a magnetism including, especially, studies of spin phonon interactions in rare earth ethylsulphate crystals b quantum fluids and liquid helium 4 in particular c nonlinear dynamics and fluctuational phenomena including applications to physiology. Since 2009, he is the Editor in Chief of Fluctuation and Noise Letters . Honors McClintock is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics . Books by McClintock Frank Moss and P. V. E. McClintoc ... more details
models, but which was consistent with a superfluid like decoupling of a small percentage of the atoms ... depend on the amount of solid moving with it. If there is frictionless superfluid inside, then the mass ... one can measure the amount of superfluid existing at various temperatures. Kim and Chan found that up to about 2 of the material in the doughnut was superfluid. Recent experiments have increased the percentage ..., most samples of helium 4 contain a small amount of helium 3. When some of this is removed, the superfluid ... Bose Einstein condensate SuperfluidSuperfluid film Superglass References Reflist External links ... more details
A quantum fluid can refer to a cluster of valence electrons moving together after they undergo fermionic condensate fermionic condensation . Under extremely high pressures and low temperatures electrons may condense into a quantum fluid. In such a state, electrical current can theoretically flow forever with a complete absence of voltage , meaning that its electric potential does not change, as in a superconductor . Like superconductivity this quantum fluid state is the result of a phase transition . Quantum fluids exhibit the remarkable property of remaining liquid at absolute zero temperature and zero pressure. This effect arises from their large zero point energy and the small interatomic forces, both of which prevent the formation of a solid phase. A quantum fluid can also refer to a superfluid made up of atoms . References cite book last Lerner first Rita G. and Trigg, George L. title Encyclopedia of Physics publisher VHC Publishers year 1990 isbn 0 89573 752 3 Category Condensed matter physics ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
