Politics A supermajority or a qualified majority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level or type of support which exceeds a simple majority over 50 . In some jurisdictions, for example, parliamentary procedure requires that any action that may alter the rights of the minority has a supermajority requirement such as a two thirds majority . Changes to constitution s, especially those with entrenched clause s, commonly require supermajority support in a legislature . A supermajority ... A majority of the fixed membership is a supermajority that is based on the total number of the established ... those vacancies are filled. However, the United Nations Security Council does require a supermajority ... Council s 15 members i.e., a three fifths supermajority must vote in favor of a draft ... and large member states. The Indian Constitution requires a supermajority of two thirds of members ... relating to provincial secession has obtained a clear majority , implying that some sort of supermajority is needed. If it is determined it has not obtained a supermajority, the results of the referendum ... may be proposed in one of two ways a two thirds supermajority votes of each house of Congress or a constitutional ..., Congress may veto override override the veto by a two thirds supermajority of both houses. A majority ... supermajority of the Senate this last happened in 2010 when the Senate voted 71 26 to ratify the New ... president, or a federal judge . Removal from office requires a two thirds supermajority of the Senate ... of Bill Clinton his impeachment in 1998 fell far short of the two thirds supermajority. Under threat ... supermajority vote this last happened when the House expelled James Traficant in 2002. Theoretically, a two thirds supermajority in the Senate is 67 out of 100 senators, while a two thirds supermajority ... representatives to achieve this supermajority. Apart from these constitutional requirements, a United States Senate Senate rule requires a supermajority of three fifths to move to a vote through a cloture ... more details
Super majority amendment is a defensive tactic requiring that a substantial majority, usually 67 and sometimes as much as 90 , of the voting interest of outstanding capital stock to approve a merger . This amendment makes a hostile takeover much more difficult to perform. In most existing cases, however, the supermajority provisions have a board out clause that provides the board with the power to determine when and if the supermajority provisions will be in effect. Pure supermajority provisions would seriously limit management s flexibility in takeover negotiations. See also Mergers & acquisitions Takeover Supermajority External links http www.investopedia.com terms s supermajority.asp Investopedia.com http www.flchamber.com docs IntheNews PalmBeachPost Supermajority 031307.pdf Supermajority Issue Fuels Conflict Among Lake Worth Voters http www.secinfo.com dR7Km.61yn.htm SECinfo.com corporate finance and investment banking Category Stock market econ stub ... more details
Ballot Measure 25 of 1996 was a piece of direct legislation in the U.S. state of Oregon . The measure, which was successful, requires a three fifths supermajority in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly for any revenue raising legislation. ref http wweek.com editorial 3224 7461 ref See also Oregon Ballot Measures 47 1996 and 50 1997 , which established a different supermajority requirement List of Oregon ballot measures References Reflist Category Oregon ballot measures Oregon gov stub ... more details
Ordinarium Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae is a document written by Jacobi Gaytani that furthered the development of the papal conclave by establishing a voting procedure currently referred to as approval voting . ref name colomer Josep M. Colomer and Iain McLean. 1998 . Electing Popes Approval Balloting and Qualified Majority Rule . The Journal of Interdisciplinary History , Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1 22. ref The document is notable in that it is not a papal bull or decree but was treated as law by subsequent papal elections. ref name colomer Gaytani a participant in five papal conclaves between 1305 and 1352 included no restriction on the number of candidates a cardinal could include on his ballot during a scrutiny , but advised not to choose too many for decency and expediency . ref name colomer The combination of approval voting with the pre existing requirement of a two thirds supermajority has several bizarre consequences for example, it can result in more than one candidate receiving a supermajority even if only one third of the electorate chooses more than one candidate. ref name colomer Each round of voting was also treated as distinct that is candidates remained eligible in all future scrutinies even if they had not received a single vote previously. ref name colomer Approval voting was used in the forty one conclaves from 1294 to 1621, after which it was replaced with a categoric vote by Eterni Pacis 1621 and Decet Romanum Pontificem 1622 . ref name colomer Notes reflist Category Election of the Pope ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Orphan date September 2008 Elections An electorum is the minimum number of voters required to take part in a ballot to allow its result to be valid. It is similar to a quorum but applies specifically to ballots where voters electors cast their votes without a meeting taking place. Examples of an electorum in use include a referendum to change a country s constitution requiring a minimum turnout such as the Serbian constitutional referendum, 2006 , in which a minimum turnout of 50 was required. In the alternative vote system, an electorum is not possible due to the multiple nature of the voting. See also Supermajority Category Voting systems Election stub ... more details
Voting basis refers to what number or percentage of votes are required for a proposal to be adopted, or for a candidate to be elected. Two elements make up a voting basis the proportion that must agree majority, two thirds, three quarters, etc. and the set of members to which the proportion applies e.g. the members present and voting the members present the entire membership of the organization the entire electorate etc. ref cite parl title RONR pages 389 ref Voting bases include Plurality voting system simple majority or first past the post the largest number of votes, even if less than fifty percent , absolute majority over fifty percent , and supermajority the proportion required is greater than fifty percent, e.g. two thirds . References reflist Category Parliamentary procedure ... more details
unreferenced date April 2012 Ugljare Serbian Cyrillic Albanian Uglar is a village settlement in the Gra anica, Kosovo Gra anica municipality of Kosovo , Serbia . Ugljare was part of the Kosovo Polje municipality before the Gracanica municipality was created. It is a Serb enclave a supermajority of ethnic Serbs . Word Ugljare comes from the Serbian word coal . It is place located about 5 kilometers from city center of Pristina and 12 kilometers from the Gra anica monastery . Also, the village is in the valley for 2 kilometers southeast of the train station Kosovo Polje . There is river passing through the Ugljare Pri tevka or Pri tinka . It is also one of places which is the nearest to the site of the Battle of Kosovo of 1389 Gazimestan . Category Populated places in Kosovo Kosovo geo stub ... more details
News reports and commentators have cited the state s various legislative supermajority requirements ... 08 23 ref ref cite web url http www.politico.com news stories 0110 32174.html title Supermajority ... 2010 08 23 ref The state has a long history of supermajority requirements with a 1933 state ballot measure mandating a two thirds supermajority to pass the state budget and California Proposition 13 1978 mandating another two thirds supermajority to pass tax increases. ref cite web url http www.latimes.com ... by the supermajority author Mathews, Joe publisher The Los Angeles Times date 2010 05 30 accessdate ... notes that, as of 2008, only 9 states require a supermajority to pass the state budget and of those 9, only 3 California, Arkansas, and Rhode Island require a two thirds supermajority instead of the three fifths supermajority to pass the state budget. ref name NCSLB cite web url http www.ncsl.org default.aspx?tabid 12654 title Supermajority Vote Requirements to Pass the Budget A Legisbrief author ... 23 August 2010 DASHBot deadurl no ref The NCSL also notes that, as of 2008, 15 states require a supermajority ... a three fifths supermajority i.e., a 2 3 or 3 4 supermajority . ref name NCSLTI cite web url http www.ncsl.org default.aspx?tabid 17421 title Legislative Supermajority to Raise Taxes 2008 author Staff ..., NCSL data shows that California is one of the only two states that requires a supermajority to pass ... two thirds supermajority requirement instead of the more common three fifths supermajority requirement for both the budget and tax increases. Reforms Proponents of ending the state s supermajority ... more details
Politics of Iraq further2 President of Iraq The Presidency Council of Iraq is an entity currently operating under the auspices of the transitional provisions of the Constitution of Iraq and previously under the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period Transitional Administrative Law . The Presidency Council functions in the role of the President of Iraq until one successive term after the Constitution is ratified ref Constitution of Iraq , http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2005 10 12 AR2005101201450.html Article 134 1 ref and a government is seated. ref Constitution of Iraq , Article 139 ref The Presidency council consists of one President of Iraq President and two deputies, or Vice President of Iraq Vice Presidents , and the Presidency Council must make all decisions unanimously. ref Constitution of Iraq , Article 134 4 ref The members of the Presidency Council are elected with one list by a two thirds majority in the Iraqi Council of Representatives . ref Constitution of Iraq , Article 134 2 A ref The Presidency Council has the right to veto legislation passed by the Council of Representatives which may override the veto with a three fifths supermajority. ref Constitution of Iraq , Article 134 5 C ref Under the TAL the override required a two thirds supermajority. History The first Presidency Council was elected by the National Assembly on 6 April 2005, after more than two months of negotiations between the United Iraqi Alliance and Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan political factions. ref See Iraqi Transitional Government for more details ref Kurd ish leader Jalal Talabani became President, with Shi ite UIA and Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq SCIRI member Adel Abdul Mehdi Adel Abdul Mahdi and outgoing Sunni President Ghazi al Yawar as his deputies. The second Presidency Council, the first under the new Constitution of Iraq , consisted of President Jalal Talabani , and Vice Presidents Adel ... more details
wikisource Charter of the United Nations Chapter XVIII Amendments Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter deals with amendments. The process is essentially modeled after the amendment process for the United States Constitution in that A two thirds supermajority is required for adoption Ratification by a supermajority of the respective states is required There are two methods of proposing amendments The more common of those methods is for the first branch in the case of the UN, the General Assembly to submit an amendment to the states Another method, not actually used in practice, is to call a convention to propose amendments. The amendment procedure itself contains a provision that does not allow states in the case of the UN, the permanent five members of the UN Security Council to be deprived of their suffrage in this case, their veto and or permanent UNSC membership without their consent. This is analogous to the entrenched clause contained in Article Five of the United States Constitution . There have been several amendments to the United Nations Charter since 1945, mostly to reflect increases in the size of the organization. However, the fundamental structure has remained the same. Nonetheless, the UN amendment process arguably favors the flexibility and continued existence of the organization more than the League of Nations amendment process specified by Article 26 of the Covenant of the League of Nations , which stated, Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Assembly. No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the League. References wikisource Covenant of the League of Nations reflist UN Charter DEFAULTSORT Chapter 18 Of The United Nations Charter Category Divisions and sections of the Uni ... more details
ElectionsCA Proposition 39 was an initiative state constitutional amendment and statute which appeared on the California state elections, 2000 November 7th, 2000, California general election ballot. It was passed with 5,431,152 Yes votes, for 53.4 percent of the total votes cast. ref http www.sos.ca.gov elections sov 2000 general measures.pdf Office of the California Secretary of State State Ballot Measures, retrieved on February 17, 2012 . ref Its principal effect is to amend California Proposition 13 1978 Proposition 13 , thus lowering the required supermajority necessary in order for voters to impose municipal bond local school bond acts , from 2 3 of all votes cast, to fifty five percent 11 20ths . ref http www.smartvoter.org 2000 11 07 ca state prop 39 League of Women Voters Proposition 39 School Facilities. 55 Local Vote. Bonds, Taxes Accountability Requirements, 2000 . ref Proposition 39 was essentially a milder version of Proposition 26, which would have ended the Proposition 13 supermajority altogether, ref http www.smartvoter.org 2000 03 07 ca state prop 26 League of Women Voters Proposition 26 School Facilities. Local Majority Vote. Bonds, Taxes 2000 . ref but which was defeated with 3,521,327 Yes votes, for 48.7 percent of the total votes cast, in the March 7th, 2000 California primary election . ref http www.sos.ca.gov elections sov 2000 primary measures.pdf Office of the California Secretary of State State Ballot Measures, retrieved on May 2nd, 2009 . ref References reflist Category California ballot propositions, 2000 39 Category Amendments to the California constitution 2000 Category Taxation in California Category Property taxes ... more details
unreferenced date November 2010 The Binding Triad is a proposal to Amendments to the United Nations Charter amend the United Nations Charter to allow the United Nations General Assembly to pass binding resolutions with the approval of a supermajority of members. For a resolution to be binding, it would require the support of nations Comprising a majority of members of the United Nations . Whose combined contributions in dues comprise a majority of the U.N. budget. Whose combined populations comprise a majority of the world population. The Binding Triad appeals to some world federalists because it could theoretically institute a world government with only one change to the U.N. Charter. However, further amendments would be needed to secure representative government. In addition, it is unclear what impact such a change would have on the role of the United Nations Security Council , which enacts and enforces its own resolutions. External links http www.cwps.org bt.html The Center for War Peace Studies The Binding Triad System for Global Decision Making UN stub Category United Nations reform ... more details
Senate Senate the other six in any case by a three fifths supermajority. This members are drafted out ... fifths supermajority. See also Spanish Judiciary Constitutional Court of Spain Supreme Court of Spain ... more details
succeeded. The method of proposal by Congress requires a supermajority of two thirds of both houses ... must be approved by an supermajority absolute supermajority of two thirds of the membership of each house. With the convention method, the legislature may, by a two thirds supermajority absolute supermajority , submit to the voters at a general election the question whether to call a convention .... A proposed amendment must be approved by an supermajority absolute supermajority of two thirds of the elected ... name saconst Most amendments must be passed by an absolute majority absolute two thirds supermajority ... or provisions dealing specifically with provincial matters must also be passed by the NCOP with a supermajority ... clause and can only be amended by a three quarters supermajority in the National Assembly and six ... more details
A collective action clause CAC allows a supermajority of Bond finance bondholders to agree to a debt restructuring that is legally binding on all holders of the bond, including those who vote against the restructuring. Bondholders generally opposed such clauses in the 1980s and 1990s, fearing that it gave debtors too much power. However, following Argentina s December 2001 default on its debts in which its bonds lost 70 of their value, CACs have become much more common, as they are now seen as potentially warding off more drastic action, but enabling easier coordination of bondholders. External links Haldane, Andrew G, Penalver, Adrian, Saporta, Victoria, Shin, Hyun Song 2005 , http www.bankofengland.co.uk publications workingpapers wp249.pdf Optimal collective action clause thresholds , Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin , Spring 2005 Martin Gunkel Oktober 2006, Bew ltigung von Staatsinsolvenz durch collective action clauses?, Diplomica GmbH, Hamburg, ISBN 3 8366 5135 1, Zugl. Berlin, Techn. Univ., Diplomarbeit, 2006. It is a summary about the discussion of cac as instrument to solving state insolvency and include a rich literature review DEFAULTSORT Collective Action Clause Category Commercial bonds Category Systemic risk econ stub law term stub de Collective Action Clause el nl Collective action clause ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Testimonial party Lang nl beginselpartij getuigenispartij is a political party that focuses on its principles, instead of adapting them to local or temporal issues in the pursuit of coalition government participation. It is a specific phenomenon in the Netherlands , because of the Dutch system of proportional representation , in which any party which has over 0.66 of the vote can enter parliament, resulting in a large number of relatively small political parties, none of which are able to obtain a supermajority in the house of representatives. As a result, Dutch political parties will negotiate and compromise to form a coalition government. Testimonial parties will not compromise, and combined with that fact that they are usually small parties, participation in a coalition government is extremely unlikely. Examples of parties that have referred to themselves as testimonial include the orthodox Protestant Reformed Political Party SGP and the animal rights Party for Animals . In contrast, the term program party is used for parties oriented at coalition participation. In other countries In New Zealand, Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand may have been an exported version of a testimonial party to a foreign national context, whose mixed member proportional representation electoral system discouraged the success of such small fundamentalist based political parties. See also Protest party compare to extra parliamentary opposition , which refuses to organizationally back candidates for political office. single issue politics DEFAULTSORT Testimonial Party Category Politics of the Netherlands Category Proportional representation electoral systems nl Beginselpartij ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date August 2008 Exit consent is a formal agreement that allows a majority group of creditor s holding sovereign bond s to change the non financial terms of the bonds in a way that makes the bonds effectively worthless for the minority holdouts, motivating them to accept a restructuring offer. Thus creditors willing to restructure can outmaneuver holdouts by using the supermajority voting features of existing bonds to secure changes, which reduce their value as they are tendered in exchange for restructured debt. Reason Government bond issued by sovereign nation s are often perceived as safe investments. But over time, countries in difficulty economic situations have needed to restructure their debt structure, or see its national economy collapse. During that process, it must restructure the outstanding debt by offering its old bonds holders new instruments that reflect new financial terms. It is a process that sees the emergence of holdout creditors who refuse the proposed restructuring, posing a problem to the reorganization process the holdout problem . Therefore, the threat of an exit consent is used to encourage or coerce minority creditors to accept the exchange offer so they are not left with diminished bonds. DEFAULTSORT Exit Consent Category Bonds Finance stub ... more details
primary source date March 2011 The Legal Framework Order, 2002 was issued by Pakistan i president Pervez Musharraf in August 2002. It provided for the general elections of 2002 and the revival of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan , but added numerous amendments to the Constitution. The following month, the Supreme Court Pakistan Supreme Court overruled Musharraf, ruling that the amendments would have to be ratified by Parliament in the manner provided in the unamended 1973 Constitution &mdash the amendments would have to be approved by two thirds of both houses of the bicameral body. After the Pakistani general election, 2002 October 2002 general elections , although Musharraf s supporters had a majority in Parliament, they did not have the required two thirds supermajority to ratify the Legal Framework Order. Parliament was effectively deadlocked by strident opposition from Musharraf s opponents for over a year. In December 2003, a faction was persuaded to vote for a compromise amendment bill, the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan . With this amendment, parts of the Legal Framework Order were incorporated into the Constitution. External links http www.pakistani.org pakistan constitution musharraf const revival lfo.html Text of Legal Framework Order, 2002 Category Constitution of Pakistan ... more details
A special law or qualified majority law is a type of legislation in Belgium which requires a qualified majority in both chambers of the bicameral Belgian Federal Parliament to be adopted, amended or repealed. The Constitution of Belgium Belgian Constitution determines which laws require a qualified or special majority . Special laws are primarily used in institutional matters and in matters concerning the competences of the Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium communities and regions of Belgium. One of the best known examples is the Special Law of 8 August 1980 on the Reform of the Institutions. A special law must be adopted by both the Belgian Chamber of Representatives Chamber of Representatives and the Belgian Senate Senate in accordance with Article 4, last paragraph, of the Constitution of Belgium Belgian Constitution , which provides that a special law requires a majority of votes cast in both the Dutch language Dutch speaking and the French language French speaking language group, on the condition that an absolute majority of the members of each language group is present, and the total number of votes in favour in both language groups must constitute a supermajority of two thirds of the total number of votes cast. law stub Belgium stub Category Belgian legislation de Sondergesetz Belgien es Ley de mayor a especial B lgica fr Loi sp ciale nl Bijzondere wet ... more details
Cleanup date March 2009 Image Serbia Aleksinac.png 250px thumb right Municipality of Aleksinac in Serbia Bankovac Serbian is a village in Serbia situated in the municipality of Aleksinac , in the Ni ava District . The population of the village is 178 people with Serbs as supermajority 2002 census . According to the 1991 census it had 205 inhabitants. Destinations Near destinations like Timacus Minus about 11 km, Thermal baths Ribarska about 19 km, Headed Kula, about 21 km, Mediana about 22 km, Thermal baths Niska about 27 km, Velika Plana, about 29 km, Sokobanja about 25 km, Monastery Naupara about 36 km, Kur umlija , about 51 km, Monastery Ljubostinja about 64 km, Spa breaks about 52 km, itkovac about 8 km, Aleksinac about 12 km, Kru evac, about 36 km. coord 43 26 N 21 44 E display title region RS type city source GNS enwiki Category Populated places in Ni ava District Ni avaRS geo stub fr Bankovac sl Bankovac sr ... more details
orphan date June 2009 Quia propter was a document issued by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 on the subject of papal elections. ref name colomer cite journal first Josep M. last Colomer first2 Iain last2 McLean year 1998 title Electing Popes Approval Balloting and Qualified Majority Rule journal The Journal of Interdisciplinary History volume 29 issue 1 pages 1 22 authorlink Josep Colomer doi 10.1162 002219598551616 ref It recognized three processes for unanimous agreement papal acclamation acclamation , scrutiny balloting , and compromissum compromise committee . ref name colomer Acclamation was rare, and often driven more by crown dynamics than discussion among the electors. ref name colomer Compromise committees were also rare, as they required unanimous agreement to be initiated although, once formed, only two thirds of the commission would be required . ref name colomer The requisite majority by balloting was considered a process for determining divine unanimity, that is, sanior et maior pars Latin sounder and greater part . ref name colomer The requirement of a two thirds supermajority had been in place since the Third Lateran Council 1179 , which followed the disputed election of Pope Alexander III . ref name colomer Notes reflist Category Election of the Pope RC document stub ... more details
ElectionsCA Proposition 56 was a California ballot proposition on the March 2, 2004 ballot. It failed to pass with 2,185,868 34.3 votes in favor and 4,183,188 65.7 against. It was intended to penalize the Government of California state s elected officials for every day that the state budget is overdue. The proposition would also have lowered the threshold required pass a budget and enact new budget related taxes to 55 from the two thirds supermajority vote currently required. The two thirds requirement was implemented with the passage of California Proposition 13 1978 California Proposition 13 in 1978 . Prop 56 was officially known as the Budget Accountability Act . Official summary Permits California State Legislature Legislature to enact budget and budget related tax and appropriation bills with 55 vote rather than 2 3 vote currently required. Requires that Legislature, Governor of California Governor permanently lose salary, expenses for each day budget is late. Requires that Legislature stay in Legislative session session until budget is passed. Requires budget summary in state ballot pamphlet and link to Internet website with legislators voting records on budget and related taxes. Requires 25 of certain state revenue increases be deposited in reserve fund, which cannot be used to increase spending. Summary of Legislative Analyst s Estimate of Net State and Local Government Fiscal Impact This measure would have varying state fiscal impacts from lowering the legislative vote requirement for budget related spending and tax increases including changes in spending and potentially significant increases in state tax revenues in some years. Fiscal impacts would depend primarily on the composition and actions of future Legislatures. External links http primary2004.ss.ca.gov propositions prop56 title.html Voter Information Guide with text of Proposition 56 Category California ballot propositions, 2004 56 California stub ... more details
refimprove date February 2009 Slouching Towards Gomorrah Modern Liberalism and American Decline is a 1996 book by former United States Court of Appeals judge Robert H. Bork . Bork s thesis in the book is that United States American and more generally Western world Western culture is in a state of decline and that the cause of this decline is modern liberalism and the rise of the New Left . Specifically, he attacks modern liberalism for what he describes as its dual emphases on radical egalitarianism and radical individualism . The title of the book is a play on the last couplet of William Butler Yeats W. B. Yeats s poem The Second Coming poem The Second Coming And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? Bork contends that the rough beast of decadence now sends us slouching towards our new home, not Bethlehem but Gomorrah . Bork first traces the rapid expansion of modern liberalism that occurred during the Sixties , arguing that this legacy of radicalism demonstrates that the precepts of modern liberalism are antithetical to the rest of the American political tradition. He then attacks a variety of social, cultural, and political experiences as evidence of American cultural decline and degeneracy. Among these are affirmative action , increased violence in and sexualization of mass media , the legalization of abortion , pressure to legalize assisted suicide and euthanasia , feminism and the decline of religion . Bork, himself a rejected nominee of President Ronald Reagan to the United States Supreme Court , also criticizes that institution and argues that the judiciary and liberal judicial activism are catalysts for American cultural corruption. In this light, Bork advocates an amendment to the United States Constitution which would allow Congressional Supermajority supermajorities to override Supreme Court decisions. ref cite book last Bork first Robert title Slouching Toward Gomorrah Modern Liberalism and American Declin ... more details
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