Image Surface layer.jpg thumb 400px The surfacelayer is the layer in a fluid where the scale of turbulent ... to the surface. The surfacelayer is the layer of a turbulent fluid most affected by interaction with a solid surface or the surface separating a gas and a liquid where the characteristics of the turbulence depend on distance from the interface. Surface layers are characterized by large normal gradient ... , sediments et cetera transport ed to or from the interface. The term boundary layer is used in meteorology and in oceanography physical oceanography . The atmospheric surfacelayer is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer typically the bottom 10 where the log wind profile is valid . The ocean has two surface layers the benthic , found immediately above the sea floor and the marine ocean marine surfacelayer, at the air sea Interface chemistry interface . Mathematical Formulation A simple Mathematical model model of the surfacelayer can be derived by first examining the turbulent ... frac u k ln frac z z o math . So we see that the mean flow in the surfacelayer has a logarithm ic relationship with depth. The Surfacelayer in oceanography The surfacelayer is studied in oceanography ... of a surfacelayer. Discrepancies with traditional theory The logarithmic flow profile has long ... layer in which turbulent eddies are enhanced by the action of surface waves. ref name craig ... Michael L. Banner title Modeling Wave Enhanced Turbulence in the Ocean SurfaceLayer journal Journal ... 1994JPO....24.2546C ref It is becoming clear that the surfacelayer of the ocean is only poorly ... of turbulent kinetic energy within the surfacelayer. ref name Agrawal Diurnal cycle After nighttime convection over the ocean, the turbulent surfacelayer is found to completely decay and restratify ... and restratification in the Equatorial Ocean surfacelayer following nighttime convection journal ... section displays references defined elsewhere reflist DEFAULTSORT SurfaceLayer Category Boundary ... more details
Layer may refer to wiktionary layer layers A layer of archaeological deposits in an Excavation archaeology Excavation A layer hen , a hen raised to produce eggs Stratum , a layer of rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics Thermocline , a layer within a body of water where the temperature changes rapidly with depth Layering , a technique for plant propagation Layered hair , a popular hair styling technique Layering clothing , the wearing of multiple layers of clothing for practical or fashion purposes Layering may also refer to the money laundering crimes, that usually occur in 3 stages placement when the dirty money is separated from the former criminal activity , layering the act of giving an appearance of legal to the values and integration when the money is formally incorporated to the economic system tocright Places Layer de la Haye is a village in Essex, England Fiction Mega Man X8 Maverick Hunters Layer , a female Maverick Hunter in the Mega Man X series Science Layer electronics , a single thickness of some material covering a surface F region Appleton Layer , or F Layer telecommunications Computing and technology Abstraction layer , a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular set of functionality OSI model layers Internet protocol suite layers 2D computer graphics Layers , layers in 2D computer graphics Layers digital image editing , used in digital image editing to separate different elements of an image map layer a set of graphical information, especially in geographic information system s layer object oriented design , a group of classes that have the same set of link time module dependencies to other modules DVD layer, such as in DVD Dual layer recording Layer HTML tag a deprecated < iframe> like tag, unique to Netscape 4 browsers A layer of objects in CAD standards CAD disambiguation de Layer es Capa desambiguaci n eo Tavolo fr Couche ko he ja ru sk Vrstva uk ... more details
An S layersurfacelayer is a part of the cell envelope commonly found in bacteria , as well as among archaea . ref http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6T9N 44M1F9J 4& user 10& origUdi B7CTD 4SH7GMN 7& fmt high& coverDate 01 2F31 2F2002& rdoc 1& orig article& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 cddfffd5c87e8cc6c0c119e71873cd77 S layers on cell walls of cyanobacteria Micron Volume 33, Issue 3, January 2002, Pages 257 277 doi 10.1016 S0968 4328 01 00031 2 ref It consists of a monomolecular layer composed of identical proteins or glycoproteins . This two dimensional structure is built via self assembly and encloses the whole cell surface. Thus, the S layer ... contain surfacelayer homology SLH domains, the binding occurs to the peptidoglycan and to a secondary ... author Messner P, Sleytr U title Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers journal Adv. Microb. Physiol ... name ref2 cite journal author Pum D, Messner P, Sleytr U title Role of the S layer in morphogenesis ... U, Messner P, Pum D, S ra M title Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers journal Mol. Microbiol ... S layer proteins are poorly conserved or not conserved at all, and can differ markedly even between ..., the S layer is composed of one P1 , two P2 , three P3 , four P4 , or six P6 identical protein ... electrostatic interactions between the positively charged N terminus of the S layer protein and a negatively charged secondary cell wall polymer. In Gram negative archaea , S layer proteins possess a hydrophobic ... , the S layer proteins bind to pseudomurein or to methanochondroitin. Biological functions of the S layer For many bacteria, the S layer represents the outermost interaction zone with their respective environment. Its functions are very diverse and vary from species to species. In Archaea the S layer ... and the cytoplasmic membranes References reflist DEFAULTSORT S Layer Category Cell anatomy Category Membrane biology cs S vrstva de S Layer es Capa S fr Couche S it S Layer ja S tr ... more details
Cleanup date January 2008 Refimprove date November 2008 Layer by Layer LbL deposition is a thin film fabrication technique. The films are formed by depositing alternating layers of oppositely charged materials with wash steps in between. A simple representation can be made by defining two oppositely charged polyions as and , and defining the wash step as W. To make an LbL film with 5 bilayers one would deposit W W W W W W W W W W W, which would lead to a film with 5 bilayers, specifically . The bilayers and wash steps can be performed in many different ways including dip coating , spin coating , spray coating and flow based techniques. Characterisation of LbL film deposition is typically done by optical techniques such as dual polarisation interferometry or ellipsometry or mechanical techniques such as QCM or QCMD. LbL offers several advantages over other thin film deposition methods. LbL is extremely simple and cheap. There are a wide variety of materials that can be deposited by LbL including polyions, metals, ceramics, nanoparticles, and biological molecules. Another important quality of LbL is the high degree of control over thickness, which arises due to the linear growth of the films with the number of bilayers. By the fact that each bilayer can be as thin as 1 nm, this method offers easy control over the thickness with 1 nm resolution. LbL has found applications in corrosion control, biomedical applications, and many more. Citation needed date January 2009 See also Atomic layer deposition External links http www.azonano.com news.asp?newsID 2524 Literatur Autor G. Decher Titel Fuzzy Nanoassemblies Toward Layered Polymeric Multicomposites Sammelwerk Science Band 277 Nummer 29 Jahr 1997 Seiten 1232 1237 DOI 10.1126 science.277.5330.1232 Category Thin films de Layer by layer ... more details
Double layer may refer to Double layer plasma , a structure in a plasma and consists of two parallel layers with opposite electrical charge Double layer interfacial , a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is placed into a liquid Double layer biospecific , the surface where two different phases of matter are in contact DVD R DL or Double layer, a DVD format disambig ... more details
geometry of surfaces , algebraic surface , and Surface disambiguation . Image Saddle pt.jpg thumb 225px right An open surface with X , Y , and Z contours shown. In mathematics , specifically in topology , a surface is a two dimensional topological manifold . The most familiar examples are those ... 3 sup &mdash for example, the surface of a ball . On the other hand, there are surfaces, such as the Klein ... singularity theory singularities or self intersections. To say that a surface is two dimensional ... system is defined. For example, the surface of the Earth is ideally a two dimensional sphere , and latitude ... meridian . The concept of surface finds application in physics , engineering , computer graphics ... is the flow of air along its surface. Definitions and first examples A topological surface is a nonempty ... generally, a topological surface with boundary is a Hausdorff space Hausdorff topological space in which ... as coordinate charts . The boundary of the upper half plane is the x axis. A point on the surface mapped ... of the surface which is necessarily a one manifold, that is, the union of closed curves ... points is the interior of the surface which is always non empty set empty . The closed disk mathematics disk is a simple example of a surface with boundary. The boundary of the disc is a circle. The term surface used without qualification refers to surfaces without boundary. In particular, a surface with empty boundary is a surface in the usual sense. A surface with empty boundary which is compact is known as a closed surface. The two dimensional sphere, the two dimensional torus , and the real projective plane are examples of closed surfaces. The M bius strip is a surface with only one side . In general, a surface is said to be orientable if it does not contain a homeomorphic copy of the M bius ... , extra structure is added upon the topology of the surface. This added structures detects Singular ... considered the surface as part of a larger Euclidean space, and as such was termed extrinsic ... more details
The oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence is generated by winds, cooling ... turbulent mixing within the open ocean mixed layer. The first is breaking of surface waves, which injects ... the surface measurement . The temperature criterion used in Levitus 1982 defines the mixed layer ... defined mixed layer, D sub sigma sub , is 40 m red dashed line and is defined as the surface ... is a layer of water separating the well mixed surfacelayer from the Thermocline oceanography thermocline ref Sprintall, J., and M. Tomczak, Evidence of the barrier layer in the surfacelayer of the tropics ... is associated with seasonal change in the mixed layer depth, a sharper gradient in sea surface ... and negative buoyancy forcing mixes temperature to a deep layer. At this same time, fresh surface salinity ..., and D. Roemmich, Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern ... C degrees Celsius . Thus in lakes where the surface gets very cold, the mixed layer briefly extends ... surface mixed layer. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 5, 718 728. Wallace, J. M., and P.V. Hobbs ... mixed layer is a zone having nearly constant potential temperature and specific humidity with height. The depth of the atmospheric mixed layer is known as the mixing height . Turbulence typically plays a role in the formation of fluid mixed layers. Ocean mixed layer Importance of the mixed layer The mixed layer plays an important role in the physical climate. Because the specific heat ... atmosphere above it. Thus the heat required to change a mixed layer of 25 m by 1 C would be sufficient to raise the temperature of the atmosphere by 10 C. The depth of the mixed layer is thus ..., the heat stored within the oceanic mixed layer provides a source for heat that drives global variability such as El nino El Nino . The mixed layer is also important as its depth determines the average ... more details
effect of the water on the surfacelayer of an otherwise warm air mass. ref Citation last first author link last2 first2 author2 link title The Marine Layer date 2007 08 29 url http www.srh.noaa.gov jetstream ocean marine.htm accessdate 2007 10 22 ref As it cools, the surface air becomes denser than the warmer air above it, and thus becomes trapped below it. The layer may thicken through turbulence generated within the developing marine layer itself. It may also thicken if the warmer air above it is lifted by an approaching area of low pressure. The layer will also gradually increase its humidity by evaporation of the ocean or lake surface, as well as by the effect of cooling itself. Citation needed date July 2010 Fog will form within a marine layer where the humidity is high enough ... system or trough, or any upper air turbulence which reaches the surface. A marine layer can ... marine layer through the Golden Gate at San Francisco, California. File Downtown LA from GP Obs.jpg 250px thumb Early morning fog within a coastal marine layer in Los Angeles A marine layer is an air mass which develops over the surface of a large body of water such as the ocean or large ... at the top of a marine layer in the presence of the same conditions there. In the case of coastal California , the offshore marine layer is typically propelled inland by a pressure gradient which ... Union Tribune, June 8, 2004 ref An approaching frontal system or trough can also drive the marine layer onshore. With Southern California s high concentration of military bases, a marine layer propelled inland can be colloquially described as the Marine military marine s coming inland . A marine layer ... discuss the marine layer as synonymous with the fog or stratus it may contain, but this is erroneous. In fact, a marine layer can exist with virtually no cloudiness of any kind, although it usually does contain some. The marine layer is a medium within which clouds may form under the right conditions ... more details
In experimental physics, a wetting layer is an initial layer of atom s that is epitaxially grown on a surface upon which self assembled quantum dot s or thin film s are created. The atoms composing a wetting layer can be semimetallic elements compounds usually Indium arsenide InAs in the case of self assembled quantum dots or metallic alloys for thin films . This article refers to the wetting layer used for quantum dot applications. By spraying a surface with layers of these atoms under high temperature, this wetting layer residue is produced on the surface. Wetting layers control the artificial atomic states of the quantum dot for uses in quantum information processing and quantum computation . Process The wetting layer is epitaxially grown onto a surface using a molecular beam epitaxy MBE chamber at high temperatures. The temperatures required for wetting layer growth usually range from 400 500 degrees Celsius . If a self assembled quantum dot is to form, an initial layer of atom s must first be placed on a surface. Due to the high elastic potential energy once a certain critical thickness is achieved, additional atoms group together to form the quantum dot to reduce this elastic energy ref Seungwon Lee, Olga L. Lazarenkova, Paul von Allmen, Fabiano Oyafuso, and Gerhard Klimeck , Effect of wetting layers on the strain and electronic structure of InAs self assembled quantum dots , 2008. ref . If further Annealing metallurgy annealing of the quantum dot wetting layer system is necessary, higher temperatures of up to 1100 degrees may be used. Properties The wetting layer serves ... determine the effect of the wetting layer on the quantum dot , however the thickness is usually roughly ... layer. Theoretically, due to the lattice mismatch, finite thickness wetting layers are not stable ... structure of the quantum dot can change significantly with the consideration of the wetting layer. Applications The wetting layer serves as another parameter which can interfere with the quantum ... more details
citations missing date November 2008 Nepheloid layer or nepheloid zone is a layer of water in the deep ocean basin, above the ocean floor , that contains significant amounts of suspended sediment. ref Glossary of Geology, 5th Edition American Geological Institute ref It is from 200 to 1000 m thick. The name comes from Greek language Greek nephos , cloud . The particles in the layer may come from the upper ocean layers and from stripping the sediments from the ocean floor by currents. Its thickness depends on bottom current velocity and is a result of balance between gravitational settling of particles and turbulence of the current. In a similar way, a surface nepheloid layer may be created, due to particle flotation, while intermediate nepheloid layers may be formed at the slopes of the ocean bed due to the dynamics of internal wave s. The existence of the nepheloid layer complicates bathymetry one has to take into account the reflections of lidar or ultrasonic pulses from the upper interface of this layer, as well as their absorption within the layer. Gulf of Mexico A prominent nepheloid layer exists in the Gulf of Mexico extending from the delta of the Brazos River to South Padre Island . The layer of turbid water can begin as shallow as 20 meters and is caused mostly by clay run off from multiple rivers. The silty bottom of the gulf also contributes to the high turbidity. Due to the blockage of light by this nepheloid layer, algae and coral are sparse, resulting in an animal dominated community. This community is largely composed of infauna and consists of a detrital based food chain. Many species of polychaete worms, amphipod s, and brittle star s inhabit the benthic surface and can also be accompanied by some secondary consumers such as flounders , shrimp , crab s, and starfish es. References reflist Category Oceanography Ocean stub ... more details
for the anatomy anatomical structure Boundary layer of uterus Image Boundarylayer.png 320px thumb right Boundary layer visualization, showing transition from laminar to turbulent condition In physics and fluid mechanics , a boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant. In the Earth s atmosphere , the planetary boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface. On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing ... inertia , an Ekman layer forms. In the theory of heat transfer, a thermal boundary layer occurs. A surface can have multiple types of boundary layer simultaneously. Aerodynamics File Laminar boundary layer scheme.svg thumb 320px Laminar boundary layer velocity profile The Aerodynamics aerodynamic boundary layer was first defined by Ludwig Prandtl in a paper presented on August 12, 1904 at the third ... with this problem is to suck the boundary layer away through a porous surface see Boundary layer ... the rear part of the wing chord, a laminar boundary layer will tend to separate from the surface ... under which they are created. The thin shear layer which develops on an oscillating body is an example of a Stokes boundary layer , while the Blasius boundary layer refers to the well known Similitude ... flow by dividing the flow field into two areas one inside the boundary layer, dominated by viscosity ... the boundary layer, where viscosity can be neglected without significant effects on the solution. This allows ... within the boundary layer, again allowing the equations to be simplified in the flow field outside the boundary layer. The pressure distribution throughout the boundary layer in the direction normal to the surface such as an airfoil remains constant throughout the boundary layer, and is the same as on the surface itself. The thickness of the velocity boundary layer is normally defined as the distance ... more details
Infobox Stadium stadium name Layer Road nickname image fullname location Layer Road, Colchester built 1910 opened 1910 closed 2008 owner Colchester United F.C. operator surface Grass construction cost architect former names former tenants Colchester United F.C. Colchester United seating capacity 6,320 2,040 seated dimensions coord 51 52 37.25 N 0 53 00.33 E type landmark display title Layer Road was a The Football League Football League stadium in Colchester , England . It was only used for association football football matches and was the home ground of Colchester United F.C. Colchester United before being replaced by the Weston Homes Community Stadium . The stadium held formatnum 6320 spectators and was built in 1907, originally for use by Colchester Town Football Club. Layer Road has often had up to formatnum 17000 packed into the ground, when Colchester had been on a good FA Cup run, before the capacity was reduced to formatnum 6320 . The record attendance at Layer Road is formatnum 19072 for an FA Cup fixture against Reading F.C. Reading in November 1948, a match that was abandoned. The ground was also used to host Sudbury Town F.C. Sudbury Town s FA Cup match against Brentford F.C. Brentford in 1996, ref http www.fchd.info SUDBURYT.HTM Sudbury Town Football Club History Database ref as their Priory Stadium was deemed unfit. The most recent development to the ground was the construction ... and was similar to the chocolate boxes at The Dell Southampton The Dell . The last match at Layer ... its history as a football ground. ref http www.eadt.co.uk news colchester layer road s future finally announced 1 979760 Colchester Layer Road s future finally announced East Anglian Daily Times, 30 ... Layer Road information Colchester United F.C. Colchester United F.C. England sports venue stub Category Defunct football venues in England Category Colchester United F.C. de Layer Road it Layer Road ja no Layer Road pl Layer Road ... more details
verylong date April 2010 expert date April 2010 The smear layer is a layer of microcrystalline and organic ... showed the presence of a thin layer of debris that was 2 to 5 micrometre s thick. ref Br nnstr m M ... first described the smear layer. They observed an amorphous layer of debris, with an irregular and granular surface, on instrumented dentinal walls using a scanning electron microscope SEM . This smear layer was composed of dentin , Pulp tooth pulp and bacteria l remnants. The authors stated that most ... procedures. J Endod 1975 7 238 242. ref In 1984 Pashely described the smear layer as being ... content is composed of two distinct superposed layers. The first layer covers the canal wall and is loosely adherent and easy to remove. The second layer however occludes the dentinal tubule s and strongly adheres to the canal walls. ref Pashely DH. Smear layer Physiological considerations. Operative ... characteristics of the smear layer in teeth that were endodontically instrumented with k type files and irrigated with 5.25 NaOCl. The smear layer was examined from two aspects the first downonto the smear layer and the second from the side or profile view. Photomicrograph s obtained by SEM showed that the smear layer consists of two confluent components. A thin superficial layer 1 2 micrometres thick overlying a densely packed layer that penetrated into the dentinal tubules for distances ... from the canal wall. There is still controversy over whether the smear layer should be removed ... JC, Peters DD. Scanning electron microscopic investigation of the smeared layer on root canal walls ... pressure mechanically hindered bacterial growth and that the debris and smear layer produced ... that acid produced by microorganism s may dissolve the smear layer allowing bacteria to pass into dentinal ... removing successive layers of the smear layer they came to a different conclusion. Twenty dentin disks were cut from human extracted third molar s. The dentin surface of the disks was etched with 6 ... more details
Other uses Layer electronics Refimprove date June 2007 In environments containing permafrost , the active layer is the top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during the autumn. In all climate s, whether they contain permafrost or not, the temperature in the lower levels of the soil will remain more stable than that at the surface, where the influence of the ambient temperature is greatest. This means that, over many years, the influence of cooling in winter and heating in summer in temperate climates will decrease as depth increases. ref citebook title Fundamentals of Geomorphology author Richard John Huggett year 2003 publisher Routledge isbn 0 415 24145 6 page 237 ref If the winter temperature is below the freezing point of water , a frost front will form in the soil. This frost front is the boundary between frozen and unfrozen soil, and with the coming of spring ... forms. The active layer in this environment consists of the top layers of soil which thaws during the summer, while the inactive layer refers to the soil below which is frozen year round because the heat fails to penetrate. Liquid water cannot flow below the active layer, with the result that permafrost ... layer, known as the thaw depth , is determined by how far the frost front is forced to retreat due to heating during the summer. Thus, the primary determinant of active layer thickness is the maximum temperature attained during the summer. If it is only a little above 0 C, the active layer can ... because root s of plant s cannot penetrate beyond the active layer and are restricted by its thickness ..., the amount of heating of the active layer also varies hence the depth of thaw is not constant. Soil formation in the active layer Cryoturbation is the dominant force operating in the active layer ... matter that remains in most Gelisols and is mixed down into the pereletok layer during relatively hot summers and below that layer during warmer periods about 5000 to 6000 years ago. This storage ... more details
the magnitude of the horizontal wind field because it does not account for the velocity shear in the surfacelayer . Splitting the boundary layer into the surfacelayer and the Ekman layer generally ... pages 129 130 chapter Chapter 5 The Planetary Boundary Layer isbn 0123540151 ref In the ocean The Ekman layer, with its distinguishing feature the Ekman spiral, is rarely observed in the ocean. The Ekman layer near the surface of the ocean extends only about 10 20 meters deep, ref name Holton and instrumentation ...Image Ekman layer.jpg thumb 350px The Ekman layer is the layer in a fluid where the flow is the result ... blowing North creates a surface stress and a resulting Ekman spiral is found below it in the column of water. The Ekman layer is the layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure ... Walfrid Ekman . History Ekman developed the theory of the Ekman layer after Fridtjof Nansen observed ... Layer isbn 0133533018 ref Mathematical formulation The mathematical formulation of the Ekman layer ... mixing length theory . Boundary conditions There are many regions where an Ekman layer is theoretically plausible they include the bottom of the atmosphere, near the surface of the earth and ocean, the bottom ... boundary conditions of the Ekman layer in the upper ocean ref name Vallis cite book last Vallis ... and math tau y math are the components of the surface stress, math tau math , of the wind field or ice layer at the top of the ocean and math u g math and math v g math are the geostrophic flows in the math .... Experimental observations of the Ekman layer There is much difficulty associated with observing the Ekman layer for two main reasons the theory is too simplistic as it assumes a constant eddy viscosity ... since around 1980. ref name Vallis Also, wind waves modify the flow near the surface, and make observations close to the surface rather difficult. ref name Santala cite journal last1 Santala ... 92 90091 7 issue 3 4 bibcode 1992DSRI...39..607S ref Instrumentation Observations of the Ekman layer ... more details
The term granular layer may refer to the granular layer of Tomes, seen in dentin of the teeth. When dry section of the root dentin of teeth are visualized under transmitted light, a granular layer is seen adjacent to cementum.It is believed to be caused by coalescing & looping of terminal portion of dentinal tubules. The Granular layer cerebellum of the cortex of the human cerebellum The Granular layer cerebral cortex of the cerebral cortex The Granular layer of skin disambig ... more details
The ozone layer is a layer in Earth s atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone ... s atmosphere being only about 0.6 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly located in the lower ... title Science Ozone Basics. accessdate 2007 01 29 ref The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French ... density of ozone overhead, is named in his honor. The ozone layer absorbs 97 99 of the Sun s medium ... title Ozone layer accessdate 2007 09 23 ref Origin of ozone Image Ozone cycle.svg thumb 350px Ozone oxygen cycle in the ozone layer. The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were discovered by the British physicist Sydney Chapman mathematician Sidney Chapman in 1930 ... the ozone oxygen cycle , thus creating an ozone layer in the stratosphere , the region from about convert 10 to 50 km ft above Earth s surface. About 90 of the ozone in our atmosphere is contained ... of the UV C band and the more energetic UV above this band causes the formation of the ozone layer ... dioxygen. The ozone layer also blocks most, but not quite all, of the sunburn producing UV B 280 ... of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because ... cancer . The ozone layer which absorbs from about 200 nm to 310 nm with a maximal ... of the atmosphere is 350 million times stronger than at the Earth s surface. Nevertheless, some UV B, particularly at its longest wavelengths, reaches the surface. Ozone is transparent to most UV A, so most of it reaches the surface. However, this type of UV radiation is significantly less harmful ... of ozone in the stratosphere The thickness of the ozone layer that is, the total amount of ozone ..., not winter in the northern hemisphere. During winter, the ozone layer actually increases in depth ... layer. The ozone layer is higher in altitude in the tropics, and lower in altitude in the extratropics ... File Future ozone layer concentrations.gif thumb 400px NASA projections of stratospheric ozone ... more details
Inversion layer may refer to one of the following Inversion meteorology , a layer within which an atmospheric property is inverted, i.e., its change is deviated from the normal pattern Inversion layer semiconductors , a layer in a semiconductor material where the type of the majority carriers changes to its opposite under certain conditions disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Anatomy Name Sattler& 39 s layer Latin lamina vasculosa GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 05 DorlandsSuf 12481039 Sattler s layer is layer of medium diameter blood vessel s of the choroid , a layer of the eye . Eye anatomy DEFAULTSORT Sattler s Layer Category Eye anatomy Circulatory stub Eye stub ... more details
Layer Breton is a village and a civil parish in the Colchester borough Colchester borough , in the county of Essex , England . Layer Breton has a church dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, rebuilt in brick in 1923 on a new site nearly a mile to the north of the old one. ref http www.achurchnearyou.com layer breton st mary the virgin ref The village was among those which suffered damage from the 1884 Colchester earthquake . References Reflist External links http www.british history.ac.uk report.aspx?compid 51098 http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk england essex layer breton coord 51.830 0.821 type city region GB display title Category Villages in Essex Category Colchester Category Civil parishes in Essex Essex geo stub nl Layer Breton pl Layer Breton sv Layer Breton ... more details
File St Mary the Virgin Church, Layer Marney geograph.org.uk 1142974.jpg thumb 220px St Mary the Virgin Church Layer Marney is a village and civil parish near to Tiptree , in the Colchester borough Colchester borough , in the county of Essex , England. Layer Marney has a Tudor palace called Layer Marney Tower ref http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk en 419935 layer marney tower layer marney ref and a church called Church of St Mary the Virgin. ref http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk en 419934 church of st mary the virgin layer marne ref In 2001 the population of the civil parish of Layer Marney was 206. ref http www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk dissemination LeadTableView.do?a 3&b 794541&c Layer Marney&d 16&e 15&g 444964&i 1001x1003x1004&m 0&r 1&s 1308749697712&enc 1&dsFamilyId 779 ref References Reflist External links Commonscat http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk england essex layer marney coord 51 49 N 0 48 E display title region GB type city source GNS enwiki Category Villages in Essex Essex geo stub nl Layer Marney pl Layer Marney sv Layer Marney ... more details
Layer 8 is humorous Internet jargon used to refer to a nonexistent user or political layer on top of the OSI model of computer networking. ref Citation last Gregg first Michael title OSI Securing the Stack, Layer 8 Social engineering and security policy journal TechTarget date 2007 05 01 year 2007 url ... it cmptplans layer8 NCSU Layer 8 Initiative ref The OSI model is a 7 layer abstract model that describes ... other, allowing for abstraction of specific functions in each one. The top 7th layer is the Application Layer describing methods and protocols of software applications. It is then held that the user is the 8th layer. According to Bruce Schneier and RSA Layer 8 The individual person. Layer 9 The organisation. Layer 10 Government or legal compliance http blogs.rsa.com curry engineering security solutions at layer 8 and above Since the OSI layer numbers are commonly used to discuss networking topics, a troubleshooter may describe an issue caused by a user to be a layer 8 issue, similar to the PEBKAC ... 180 News article on the eighth layer ref Political economic theory ref Citation last Mosco first Vincent ..., Inc year 1996 isbn 0803985606 . ref holds that the 8th layer is important to understanding the OSI ... all shape the technologies comprising layers 1 7 of the OSI Model. An 8th layer has also been referenced ... shows Layer 8 as the financial layer, and Layer 9 as the political layer. ref https www.isc.org store logoware clothing isc 9 layer osi model cotton t shirt ISC 9 layer t shirt ref Similar pseudo layers in the TCP IP model In the TCP IP model , the 4 layer model of the Internet , the 5th layer is analogously sometimes described as the political layer and the 6th as the religious layer . This appears ... Fools Day RFC published in 1998. Other uses Linux Gazette carries a regular column called Layer 8 Linux Security ref http www.linuxgazette.net 164 kachold.html Layer 8 Linux Security ref . See also Real ... it Layer 8 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A slime layer in bacteria is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells. Specifically, this consists mostly of exopolysaccharide s, glycoprotein s, and glycolipid s. The slime layer is not to be confused with the S layer , a separate and highly organised glycoprotein layer surrounding many bacterial cells. The function of the slime layer is to protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers such as antibiotic s and desiccation . The slime layer also allows bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces such as prosthetic medical devices and catheter s. It may permit bacterial colonies to survive chemical sterilization microbiology sterilization with chlorine , iodine , and other chemicals, leaving autoclaving or flushing with boiling water as the only certain methods of decontamination . A bacterial capsule microbiology capsule is similar, but is a well ordered structure that is resistant to washing off. Bacteria DEFAULTSORT Slime Layer Category Bacteriology Category Microbiology cs Slizov vrstva ... more details
date April 2009 In intelligent network s IN and cellular networks, service layer is a conceptual layer within a network service provider architecture. It aims at providing middleware that serves third party value added service s and applications at a higher application layer . The service layer ... open and secure Application Programming Interface s APIs by application layer servers owned by third party content provider s. The service layer also provides an interface to core networks at a lower resource layer. ref http books.google.com books?id j2 6yEHS0jwC&pg PA16&dq 22service layer 22 telecommunications&lr .... ref The lower layers may also be named control layer and transport layer the transport layer is also referred to as the access layer in some architectures . Citation needed date February 2009 The concept of service layer is used in contexts such as Intelligent network s IN , Wireless Application Protocol ... Service oriented architecture , the concept of service layer has a different meaning. Service layer in IMS The service layer of an IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS architecture provides multimedia services to the overall IMS network. This layer contains network elements which connect to the Serving ... Protocol SIP signalling protocol. Elements of the IMS service layer The network elements contained within the service layer are generically referred to as service platforms however the 3GPP ... such as INAP and Customised Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic CAMEL . Service layer in SOA In Service oriented architecture SOA , the service layer is the third layer in a five abstraction layer model. The model consists of Object layer, Component layer, Service layer, process layer and Enterprise layer. ref http books.google.com books?id NISyExeJ5mAC&pg PA88&dq 22service layer 22&lr .... Published by FT Press, 2005. ISBN 0131870025, 9780131870024 ref The service layer can be considered ... Category Application layer protocols Category Service oriented business computing Category Middleware ... more details
In the electrochemistry , the diffusion layer contains the material that is analyzed. According to IUPAC , the diffusion layer is defined as the region in the vicinity of an electrode where the concentrations are different from their value in the bulk solution. The definition of the thickness of the diffusion layer is arbitrary because the concentration approaches asymptotically the value in the bulk solution . ref GoldBookRef file D01725 title diffusion layer concentration boundary layer ref The diffusion layer thus depends on the diffusion coefficient D of the analyte and on the scan rate V sec . It is usually considered to be some multiple of Dt sup 1 2 sup where 1 t scan rate . At slow scan rates, the diffusion layer is large, on the order of microns, whereas at fast scan rates the diffusion layer is nanometers in thickness. The relationship is described in part by the Cottrell equation . ref Bard, A. J. Faulkner, L. R. Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York. 2001. ISBN 0 471 04372 9 ref Relevant to cyclic voltammetry , the diffusion layer has negligible volume compared the volume of the bulk solution. For this reason, cyclic voltammetry experiments have an inexhaustible supply of fresh analyte. References references ru Category Diffusion ... more details
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