Marxism File Surplus value.jpg thumb The production of surplusvalue, from Karl Marx s Capital in Lithographs , by Hugo Gellert , 1934 Surplusvalue is a concept used famously by Karl Marx in his critique ... www.marxists.org archive marx works 1867 c1 ch08.htm ref Quotation Surplusvalue and the rate of surplus ... the form of surplusvalue as profit are visible surface phenomena Karl Marx, Capital Vol. 3 , Pelican ... was mainly due to the competitive striving to obtain maximum surplusvalue from the employment ... slumbered in the lap of social labor? Theory The problem of explaining the source of surplusvalue is expressed by Friedrich Engels as follows Quotation Whence comes this surplusvalue? It cannot come ... of 30, the capitalist obtains a surplusvalue of 10 his capital has not only been replaced by the operation ... action by workers. Definition Total surplusvalue in an economy Marx refers to the mass or volume of surplus ... 594 597 . Interpretations Surplusvalue may be viewed in five ways As a component of the new value product ... productive and unproductive labor productive labor variable capital and surplusvalue. In production, he argues, the workers produce a value equal to their wages plus an additional value, the surplus ... used up constant capital inputs . Labor costs and surplusvalue are the monetary valuations of what ... income. Surplusvalue can be viewed as the source of society s accumulation fund or investment ... of it may also be hoarded in some way . In this context, surplusvalue can also be measured as the increase ..., prior to distribution. Surplusvalue can be viewed as a social relations of production relation of production ... between social classes or nations in the process of the division of the social product. Surplusvalue ... with its labour in excess of its own consumption requirements. Measures of the rate of surplusvalue ... to product value which has already been created previously. The rate of surplusvalue in production is defined by Marx as the volume of surplusvalue produced by the workforce divided by the variable ... more details
Theories of SurplusValue is a three volume book by Karl Marx , examining the history of economic thought. He intended for it to stand as the fourth volume of Capital . It was edited and published after his death, first by Karl Kautsky , and then by the Institute for Marxism Leninism in the USSR this edition apparently a result of the rift between Kautsky and the USSR . It is one of the most comprehensive treatments of the subject ever written, with lengthy discussions of many writers who were obscure even in Marx s time. History Theories of SurplusValue was part of the voluminous manuscript of 1861 63, entitled by Marx A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy and written as the immediate sequel to the first part of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy published in 1859. The 1861 63 manuscript consists of twenty three notebooks the pages numbered consecutively from 1 to 1472 running to some 200 printed sheets in length it is the first systematically worked out draft though still only rough and incomplete of all four volumes of Capital. Theories of SurplusValue forms the longest about 110 printed sheets and most fully elaborated part of this manuscript and is the first and only draft of the fourth, concluding volume of Capital . Marx called this volume, as distinguished from the three theoretical volumes, the historical, historico critical, or historico literary part of his work. ref cite book last Preface title Theories of SurplusValue year 1923 publisher ... surplusvalue preface.htm ref Marx began to write Theories of SurplusValue within the framework ... surplusvalue 3. Relative surplusvalue 4. The combination of both 5. Theories of surplusvalue ... trade 6. The world market Theories of SurplusValue was originally conceived by Marx only as a historical ... Karl title Theories of SurplusValue publisher Progress Publishers location Moscow pages Table of Contents url http www.marxists.org archive marx works 1863 theories surplusvalue ref References Reflist ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 orphan date November 2009 Cash surplusvalue added CsVA is a measure of business Profit accounting profitability defined as the EBITDA after tax generated by the business less its required return. The required return is an Annuity finance theory annuity based on the purchase price of the assets in use in the business, inflated to today s value of money, the weighted average cost of capital WACC and the economic life of the assets. CsVA can also be expressed as an index, where the CsVA is divided by the required return. An index of more than 1.0 will indicate profitability while an index below 1.0 will indicate value destruction. See also Economic value added EVA Return on capital employed ROCE Return on equity ROE Category Value Category Financial terminology Finance stub ... more details
wiktionary surplusSurplus is when there is more supply than demand, as in extra resources. Surplus may refer to The Surplus , an episode of The Office Surplus Terrorized into Being Consumers , a documentary film Economic surplus , one of various supplementary values Government budget surplus Economic surplus in surplus economics or surplus product in Marxian economics See also Intitle surplus Deficit disambiguation disambig es Super vit fr Surplus it Surplus pt Superavit ru simple Surplus sr ... more details
Infobox Television episode Title The Surplus Series The Office Image Image Office US The Surplus.jpg 250px Caption Dwight and Angela are married. Season 5 Episode 10 Airdate December 4, 2008 Production 510 Writer Gene Stupnitsky br Lee Eisenberg Director Paul Feig Guests Episode list List of The Office U.S. TV series episodes Prev Frame Toby Next Moroccan Christmas The Surplus is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the television program television series The Office U.S. TV series The Office , and the show s eighty second episode overall. The episode aired in the United States on December 4, 2008 on NBC . In this episode, the office is at odds over whether to spend a budget surplus on new chairs or a new photocopier , with Jim, Pam, and Oscar in particular trying to convince Michael how to spend the money. Meanwhile, Andy and Angela visit Schrute Farms to discuss their wedding plans. Synopsis Oscar Martinez The Office Oscar Oscar Nunez informs Michael Scott The Office Michael Steve Carell that the office must spend a 4300 surplus or lose it in next year s budget. When Michael opens up the floor for suggestions, factions break out and officemates square off against one another in order to get what they want. Oscar suggests that they replace the photocopier copier while Pam Beesly Pam Jenna Fischer suggests they buy new chairs. Jim Halpert Jim John Krasinski takes Oscar s side, much to Pam s shock, because he started making copies himself since he and Pam started dating asking .... David informs Michael that he has the option of turning in the surplus, which would result ... needs four copies, doing so in the same way Pam had mock threatened him earlier. Reception The Surplus ... reflist External links http www.nbc.com the office episode guide season 5 59811 the surplus episode 510 59981 The Surplus at NBC.com IMDb episode 1248753 Tv.com episode 1240989 Theofficeus TheofficeusEpisodes DEFAULTSORT Surplus, The Category The Office U.S. season 5 episodes Category 2008 television ... more details
surplus is a component of value added and GDP . The term mixed income is used when operating surplus cannot be distinguished from wage income, for example, in the case of sole proprietorships . Most of operating surplus will normally consist of gross Profit accounting profit income. In principle, it includes the separately itemised increase in the value of output inventories held, with or without a valuation adjustment reflecting average prices during the accounting period. Operating surplus ... from operating surplus. Operating surplus also excludes property incomes considered to be unrelated to value adding production. Mixed income The category of operating surplus is applied to the whole ... is somewhat deceptive, insofar as the operating surplus in national accounts, as a component of value ... surplus is rejected as an adequate proxy for total gross profit or surplusvalue . The main reason ... product Surplusvalue United Nations System of National Accounts UNSNA References 2008 UNSNA standard ...nofootnotes date April 2010 Operating surplus is an accounting concept used in national accounts statistics ... a better measure of business profits. According to the 2008 SNA, it is the measure of the surplus ... of operating surplus in UNSNA A simple definition of business profit would be sales less costs , and the accounting derivation of operating surplus is similar although the SNA concept of entrepreneurial ..., to arrive at gross value added . Value added may be stated gross equal to the net output value, including ... capital . The net operating surplus NOS is thus the residual balancing item in the product account, obtained as follows Gross value added GV less consumption of fixed capital. CFC equals net value added ... subsidies received IT SU equals net operating surplus NOS In simple equations, NOS GV CE IT SU CFC or NOS NV CE IT SU Operating surplus can of course also be stated gross GOS GOS NOS CFC In this case ... income other than wages or salaries, which is included in operating surplus. In practice, all ... more details
for the appropriation of surplusvalue from that labour. How exactly this appropriation will occur ... of gaining an income a surplusvalue from this trade. But, initially, this does not involve any capitalist ... when those appropriating surplus labour &mdash whether in the form of surplusvalue, surplus product ... that yields unpaid surplusvalue to the capitalist are combined in the single process of labour in the factory ... adds an amount of value on the job in excess of the value of his wage salary he performs surplus ... worked but also reaps a benefit , namely the extra value the employee creates the surplus product ... evidence that surplus labour is the cause of it, is that the value of output produced is higher than the value of inputs used to produce it. The economic relation of necessary and surplus labour has ... about in all sorts of ways see factors of production and surplusvalue . Surplus labour and historical ... From the possibility that profit may be less than surplusvalue, hence that capital may exchange ..., in part, to attack the very notion of surplus labour or surplusvalue and to argue that workers ... the existence of surplusvalue as a logical consequence . Five reasons were that profit in a capitalist ... AShaikh Levyxrus.pdf See also SurplusvalueSurplus product Economic surplus Rate ...Marxism Surplus labour is a concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy . It means ... necessary labour . According to Marxian economics , surplus labour is usually unpaid labour . Marxian economics regards surplus labour as the ultimate source of capitalist profits. Origin of surplus labour Marx explains the origin of surplus labour in the following terms Quotation It is only after ... socialised, that a state of things arises in which the surplus labour of the one becomes a condition ..., but of a history embracing thousands of centuries. ref 1 The historical emergence of surplus ... as a permanent surplus product can be produced, the moral political question arises as to how it should ... more details
Surplus economics is the study of economics based upon the concept that economies operate on the basis of the production of a surplus over basic needs. Economic Surplus By economic surplus is meant all production which is not essential for the continuance of existence. That is to say, all production about which there is a choice as to whether or not it is produced. The economic surplus begins when an economy is first able to produce more than it needs to survive, a surplus to its essentials. This definition is no more arbitrary than defining all resources as scarce by definition by declaring all wants infinite. In fact it is much less so since the line between existence and non existence is a real one. This is different to the standard use of the term surplus economics surplus in economics. facts date December 2010 Alternative definitions are The difference between the value of a society s annual product and its socially necessary cost of production. Davis, p.1 The range of economic freedom at its society s disposal, extent able to engage in socially discretionary spending that satisfies more than the basic needs of its producers. Dawson & Foster in Davis, p.45 Income minus essential consumption requirements. Lippit in Davis p.81 The difference between what a society can produce and what ..., limited because wants are characterised as unlimited. Surplus economics argues that rather than limited ... a danger to the production processes and the command over resources that created an economic surplus in the first place. facts date December 2010 Surplus economics seeks to answer such questions as Why ... even the staggering levels of surplus of modern economies because this assumption suits the needs ... 2010 See also Economic surplus Scarcity rent Georgism References Monopoly capital an essay on the American economic and social order , Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy The Economic surplus in advanced economies , John B. Davis Ed The economic surplus and neo Marxism , Ron J. Stanfield Further reading ... more details
Accounting Capital surplus is a term that frequently appears as a balance sheet item as a component of shareholders equity . Capital surplus is used to account for that amount which a company law firm raises in excess of the par value nominal value of the shares common stock . Taken together, common stock and sometimes preferred stock issued and paid plus capital surplus represent the total amount actually paid by investors for shares when issued assuming no subsequent adjustments or changes . Shares for which there is no par value will generally not have any form of capital surplus on the balance ... for triggering Capital Surplus include when the Government donates a piece of land to the company. The Capital surplus Share premium account SPA is not distributable, however, in restricted circumstances ... may derive from selling treasury stock , although this is less commonly seen. Capital Surplus is also ... of payments . Background Many firms authorize shares with some nominal par value, often the smallest ... requirements. The firm may then sell these shares for a much higher price as the par value is a largely archaic and fictional concept . Any premium received over the par value is credited to capital surplus. Share premium account According to Companies Act 1985 s.130 and companies ordinance 1984 ... or value of the premiums on those shares shall be transferred to an account called the share premium ... value of 1 each at a subscription price of 4 per share. The 300 difference will go to the share premium account. At the same time, the company issues 50 preference shares with a par value ... stock 25 Share premium 325 SPA Number of new shares issued x issue price par value See also Multicol ... terms c capitalsurplus.asp Capital Surplus http beginnersinvest.about.com cs investinglessons l blles3capsurres.htm Capital Surplus and Proprietorship Reserves References references DEFAULTSORT Capital Surplus Category Accounting terminology de Kapitalr cklage hu T ketartal k ru ... more details
, the term surplus may also refer to surplusvalue , surplus product and surplus labour . Overview On a standard supply and demand diagram, consumer surplus is the area triangular if the supply ... Shortage Surplus economics Surplus product Surplusvalue Utility Value added Welfare economics ...About consumers and producers surplus information about other surpluses deficit disambiguation deficit ... on a supply and demand chart In mainstream economics , economic surplus also known as total welfare or Marshallian surplus after Alfred Marshall refers to two related quantities. Consumer surplus or consumers surplus is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus or producers surplus is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price that is higher ... , the economic surplus denotes the total income which the ruling class derives from its ownership ..., in the supply demand diagram, producer surplus is the area below the equilibrium price but above the supply .... Calculation from supply and demand The consumer surplus individual or aggregated is the area ... case the equilibrium price . If the demand curve is a straight line, the consumer surplus ... functions, these areas are not triangles but can still be found using integral calculus. Consumer surplus ... in the equilibrium quantity, then consumer surplus falls. Distribution of benefits when price falls ... surplus increases. This benefits two groups of people. Consumers who were already willing ... more consumer surplus, and additional consumers who were unwilling to buy at the initial price but will buy at the new price and also receive some consumer surplus. Consider an example of linear supply and demand curves. For an initial supply curve S sub 0 sub , consumer surplus is the triangle above ... by the demand line . If supply expands from S sub 0 sub to S sub 1 sub , the consumers surplus ... more details
, 1975 , p. 225f. ref Notions of surplus produce have been used in economic thought and commerce for a long time notably by the Physiocrats , but in Das Kapital , Theories of SurplusValue and the Grundrisse ... means value added , a measure of net output, though, in Marx s specialist usage, it means the surplus ..., as Marx describes in Theories of SurplusValue , the surplus referred to an excess of gross income ... times it seemed that the surplus arose because value was added in production. In other words, a surplus ... defines the capitalist surplus product exclusively in terms of the relationship between the value ... 1350 . Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1976, p. 6. ref From surplus product to surplusvalue ... between the surplus product and surplusvalue , so that, as the capitalist mode of production expands and displaces other ways of producing, surplusvalue and the surplus product become to a large ... the surplusvalue created in production through the production of new output, in the form of profit ... value . However, some components of the surplus product may not be marketed products or services ... product is not the same as surplusvalue , and the magnitudes of surplus product, surplus labour and surplusvalue may diverge. Surplus product and the social valuation of labour Although it is nowadays ... can occur, and why there was more to distribute than there previously was see surplusvalue . Somehow ... but a physical surplus, i.e. the value of physical output less the value of physical inputs used ... things because it makes the surplus simply a component of value added in double entry accounting terms ...Marxism Surplus product German Mehrprodukt is an economic concept explicitly theorised by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy . Marx first began to work out his idea of surplus product in his ... the concept is mainly used in Marxian economics , surplus economics , ref Ron Stanfield, The economic surplus and neo Marxism Howard, M.C. & King, J.E. 2001 . Ronald Meek and the rehabilitation of surplus ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 A Surplus note is a Bond finance bond like instrument issued by an insurance company . These securities are subordinated obligations, and fall at the very bottom of the operating insurance company s Financial capital capital structure. They are issued primarily by mutual insurance companies, which are not public and owned instead by their policy holders. Surplus notes are debt like in that they pay a coupon and have a finite maturity. However, in many cases, state insurance regulators have allowed insurance companies to classify the capital raised via surplus notes as surplus which is the statutory equivalent of Shareholders equity equity , because surplus note holders are last in line to make a claim on the company s assets in a Default finance default scenario, much like where equity holders reside in a public company. The motivation for mutual companies to issue these instruments was to raise surplus or equity in response to new risk based capital guidelines developed in the early 1990s. Because mutual companies are owned by policyholders, not shareholders, there was no alternative method to raise surplus or equity. While surplus note holders have last claim on the assets of the operating insurance company, it is important to realize that this claim is at the operating company level, which is still ahead of holding company obligations. DEFAULTSORT Surplus Note Category Corporate finance Category Notes ... more details
Image Van Nuys Surplus.JPG thumb 200px right Van Nuys Army & Navy Surplus Store A surplus store or disposals store sells items that are used, or purchased but unused, and no longer needed. The surplus is often military, government or industrial excess often called army navy stores in America. A surplus store may also sell items that are past their use by date . Military surplus main Military surplus An army surplus store or navy surplus store is any store, usually retail , which sells military surplus general equipment that was intended for the military but is unable to be used or originally purchased in excess by the military. These stores often sell camping equipment or military clothing especially jackets and helmets . Following the First ref p.45 White, Sarah Madison Women Remember Growing Up in Wisconsin s Capital Arcadia Publishing, 2006 ref and Second World Wars large amounts of former military clothing and equipment were sold in these stores ref p.16 Drake, Albert The Age of Hot Rods Essays on Rods, Custom Cars and Their Drivers from the 1950s to Today McFarland, 2008 ref Similar names In the United Kingdom UK , the Army & Navy Stores United Kingdom Army & Navy Stores was a department store owned by House of Fraser on Victoria, London Victoria Street , London . See also Eastman Army Camp Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Surplus Store Category Surplus stores Category Militaria Category Retailing Economy stub retailing stub fr Surplus militaire ... more details
Vent for surplus is a theory that was formulated by Adam Smith and later revised by Hla Myint on his thesis of South East Asia. The theory states that when a country produces more than it can consume it produces a surplus. This underutilization causes an inward movement on the production possibilities frontier. Trade with another country is then used to vent off this surplus and to bring the production possibilities frontier back to full capacity. ffff References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.economyprofessor.com economictheories vent for surplus.php Vent for Surplus Category International trade economics stub ... more details
Military surplus are goods, usually mat riel , that are sold or otherwise disposed of when no longer needed by the military . Entrepreneur s often buy these goods and resell them at surplus store s. Military surplus rarely includes weapons or munitions , though they are occasionally found in such stores. Usually the goods sold by the military are clothing , equipment , and tool s of a generally useful nature. Also, embroidered patches , name tags, and other items that can be used with a military uniform. Occasionally, vehicles will be sold as well jeeps, trucks, etc. . ref http books.google.com books?id 390DAAAAMBAJ&pg RA1 PA89&lpg PA89&dq true v onepage&q true&f true The World s Biggest Clearance Sale. Popular Mechanics , February 1955, pp. 89 93. ref Demand for such items comes from various collectors, survivalist s, and fans of airsoft gun s and paintball . See also Surplus store Performance based logistics Surplus Property Act USA References Reflist mil stub Category Militaria pl Demobil ... more details
Sunny s Surplus f.k.a. Sunny s Great Outdoors and Sunny s The Affordable Outdoor Store was, at its peak, a chain of 15 surplus store s in Washington, D.C. , Maryland , Northern Virginia , and Delaware . The chain was founded in 1948 to sell World War II surplus. It later added camping gear and in 1990 renamed itself. Sunny s was a Baltimore, Maryland Baltimore landmark and has appeared in Barry Levinson s movie Liberty Heights and show Homicide Life on the Street . The chain s dog in the gas mask commercial was awarded a Clio award Clio . In early January 2007, Sunny s began liquidation sales as it prepared to close down all of its locations after the Elkridge, Maryland Elkridge based company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the second time in a decade. March 16, 2007, marked the final day in which the company s remaining stores a handful of stores up until this point had closed were open for business. In late October and early November 2007, Sunny s reopened its doors with three Maryland stores, in Annapolis, Maryland Annapolis , Westminster, Maryland Westminster , and Frederick, Maryland Frederick . These stores were again closed in late March 2008. References http www.tmcnet.com usubmit 2007 11 09 3082674.htm Surplus chain reopens doors Sunny s is back from Chapter 11, this time with three stores, not 15. November 09, 2007 Baltimore Sun, The KRT Via Thomson Dialog NewsEdge http www.gazette.net stories 040408 businew201447 32363.shtml Bankruptcy forces Sunny s Surplus stores to close, again Outdoor goods chain donates inventory to Goodwill by Rebecca McClay. Friday, April 4, 2008. Gazette.Net Category Surplus stores retail company stub ... more details
File Stoat and chipmunks.png thumb right A stoat surplus killing chipmunks Surplus killing is the behavior predator s exhibit when they kill more prey than they can immediately use. They may partially consume, cache, or abandon intact prey. This behavior has been observed in zooplankton , damselfly naiad biology naiads , predaceous mite s, weasel s, honey badger s, wolf wolves , orca s, red fox es, spotted hyena s, spider s, brown bear , lynx , mink , house cats , and human s. The term was invented by Dutch biologist Hans Kruuk after studying spotted hyenas in Africa ref name Hyena cite book author Kruuk, Hans title The Spotted Hyena A study of predation and social behaviour year 1972 isbn 0563208449 page 335 ref and red foxes in England. ref name RWTF cite book author Macdonald, David title Running with the Fox year 1987 isbn 0 044 40199 X page 224 ref It is likely that this is a antipredator adaptation survival mechanism , the selection for aggressiveness toward prey being an evolution ary development toward becoming a more successful hunter. See also Bison hunting 19th century bison hunts Bison hunting Notes reflist References Jennifer L. Maupin and Susan Reichert, http beheco.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 12 5 569 Superfluous killing in spiders . Joseph K. Gaydos, Stephen Raverty,Robin W. Baird, and Richard W. Osborne, http www.cascadiaresearch.org robin GaydosetalNWN2005.pdf search 22surplus 20killing 22 SUSPECTED SURPLUS KILLING OF HARBOR SEAL PUPS PHOCA VITULINA BY KILLER ... Surplus Killing . Wildlife Online Foxes Surplus Killing, http www.wildlifeonline.me.uk questions ... www.forwolves.org ralph jacksonwolves7 .htm Jackson Trio makes some surplus kills . High Country News, Zachary Smith, http www.hcn.org servlets hcn.Article?article id 15048 Wolf pack wiped out for surplus ... D Eon, http wildlife1.usask.ca newsletters newsletter9 2.htm terns Surplus killing of Roseate Terns and Common Terns by a mink . Category Predation pl Surplus killing zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date October 2008 Target surplus represents the amount of additional capital held by a financial institution beyond the Bank regulation regulatory requirements in order to ensure that the chances of breaching Capital requirement capital adequacy or solvency requirements are significantly reduced. economics stub Category Financial regulation ... more details
Infobox Book name Cognitive Surplus Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age image File Cognitive Surplus cover.jpg 200px image caption First edition hardcover author Clay Shirky language English language English genre Non fiction publisher Penguin Group release date media type Print Hardcover Hardback pages 242 isbn 978 1594202537 Cognitive Surplus Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age is a 2010 non fiction book by Clay Shirky . The book is an indirect sequel to Shirky s Here Comes Everybody ... acknowledges that the activities that we use our cognitive surplus for may be frivolous such as creating ... reviews cognitive surplus by clay shirky 2027393.html title Cognitive Surplus, By Clay Shirky work .... ref cite book last Shirky first Clay title Cognitive Surplus Creativity and Generosity in a Connected ... to them. Shirky Cognitive Surplus Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age p. 3 Chapter list Gin, Television, and Cognitive Surplus comparison of the Gin Craze to contemporary television viewing ... Surplus has been widely praised as another convincing installment in Shirky s long history of thought ... news url http www.guardian.co.uk books 2010 jun 27 cognitive surplus clay shirky book review work The Guardian date June 27, 2010 last Chatfield first Tom title Cognitive Surplus by Clay Shirky ref ... Times date July 5, 2010 last Harkin first James title Cognitive Surplus ref However, his approach ... cheerleading cheerleading positive examples of the online use of cognitive surplus. ref .... ref cite web url http bnreview.barnesandnoble.com t5 Reviews Essays Cognitive Surplus ba p 2733 title Cognitive Surplus last Lehrer first Jonah date June, 9 2010 work bnreview.barnsandnoble.com ... References reflist External links http www.ted.com talks clay shirky how cognitive surplus will change the world.html How cognitive surplus will change the world , Shirky s 2010 TED conference TED talk http www.wired.com magazine 2010 05 ff pink shirky Cognitive Surplus The Great Spare Time Revolution ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove August 2007 orphan February 2009 essay like December 2007 A colonial surplus is a way of measuring the effects of the relationship between colony and metropolis. A colony , in the sense of a region being ruled by a foreign overseas power, was in a different position from that of an independent country. As Maddison remarked some time ago of India , The major burden of foreign rule arose from the fact that the British raj was a regime of expatriates. ref The Economic and Social Impact of Colonial Rule in India Chapter 3 p. 19 of Class Structure and Economic Growth India & Pakistan since the Moghuls A. Maddison 1971 ref Such expatriates generate a flow of funds out of the colony. Something similar would have occurred in Latin America during the post Spanish period of informal rule by British and American finance. Simply, the Colonial Surplus is a measurement of the benefits in money terms gained by citizens, business and government of the colonising power metropolis from the colony. It is a measure of exploitation. It describes and calculates part of the economic relationship between colonising power and colony. The part it describes is revenue to the metropolis. The colonial surplus measures in money terms what the metropolis gets out of its colony, its gains. It includes the sum of the trading and financial relationship between the two. and it covers gains made by other nationals operating in the colony . The foremost part deals with the balance of trade and services. The presence of a Colonial Surplus may be evidenced by an export surplus on the part of the colony that was outstandingly large. The export surplus must be particularly large for it has ... surplus. But it is better if there is a Balance of Payments account for the colony. Better ... the size of the Colonial Surplus, if any. Included in this calculation would be items not only ... arrangements were made for the transfer of funds that that should be included in the Colonial Surplus ... more details
The surplus procedure SP is a fair division protocol for dividing goods in a way that achieves proportional Equity economics equitability . It can be generalized to more than 2 people and is strategyproof . For 3 or more people it is not always possible to achieve a division that is both equitabile and envy free . The surplus procedure was devised by Steven Brams Steven J. Brams , Michael A. Jones, and Christian Klamler in 2006. ref http www.ams.org notices 200611 fea brams.pdf Better Ways to Cut a Cake by Steven J. Brams, Michael A. Jones, and Christian Klamler in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society December 2006. ref Criticisms of the paper There have been a few criticisms of aspects of the paper. ref http arxiv.org abs 0807.3117 Cutting Cakes Correctly by Theodore P. Hill, School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 2008 ref In effect the paper should cite a weaker form of Pareto optimality and suppose the measures are always strictly positive. See also Adjusted winner procedure Approval voting References reflist Category Fair division Category Game theory Category Welfare economics math stub ... more details
Wiktionary Value or values may refer to Concepts of worth Value theory overview of approaches in various disciplines Value ethics Value personal and cultural Value economics Theory of value economics Value investing Value marketing Value law i.e. consideration Concepts of quantity, amount, or entity Value semiotics Value mathematics Value computer science Note value music Colour theory Lightness Values usually refers to Value ethics Value personal and cultural Value law Disambiguation af Waarde ar cs Hodnota de Valor es Valor fr Valeur it Valore he ja no Verdi pl Warto pt Valor ro Valoare sk Hodnota fi Arvo t smennyssivu sv V rde vi Gi tr ... more details
Dablink T value can also refer to the Student s t test . The United States Department of Agriculture defines the T Value as the maximum average soil loss in tons per year that will still allow economical maintenance of the current level of production into the future. ref http agriculture.house.gov info glossary tu.htm USA Department of Agriculture ref References Reflist colwidth 40em references references Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
image Labeledcyclohexane.png thumb 400px right The A value for a methyl group is 1.74 as derived from the chemical equilibrium above. This means it costs 1.74 kcal mol of energy to have a methyl group in the axial position compared to the equatorial position. A Values are numerical values used in the determination of the most stable orientation of atoms in a molecule Conformational isomerism Conformational Analysis , as well as a general representation of steric bulk . A values are derived from energy measurements of a monosubstituted cyclohexane conformation cyclohexane ring. ref name PACGlossary ... axial substitution and the lower energy conformation equatorial substitution is the A value for that particular ... the substituent with the largest A value is equatorial is favored. image methyltbutyl cyclohexane.png thumb 600px center A methyl substituent has a significantly smaller A value than a tert butyl ... help predict the steric effect of a substituent. In general, the larger a substituent s A value, the larger the steric effect of that substituent. Methyl has an A value of 1.74 while butyl tert butyl has an A value of 5. Because the A value of tert butyl is higher, tert butyl has a larger steric effect ... conformations of ethyl cyclohexane, the A value is reduced from what would be predicted based ... Havinga first4 E. ref class wikitable style text align center Substituent A Value Substituent A Value Substituent A Value D 0.006 CH sub 2 sub Br 1.79 OSi CH sub 3 sub sub 3 sub 0.74 F 0.15 CH CH sub ... value of a favorable intramolecular hydrogen bond can be calculated. ref name HBondApprox cite journal .... The carboxylic acid substituent shown below is axial in the ground state, despite a positive A Value ... effect. For example, the tert butyl group A value 4.9 has a larger A value than the trimethylsilyl group A value 2.5 , yet the tert butyl group actually occupies less space. This difference can be attributed ... effectively makes the trimethylsilyl group less sterically hindering, thus, lowering it s A value ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Supply chain surplus is a common term to represent Value addition based pricing value addition by supply chain function of an organisation. It is calculated by the following formula Supply chain surplus revenue generated from a customer total cost incurred to Production economics produce and Delivery commerce deliver the Product business product . ref Chopra, Sunil Peter Meindl, D. V. Kalra. Supply Chain Management . ref References Reflist Business term stub Category Supply chain management ... more details
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