Infobox Former Country native name conventional long name Takrur common name Takrur continent Africa region West Africa country era Middle Ages status event start year start 800s date start event1 Islam date event1 1030s event end Conquered by Mali Empire year end 1285 date end p1 Serer people, Fula ... 1030s leader2 year leader2 leader3 year leader3 title leader legislature Takrur , Tekrur , or Tekrour ... Empire . Origin Takrur was the name of the capital of the state which flourished on the lower Senegal ... ref The Serer people who resided at Takrur, had previously ruled the Kingdom. They were the high ... usually winning. Despite these clashes, Takrur prospered throughout the 9th and 10th centuries. Adoption of Islam The kings of Takrur eventually adopted Islam . Sometime in the 1030s during the reign ... history ref Ghana Empire The king of Takrur sided with the Berber people Berber and Taureg people ... power faded, Takrur was left as the sole power in the region. Integration of Takrur with the Almoravids ... the Mali Empire in 1235, Takrur was in a steep decline. The state was finally conquered by the usurper emperor Sabakoura of Mali in the 1280s. Takrur was later conquered by Mali Empire Mali , it was also ... to regain Takrur and named it Fouta Toro in the 15th century thereby setting up the first Fula dynasty ... Islamic Takrur kingdoms are often called Toucouleur , after a French language French corruption of Takrur ... over the same general area once ruled by ancient Takrur. dubious date September 2011 citation needed .... http www.archive.org stream encyclopediaofIslam10 Vol.10t u page n156 mode 1up Takrur , Encyclopaedia ... 1400 Ghana, Takrur, Gao Songhay and Mali . Translated by Nehemia Levtzion. J. F. Hopkins Contributor ... http archaeology.about.com od tterms g takrur.htm About Takrur Empire http www.webpulaaku.net takrurtakrur history name.html Takrur webPulaaku . Category 1285 disestablishments Category History of Senegal ... Takrur fr Tekrour id Takrur lt Tekr ras no Tekrur pl Takrur sk Tekr r ... more details
Susu may refer to The Ganges and Indus River Dolphin The Susu people Susu or Soussou, an ethnic group in Guinea The Susu language , language spoken by this ethnic group The Sosso Empire , a twelfth century Takrur kingdom of West Africa The use of susu savings an informal savings account practiced in the Caribbean The susu account , a saving scheme for poor people in Ghana The process of urination , or urine itself in Hindi language SUSU may refer to the South Ural State University University of Southampton Students Union Southampton University Students Union University of Sheffield Union of Students Sheffield University Students Union Staffordshire University Students Union disambig tl Susu ... more details
File Toucouleur Interpr te.jpg thumb A Toucouleur interpreter called Alpha Sega with his sisters. Image taken in 1882. The Toucouleurs or Haalpulaar en are a Fula people Fula agricultural people who live primarily in West Africa the north of Senegal where they comprise 15 of the population in the Senegal River valley, Mauritania , and Mali . History The name Toucouleur has a debatable origin, with some sources stating it as a French language French creation meaning all colors , and other sources citing it as a term that predates colonialization meaning people from Tekrur , considering them the descendants of the Iron Age state of Takrur , which would make the present French form popular etymology . Umar Tall founded a jihad state , the Toucouleur Empire , in present Mali in the nineteenth century. People and society The Toucouleurs speak the Futa Tooro Fouta Toro dialect of Fula language Pulaar Fula . They call themselves Haapulaar en , which means those who speak Pulaar . They are largely Muslim , although a small number are animist . Culturally, the Toucouleur only differ from other Fulas by the sedentary nature of their society. Toucouleur society is patriarchy patriarchal and divided into strict hierarchy hierarchies , with 12 caste s subdivided into 3 classes. Marriage When girls turn thirteen years old, they are considered eligible for marriage, or dewgal , which is arranged by her parents. While the bride to be celebrates with her friends, the groom goes to the mosque to validate the marriage. Later, the bride and her family go to the husband s house, where they will sit with elders and discuss the marriage. The next day, the bride s aunt will determine if the girl is a virgin, and then bathe and massage her. The bride greets the village and then her husband, and food is prepared, and eventually the celebration ends. Childbirth and naming One week after p mbougale childbirth , the baby is named and a googo sister of the father cuts its hair. The father tells ... more details
the Kingdom of Takrur now called Fouta Toro as well as the indigenous Serer people who have resided ... of the Senegambia region to which Takrur belonged, ref name ReferenceA ref G. T. Stride, Caroline ... and guidance and who would later come back to Takrur to form an alliance with his son Leb after ..., see Dennis Charles Galvan, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire ref At Saly 1035 , the Serers of Takrur ... forces advance and the Serers were finally defeated. After their defeat, the Serers of Takrur still rejected to convert to Islam and decided to abandoned Takrur instead to join their distant ... more details
Deleted image removed Image Tabaski01.jpg left thumb 250px Muslims wearing Grand boubou during the Islamic celebration of Tabaski Eid al Adha in Mali , West Africa . File Mamadou Tandja 2005.jpg left thumb A Grand boubou. Islamic Culture Two other uses the Grand Boubou and its variations Senegalese variant Senegalese kaftan the women s variant wrapper clothing The Grand Boubou Bubu is one of the names for a flowing wide sleeved robe worn by men in much of West Africa , and to a lesser extent in North Africa , related to the Dashiki suit Citation needed date June 2011 . It is known by various names, depending on the ethnic group wearing them Agbada Yoruba people Yoruba , Dagomba , Babban Riga Hausa people Hausa , K sa Tuareg people Tuareg Grand Boubou in various Francophone West African countries and the English term of Gown . The Senegalese Boubou , a variation on the Grand Boubou described below, is also known as the Senegalese kaftan . The female version worn in some communities is also known as a M boubou or wrapper clothing Kaftan . History Its origin lies with the clothing worn by the Islam ized Tukulor , Mand peoples Mand and Songhai people s of the historic 8th Century Takrur and Ghana Empire s, and 13th Century Mali Empire Mali and Songhai Empire s, See Bisht clothing Bisht and Kaftan for information on these . The use of the Grand boubou as clothing became widespread throughout the West African region with the migration of semi nomadic groups such as the Fula people Fulani , and traders such as the Dyula people Dyula and Hausa people Hausa . Comparing the Grand boubou to the various styles of Arabic Thawb suggests the Grand boubou follows an archaic template to the contemporary male clothing of the Middle East and North Africa. Use The Grand boubou is usually decorated with intricate embroidery, and is worn on special religious or ceremonial occasions, for example the two Islamic Muslim holidays Eid festivals, weddings, funerals or for attending the Mosqu ... more details
, Charles The family relics in other Serer countries which are brought from Takrur now Futa Toro .... 1993. Charles BECKER, CNRS ORS TO M ref The history of the Serer people who resided at Takrur now ... more details
Cleanup date October 2008 infobox ethnic group group Sonink image Image GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg 200px caption Soninke soldiers, 1890. poptime 1 million 2005 popplace Mali , Mauritania , S n gal , C te d Ivoire , Burkina Faso , Ghana , The Gambia , Guinea Bissau rels Islam langs Soninke language related Mandinka people , Bambara people , Imraguen , Jakhanke Image Soninke.gif thumb right Map of the Soninke population centers in Mali. The Soninke also called Sarakole , Seraculeh , or Serahuli are a Mand people who descend from the Bafour and are closely related to the Imraguen of Mauritania. They speak the Soninke language, a Mande language . They were the founders of the ancient Ghana Empire empire of Ghana c. 750 1240 CE. Subgroups of Soninke include the Maraka and Soninke Wangara Wangara . After contact with Muslim Almoravid traders from the north around 1066, Soninke nobles of neighboring Takrur were among the first ethnic groups from Africa to embrace Islam . When the Ghana empire dispersed, the resulting diaspora brought Soninkes to Mali, Senegal, Mauritania, Gambia, and Guinea Bissau . This diaspora included Wangara, famous traders who spread far from traditionally Mande areas. Hence the term Wangara is used today in Ghana and Burkina Faso to describe the Soninke populations in cities and towns. Today, Soninke number around 1 million. History Main History of the Soninke people Geography Soninke people today live throughout West Africa, but remain centered around the former homelands of the Ghana Empire and the valley of the upper Senegal river and along the Mali Senegal border between Nara, Mali Nara and Nioro du Sahel . Migrations seeking labor, encouraged under French West Africa French colonial rule have led many Soninke to build communities in Dakar and other large cities in Africa and beyond. There is a large and growing Soninke community in Paris, France . Trade networks, famously led by the Wangara mercantile confederations, spread Soninke people and ... more details
named nation was followed by a people called Takrur Tekrur . The people of Ghanah declined in course ... Takrur near the S n gal River had brought 1,700 slaves with them to Mecca. In North Africa, the main ... more details
refimprove date May 2011 reason 1. many entire paragraphs without attribution 2. entire sections without attribution Image African civilizations map pre colonial.svg right thumb 400px Pre Colonial African States Image Obelisk Luxor.JPG thumb right 200px Obelisk at Luxor Temple temple of Luxor , Egypt. c. 1200 BCE. File Rytter fra Bagirmi.jpg thumb right 200px African knight of Kingdom of Baguirmi Baguirmi in full gambeson padded armour suit. The History of Africa begins with the prehistory of Africa and the emergence of archaic Homo sapiens Homo sapiens in East Africa , continuing into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states. Agriculture began about 10,000 BCE and metallurgy in about 4000 BCE. The recorded history of early civilization arose in Egypt , and later in the Nubia , the Maghreb and the Horn of Africa . During the Middle Ages , Islam spread through the regions. Crossing the Maghreb and the Sahel , a major centre of Muslim culture was at Timbuktu . Some notable pre colonial states and societies in Africa include the Nok culture , Mali Empire , Ashanti Empire , Kingdom of Mapungubwe , Kingdom of Zimbabwe , Kingdom of Kongo , Ancient Carthage , Numidia , Mauretania , the Aksumite Empire , the Ajuuraan State and the Adal Sultanate . From the late 15th century, Europeans and Arabs took slave s from West Africa West , Central Africa Central and East Africa Southeast Africa overseas in the African slave trade . ref http www.guyana.org features guyanastory chapter25.html ref European colonization of Africa developed rapidly in the Scramble for Africa of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Following independence and struggles in many parts of the continent, decolonization took place after the Second World War . Africa s history has been challenging for researchers in the field of African studies because of the scarcity of written sources in large parts of sub Saharan Africa . Scholarly techniques such as the recording of o ... more details
Royal house surname The antelope br Totem of the Joof family coat of arms Image Topsell 5.jpg 180px br The totem and symbolism symbol of the Joof family is the antelope , symbolizing grace, royalty, wisdom, hard work and protection in Serer people Serer mythology . country Kingdom of Baol br Kingdom of Sine br Kingdom of Saloum br Takrur the Serer history medieval era to present Serers of Tekrur through the Lamanic lineage br Senegal present day br Gambia former colony of Saloum br Mauritania previously as Lamane Lamanes parent house cadet branches The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof titles Lamane br Maat br Maat a Sinig br Teigne br Maat Sine br Maat Saloum br Bour founder Lamane Jegan Joof circa c XI th century br Maat Ndaah Njemeh Joof circa c 1290 final ruler Maat Sine Mahecor Joof King of Kingdom of Sine Sine , 1924 1969 br Maat Saloum Fode N Gouye Joof King of Kingdom of Saloum Saloum , 1935 1969 br Lamane Njaga Dibor Ndoffene Joof Lamane Diaga Dibor Ndofene Diouf Lamane of Tukar 2004 founding year dissolution 1969 last kings of Sine and Saloum , 2004 last known Lamane of Tukar nationality Senegal Senegalese , Gambia Gambian Joof English spelling in the Gambia or Diouf French spelling in Senegal and Mauritania is a surname typically Serer people Serer . This surname is also spelt Juuf or Juf in the Serer language . They are the same people. The differences in spelling is due to the fact that, Senegal was colonized by France , while Gambia was colonized by United Kingdom Britain . Although spelt differently, they are pronounced the same way. The totem and symbolism symbol of the Joof family is the antelope , the symbol of grace, royalty, wisdom, hard work and protection in Serer mythology . The name of their clan is Njoofene variations Njuufeen or Njufeen in Serer . ref Faye, Louis Di ne. Mort et naissance le monde Sereer. Nouvelles ditions africaines, 1983, p 74, ISBN 2723608689 ref ref ... more details
distinguish Introduction to the Science of Hadith The Muqaddimah Arabic language Arabic lang ar , meaning in English language English Ibn Khaldun s Introduction , also known as the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun or the Prolegomena Greek language Greek , is a book written by the Maghreb people Maghreb ian Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun in 1377 which records an early view of universal history . Some modern thinkers view it as the first work dealing with the philosophy of history ref name Akhtar Dr. S. W. Akhtar 1997 . The Islamic Concept of Knowledge , Al Tawhid A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 3 . ref or the social sciences ref Akbar Ahmed 2002 . Ibn Khaldun s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today , Middle East Journal 56 1 , p. 25. ref of sociology , ref name Akhtar ref name Mowlana ref name Gates citation title The Spread of Ibn Khaldun s Ideas on Climate and Culture author Warren E. Gates journal Journal of the History of Ideas volume 28 issue 3 date July September 1967 pages 415 422 415 publisher University of Pennsylvania Press accessdate 2010 03 25 doi 10.2307 2708627 jstor 2708627 ref ref citation last Alatas first S. H. title The Autonomous, the Universal and the Future of Sociology journal Current Sociology year 2006 volume 54 pages 7 23 15 doi 10.1177 0011392106058831 ref demography , ref name Mowlana H. Mowlana 2001 . Information in the Arab World , Cooperation South Journal 1 . ref historiography ref name Gates ref name Salahuddin Ahmed 1999 Salahuddin Ahmed 1999 . A Dictionary of Muslim Names . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1850653569. ref or cultural history . ref name Mohamad Abdalla 2007 p. 61 70 Mohamad Abdalla Summer 2007. Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century , Islam & Science 5 1 , p. 61 70. ref ref citation title The Spread of Ibn Khaldun s Ideas on Climate and Culture author Warren E. Gates journal Journal of the History of Ideas volume 2 ... more details
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