Tax harmonisation refers to the process of making tax es identical or at least similar in a region. In practice, it usually means increasing tax in low tax jurisdictions, rather than reducing tax in high tax jurisdictions or a combination of both. The best example is the European Union where all countries must have a value added tax of at least 15 . References http economics.about.com cs moffattentries a harmonization.htm TaxHarmonization versus Tax Competition A Review of the Literature tax stub Category International taxation ... more details
About harmonization in music other Harmonisation disambiguation Harmonisation Image Yankee doodle harmonization.png thumb 350px right Yankee doodle harmonization ref Porter, Steven 1987 . Harmonization of the Chorale , p.9. ISBN 0935016805. ref audio Yankee doodle harmonization.mid Play . Image Harmonized scale.png thumb 350px right Harmonized C major scale audio Harmonized scale.mid Play I, ii, iii, IV, V7, vi, vii music dim . In music , harmonization is the chordal accompaniment to a part music line or melody Using chords and melodies together, making harmony by stacking scale tones as triads . ref Schonbrun, Marc 2006 . The Everything Music Theory Book A Complete Guide to Taking Your Understanding of Music to the Next Level , p.257. ISBN 1593376529. ref A harmonized scale can be created by using each note of a musical scale as a Root chord root note for a Chord music chord and then by taking other Note tones within the scale building the rest of a chord. ref cite book title Rhythm Guitar The Complete Guide publisher Musicians Institute Press isbn 978 0793581849 url http books.google.com books?id LDf3e7f71DEC&lpg PA48&dq Harmonized 20scale&pg PA48 v onepage&q Harmonized 20scale&f false author Bruce Buckingham coauthors Eric Paschal accessdate 19 July 2010 page 48 date October 1, 1997 ref br For example, using an Ionian mode Ionian major scale the root note would become the I major chord, the second note the ii minor chord , the third note the iii minor chord, the fourth note the IV major chord, the fifth note the V major chord or even a Dominant seventh chord dominant 7th , the sixth note the vi minor chord, the seventh note the vii Diminished triad chord diminished chord and the octave would be a I major chord. Using the minor scale minor aeolian mode one would have I minor, ii diminished, III major, iv minor, v minor, VI major, VII major and the i minor an octave higher. ref cite book title Harmony and Theory A Comprehensive Source for All Musicians publisher Musicians ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date November 2006 Downward harmonization is an econo political term describing the act of adapting the trade law s of a country with an established economy downward to the trade laws of the country with a developing economy . This harmonizing may affect labor law s, human rights laws, minimum wage , industry standards, quality control , anti terrorism , etc. See also Race to the bottom poli term stub economics stub Category Economics terminology Category Globalization ... more details
Infobox organization name Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market image OHIM logo.svg location Alicante , Spain formation 1994 leader title President leader name Ant nio Campinos website http www.oami.europa.eu oami.europa.eu The Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market Trade Marks and Designs , or OHIM lang es OAMI or lang es Oficina de Armonizacion del Mercado Interior , lang de HABM lang de Harmonisierungsamt f r den Binnenmarkt , lang fr OHMI or lang fr Office de l Harmonisation dans le March Int rieur , lang it UAMI or lang it Ufficio per l Armonizzazione nel Mercato Interno is the trademark and design s wikt registry registry for the single market internal market of the European Union . It is based in Alicante , Spain , and its president is Ant nio Campinos. Task The task of OHIM is to promote and manage Community Trade Mark s and Regulation on Community designs Community Design s within the European Union . It carries out registration procedures for titles to EU industrial property and keeps public registers of these titles. It shares with the courts in Member States of the European Union the task of pronouncing judgment on requests for invalidation of registered titles. The Office is a public establishment which enjoys legal, administrative and financial independence. The Office was created under European Union law and is an EU agency with its own legal personality. Its activities are subject to EU law. The Court of Justice of the European Union is responsible for overseeing the legality of the Office s decisions. The Office is responsible for balancing its budget from its own revenue, which is derived mainly from registration fees and fees for the renewal of trade mark protection. Operations and developments In a report released in March 2008, OHIM ... two years the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market OHIM organises a European Judges academic ... For Harmonization In The Internal Market Category 1994 in the European Union Category European Union ... more details
Taxation To tax from the Latin wikt en taxo Latin taxo I estimate is to impose a financial charge or other ... by many administrative division s. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax , and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent often but not always unpaid labour . A tax may be defined as a pecuniary ... A tax is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative ... Black Overview File Pieter Brueghel the Younger, Paying the Tax The Tax Collector oil on panel, 1620 1640. USC Fisher Museum of Art.jpg thumb 300px left Pieter Brueghel the Younger, The tax collector ... of economists, a tax is a non penal, yet compulsory transfer of resources from the private to the Public ... debated in politics and economics . Tax collection is performed by a government agency such as Canada .... br br br Tax rates Main Tax rate Taxes are most often levied as a percentage, called the tax rate . An important distinction when talking about tax rates is to distinguish between the marginal rate and the effective average rate. The effective rate is the total tax paid divided by the total amount the tax is paid on, while the marginal rate is the rate paid on the next dollar of income ... in taxes. Tax calculation 0.05 50,000 0.10 50,000 0.15 75,000 18,750 The effective .... Governments use different kinds of taxes and vary the tax rates. This is done to distribute the tax ... of the economy the government s strategy for doing this is called its fiscal policy see also tax ... classes of transaction more or less attractive. A nation s tax system is often a reflection of its communal ... choices regarding the distribution of the tax burden who will pay taxes and how much they will pay ... of establishing the tax system, these choices reflect the type of community that the public wishes ... and other expenses incurred in complying with tax laws and rules. The collection of a tax in order to spend it on a specified purpose, for example collecting a tax on alcohol to pay directly for alcoholism ... more details
The World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations is a working party WP.29 ref http www.unece.org trans main wp29 WP29 FAQ 2005.pdf ref of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNECE . It is tasked with creating a uniform set of regulations for vehicle design to facilitate international trade. The forum works on regulations covering vehicle safety , environmental protection , Efficient energy use energy efficiency and theft resistance. 1958 Agreement The core of the Forum s work is based around the 1958 Agreement , formally titled Agreement concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted and or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions . This forms a legal framework whereby participating countries agree a common set of ECE Regulations for type approval of vehicles and components. When an item is type approved for a regulation by one participating country, then the approval is accepted by all other participating countries. Originally, the 1958 Agreement allowed participation of UNECE ECE member countries only, but in 1995 the agreement was revised to allow non ECE members to participate. List of participating countries As of 2009 , the participants to the 1958 Agreement, with their ECE country code, are valign top class wikitable Code Country 1 Germany 2 France 3 Italy 4 Netherlands 5 Sweden 6 Belgium 7 Hungary 8 Czech Republic 9 Spain 10 Serbia 11 United Kingdom 12 Austria 13 Luxembourg 14 Switzerland ... expert groups including World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations. ref cite web url http oica.net category worldwide harmonization un expert group documents title OICA un expert group documents ... http www.unece.org trans main wp29 WP29 FAQ 2005.pdf World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations FAQ DEFAULTSORT World Forum For Harmonization Of Vehicle Regulations Category Automotive ... more details
integration brings continuing pressure for consumption taxharmonization as well. EU member nations ... pressure for taxharmonization extends beyond EU borders. Some neighbouring countries with Tax ... . Related terminology Tax avoidance Tax exemption TaxharmonizationTax haven Race to the bottom ...Refimprove date May 2010 Taxation Tax competition , a form of regulatory competition , exists when governments ... resources by minimizing the overall taxation level and or special tax preferences, creating a comparative advantage . Some observers suggest that tax competition is generally a central part of a government ... of wealth if it was not for tax competition lowering taxation on corporation. Many economists also argue that tax competition is beneficial in raising total tax intake due to low corporate tax ... first1 James R. title Do Tax Havens Flourish? journal Tax Policy and the Economy volume 19 pages ... governance of the public budget. ref Citation title IFC Forum Tax Competition date year url http .... Impact With tax competition in the era of globalization politicians have to keep tax rates reasonable to dissuade workers and investors from moving to a lower tax environment. Most countries started to reform their tax policies to improve their competitiveness. However, the tax burden is just one ... of both personal and corporate income tax rates tax breaks holidays i.e. time limited tax exemptions favorable tax policies for non residents raising the barriers to free movement of capital not allowing company law companies domiciled in tax haven s to bid for public contracts political pressure on lower tax countries to harmonize i.e. raise their taxes Application The European Union EU illustrates the role of tax competition. The barriers to free movement of capital and people were reduced ... tax to attract large amounts of foreign investment while paying for the necessary infrastructure ... of infrastructure transfers to low tax countries. Net contributors have not complained, however, about ... more details
Windows tax may refer to The window tax , an historic British tax on glass The Microsoft tax Licensing agreements Microsoft Windows tax , an alleged blackmail scheme against computer OEMs disambig ... more details
trty canada.pdf treaty Articles XIX and XXI. ref Harmonization of Tax Rates Tax treaties usually specify ... taxation Double Tax Avoidance Agreement . Tax treaties may cover income taxes , inheritance taxes , value added taxes , or other taxes. ref Agreements on tariffs, while technically tax treaties, are generally ... assistance in tax matters joint treaty of the Council of Europe and the OECD exists open to all nations. Tax treaties tend to reduce taxes of one treaty country for residents of the other treaty ... very few tax treaties are alike. Most treaties define which taxes are covered and who is a resident and eligible for benefits, reduce the amounts of tax withheld from interest, dividends, and royalties paid by a resident of one country to residents of the other country, limit tax of one country ... reduction of double taxation, eliminating tax evasion, and encouraging cross border trade efficiency ... University. ref It is generally accepted that tax treaties improve certainty for taxpayers and tax ... australia nz double tax agreement step closer title Comments by New Zealand Revenue Minister work ... Empty section the help of an economist date June 2010 Fiscal Tax Residency In general, the benefits of tax treaties are available only to persons who are residents of one of the treaty countries. ref See, e.g., the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital, Article 1 OECD Model ref In most cases, a resident of a country is any person that is subject to tax under the domestic laws of that country ..., OECD Model, Article 4. ref Generally, individuals are considered resident under a tax treaty and subject ..., and therefore as residents for tax treaty purposes. ref See 26 U.S.C. sec. 7701 a 30 ref ... factor. Tax residency rarely impacts citizenship or permanent resident status, though certain residency statuses under a country s immigration law may influence tax residency. ref See, e.g. ... entities and or types of income, as members of the entity rather than the entity are subject to tax ... more details
Tax courts are court s of limited jurisdiction that deal with tax issues. United States Tax Court , a United States federal court List of Judges of the United States Tax Court Uniformity and jurisdiction in U.S. federal court tax decisions State court United States Oregon Tax Court of the Oregon Judicial Department Hawaii Tax Appeal Court of the Hawai i State Judiciary Indiana Tax Court Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board Minnesota Tax Court New Jersey Tax Court Tax Court of Canada Tax Court of Canada Act EFTA Court Philippine Court of Tax Appeals disambig Category Courts by type ... more details
wiktionary A tax return is a tax form that can be filed with a government body to declare liability for taxation in various countries Tax return Australia Tax return Canada Tax return United Kingdom Tax return United States disambig ja ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A tax cap places an upper bound on the amount of government tax a person might be required to pay. In this case the tax is said to be capped. Tax caps typically affect a commercial property , or the commercial portion of a mixed commercial residential property. DEFAULTSORT Tax Cap Category Taxation Tax stub fr Bouclier fiscal ... more details
File Mantelb gen.JPG thumb German tax forms A tax form is a blank document or template supplied by a government for use in the reporting of tax information to the government or to potential taxpayers. Specific tax forms are intended to be used by taxpayer s, the government itself, or private entities that are required to report information on the tax liabilities of other private entities. See also IRS tax forms Tax information reporting Tax return Australia Tax return Canada Tax return United Kingdom Tax return United States Category Tax forms tax stub fi Veroilmoitus ... more details
Temple tax may refer to A tax reported in the New Testament imposed during Jesus s lifetime. A Roman tax imposed approx. 70CE, see Taxation of the Jews disambiguation ... more details
. A carbon tax would tax electricity production using coal. A carbon tax is an environmental tax levied ... fuels, a tax on these emissions can be levied by taxing the carbon content of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel. ref name bashmakov collection point and tax base cite book year 2001 contribution 6.2.2.2.1 Collection Point and Tax Base title Policies, Measures, and Instruments ... taxes are a type of Pigovian tax . ref cite journal year 2005 author Helm, D. title Economic Instruments ... taxes are a regressive tax , in that they disproportionately affect low income groups. The regressive nature of carbon taxes can be addressed by using tax revenues to favour low income groups. ref cite ... employment see carbon tax Footnotes footnotes . ref name association of emissions taxes with trade ... in units of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent . Economic theory public finance A carbon tax is an indirect tax a tax on a transaction as opposed to a direct tax , which taxes income. A carbon tax ... internalizing the costs associated with the goods production. A tax on a negative externality is called a Pigovian tax , and should equal the marginal cost marginal damage costs. Within Pigou s framework ..., a carbon tax would put renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and geothermal on a more competitive ... were complete and markets perfect, a carbon tax should be set equal to the SCC. Emission permits ... losses due to one country introducing a carbon tax while another country does not. ref name gupta cite web year 2007 title 13.3.3.4.3 Coordination harmonization of policies. In book chapter Policies ... tax adjustments, trade tariffs and trade bans. Border tax adjustments would account for emissions ... tax adjustments has also been discussed. ref cite journal url http www.worldcustomsjournal.org ... volume 4 pages 21 36 issue 2 ref Other types of taxes See also energy tax fee and dividend Two other types of taxes that are related to carbon taxes are emissions taxes and energy tax es. An emissions ... more details
Registration tax may refer to Vehicle registration tax Ireland the tax payable in Ireland to first register a motor vehicle. Vehicle first registration fee the tax payable in the United Kingdom to first register a motor vehicle. Road tax in the United States and Australia. disambig ... more details
Dicdef date February 2011 expand further date February 2012 Tax break is a slang term referring to any item which reduces tax, including any tax exemption , tax deduction , or tax credit . Tax break is also a pejorative term used in the United States to refer to purportedly favorable tax treatment of any class of persons, as in individuals get a tax break for xxx . Dictionary.com A special tax benefit given to promote specific economic or social objectives. For example, the U.S. government, having decided that individual home ownership is a boon to the economy, allows interest on a home mortgage to be subtracted, in whole or in part, from one s taxable income. The resulting lower taxation for homeowners constitutes a tax break. DEFAULTSORT Tax Break Category Taxation ... more details
A turnover tax is similar to a sales tax or a VAT , with the difference that it taxes intermediate and possibly capital goods. It is an indirect tax , typically on an ad valorem basis, applicable to a production process or stage. For example, when manufacturing activity is completed, a tax may be charged on some companies. Sales tax occurs when merchandise has been sold. In South Africa , the turnover tax is a simple tax on the gross income of small businesses. Businesses who elect to pay the turnover tax are exempt from VAT . Turnover tax is at a very low rate compared to most taxes, but it is calculated on gross income without any deductions. ref cite web url http www.sars.gov.za home.asp?pid 43122 title Turnover Tax for Small Business publisher South African Revenue Service accessdate April 14, 2011 ref References reflist See also Cascade tax Gross receipts tax Turnover tax in the Soviet Union DEFAULTSORT Turnover Tax Category Sales taxes lt Apyvartos mokestis zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Dicdef date December 2010 Tax investigation is an in depth investigation processed by tax authority in order to recover tax undercharged in previous years of assessment. It means that the taxpayer is suspected regarding to tax evasion , or just by random sampling . This year the IRS will audit 8 out of 10 people due to increase fraud with tax payer Ways to quantify the tax undercharged Interviewing with the taxpayer. Field visit to the taxpayer s premises. Observation of the taxpayer s business operation. Examination of the books and records. Enquiry on third parties including bank balance confirmation. Asset betterment method calculation to find out the discrepancy, tax undercharged amount. Post tax audit meeting. The issue of tax assessment or additional assessment. Prosecution or an additional tax assessment. See also Tax collection Tax administration DEFAULTSORT Tax Investigation Category Taxation Tax stub de Steuerfahndung ja ... more details
At its simplest, a company s tax expense , or tax charge, as it sometimes called, is computed in by multiplying the income before tax number, as reported to shareholders, by the appropriate tax rate. In reality ... not deductible by taxing authorities add backs , the range of tax rates applicable to various levels of income, different tax rates in different jurisdictions, multiple layers of tax on income ... Last Chance Earnings Management Using the Tax Expense to Achieve Earnings Targets by Dan S. Dhaliwal ... , as well as many other accounting principles, tax expense is the result of computing current and deferred tax payable using the asset liability method in which the balance sheet is seen as primary and the income ... tax payable is computed by multiplying the taxable income number, as reported to the tax authorities, by the appropriate tax rate. As with tax expense, the computation is made more complex by the range of tax rates that are applicable to various levels of income and the various deductions and adjustments that the tax authorities allow. In the United States, the U.K. and elsewhere, companies are permitted to report one pre tax income number also called income before tax, profit before tax or earnings before income tax to shareholders, and another, called taxable income, to the tax authorities. Differences between taxable income and the pre tax income or profit number reported for financial ... rules differ in perpetuity between accounting and tax law. Temporary differences result when the recognition of deductions for tax and accounting standards differ in their timing. The result is a gap between tax expense computed using income before tax and current tax payable computed using taxable income. This gap is known as deferred tax . If the tax expense exceeds the current tax payable then there is a deferred tax payable if the current tax payable exceeds the tax expense then there is a deferred tax receivable. In the long run, income before tax and taxable income will likely be more ... more details
Orphan date February 2011 The sponge tax was a US state level Estate tax United States estate tax linked to the calculation of the federal estate tax. States with this tax collected the amount allowable as a tax credit to the federal estate tax if paid in state estate taxes. In practice, this additional estate tax was levied directly at the state level but generated a tax credit against the federal tax up to a specified amount. Under a sponge tax regime, the estate will pay no more in total federal and state estate taxes than it would have paid if there were no state estate tax. This meant that estate planning that produced the best federal estate tax result would automatically produce the best state estate tax result. The state estate tax gets its name because the state is sponging off the federal tax. The 2001 Federal Tax Act phased out the federal credit, completely eliminating it in 2005. The federal estate tax law did replace the credit with a much lower deduction for state estate taxes paid. The effect of the elimination of the federal credit has generally been the creation of state level estate taxes to replace the lost revenue. External sources http www.pierceatwood.com showarticle.asp?Show 98 http www.ftwlaw.com articles mass estate tax.html http www.bizjournals.com dayton stories 2000 08 28 focus2.html Category Personal taxes Category State taxation in the United States ... more details
A cascade tax or cascading tax is a turnover tax that is applied at every stage in the supply chain, without any deduction for the tax paid at earlier stages. Such taxes are distorting in that they create an artificial incentive for vertical integration . ref G.R. Putland, http www.prosper.org.au 2005 11 07 critique of the debits tax and turnover tax Critique of the Debits Tax and Turnover Tax , Prosper Australia retrieved Nov.9, 2009. ref They have been replaced in Europe and many other locations by a value added tax . References reflist Category Sales taxes tax stub zh ... more details
Taxation The term indirect tax has more than one meaning. In the colloquial sense, an indirect tax such as sales tax , a per unit tax specific tax , value added tax VAT , or value added tax goods and services tax GST is a tax collected by an intermediary such as a retail store from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax such as the consumer . The intermediary later files a tax return and forwards the tax proceeds to government with the return. In this sense, the term indirect tax is contrasted with a direct tax which is collected directly by government from the persons legal or natural on which it is imposed. Some commentators have argued that a direct tax is one that cannot be shifted by the taxpayer to someone else, whereas an indirect tax can be. ref Britannica Online ... . ref An indirect tax may increase the price of a good so that consumers are actually paying the tax ... of a higher price. Thus, an indirect tax is such which can be shifted or passed on. The degree to which the burden of a tax is shifted determines whether a tax is primarily direct or primarily indirect ... indirect tax has a different meaning for U.S. constitutional law purposes see direct tax and excise tax in the United States . Features Indirect taxation is policy often used to generate tax revenue. Indirect tax is so called as it is paid indirectly by the final consumer of goods and services while paying for purchase of goods or for enjoying services. Indirect tax is broadly based since it is applied to everyone in the society whether rich or poor. The tax payer who pays the tax does not bear the burden of tax the burden is shifted to the ultimate consumers. In the case of a direct tax, the taxpayer has to bear the burden of tax personally in case of indirect tax the taxpayer and the taxbearer are not the same person. Notes reflist See also Direct tax United Kingdom Corporation Tax Income tax in the United States Value Added Tax Financial repression Canons Of Taxation Category Taxation ... more details
A privilege tax is a tax levied in exchange for a privilege or license granted to the taxpayer. The fee for registering a motor vehicle is one example of a privilege tax. Many taxes on businesses are characterized as privilege taxes. For example, Arizona s transaction privilege tax is a gross receipts tax on business. In the 1911 case of Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. , the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a corporate income tax , determining that it was an indirect tax on the privilege of doing business as a corporation . ref http www.answers.com topic income tax ixzz1L4Vi71xf Oxford Companion to the US Supreme Court Income Tax , accessed on answers.com, April 30, 2011 ref References reflist Category Taxation Category Legal terms ... more details
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