A teleology is any philosophy philosophical account which holds that final cause s exist in Nature philosophy ... because they involve aiming at goals. Teleology was explored by Plato and Aristotle , by Anselm ... began to curtail and reject the teleology of the medieval and scholastic Aristotelians, abandoning ... first Monte title Aristotle on Teleology publisher Oxford University Press pages 23 24. ref Some ... can almost always be rephrased in non teleological forms. Classical teleology Platonic In the Phaedo ... after the Second World War . In contrast teleology and grand narrative s are eschewed in the postmodern attitude ref Jean Fran ois Lyotard 1979 . ref and teleology may be viewed as reductive ... famously dismissed the naturalistic teleology of Aristotle s metaphysical biology , but he has cautiously moved from that book s account of a sociological teleology toward an exploration of what remains valid in a more traditional teleological naturalism. Teleology and ethics Teleology informs ... None ref Medical ethics Main Medical ethics Teleology provides a moral basis for the professional ..., but the action itself, the means or will, is the focus. Teleology and science See also Four causes The four causes in modern science In modern science, an explanation that relies on teleology ... and understanding to judge. ref name aristotle But using teleology as an explanation style, in particular ... author Hanke, David chapter Teleology The explanation that bedevils biology pages 143 155 title ... Apparent teleology is a recurring issue in evolutionary biology , ref Ruse, M., & Travis, J. Eds. 2009 ... to rewrite such sentences to avoid the apparent teleology. Some biology courses have incorporated .... Nevertheless, biologists still frequently write in a way which can be read as implying teleology ... of such teleology by rejecting the analogy of natural selection as a watchmaker analogy watchmaker ... . The idea of teleology Journal of the History of Ideas , 53, 117 135. ref Various commentators ... more details
Telic , a purposeful or defined action, may refer to Grammatically, indicating telicity A central argument of Teleology says that the world has clearly been constructed in a purposeful telic rather than a chaotic manner, and must therefore have been made by a rational being, i.e. God Operation Telic , the codename for the British military participation in the 2003 Iraq War disambig ... more details
Aristotelianism A telos from the Greek for end , purpose , or goal is an end or purpose, in a fairly constrained sense used by philosophers such as Aristotle . It is the root of the term teleology , roughly the study of purposiveness, or the study of objects with a view to their aims, purposes, or intentions. Teleology figures centrally in Aristotle s biology and in his theory of Four causes causes . It is central to nearly all philosophical theories of history, such as those of Hegel and Marx . One running debate in contemporary philosophy of biology is to what extent teleological language as in the purposes of various organs or life processes is unavoidable, or is simply a shorthand for ideas that can ultimately be spelled out nonteleologically. Philosophy of action also makes essential use of teleological vocabulary on Donald Davidson philosopher Davidson s account, an action is just something an agent does with an intention that is, looking forward to some end to be achieved by the action. In contrast to telos, techne is the rational method involved in producing an object or accomplishing a goal or objective however, the two methods are not mutually exclusive in principle. See also Conatus Plato Metaphysics Teleology Teleonomy Polytely External links http plato.stanford.edu entries teleology biology Teleological Notions in Biology Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http dactylfoundation.org ?page id 1893 Narrative Telos The Ordering Tendencies of Chance by Victoria N. Alexander Category Aristotle Category Philosophical concepts Philosophy stub da Telos de Zweck fr Cause finale nl Telos pt Telos filosofia sk Telos ... more details
Extrinsic finality is a principle of the philosophy of teleology that holds that a being has a final cause or purpose external to that being itself, in contrast to an intrinsic finality , or self contained purpose. One example is the view that mineral s are designed to be used by plant s that are in turn designed to be used by animal s. Over emphasizing extrinsic finality is often criticized as leading to the anthropic attribution of every event to a divine purpose, or superstition. For instance, If I hadn t been at the store today, I wouldn t have found that 100 on the ground. God must have intended for me to go to the store so I would find that money. or We won the game today because of my lucky socks. Such abuses were criticized by Francis Bacon , ref De Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum, III, iv ref Descartes , ref Principia Philosophi , I, 28 III, 2, 3 Meditationes , III, IV ref and Spinoza . ref Ethica, I, prop. 36 app. ref References Reflist Category Causality Category Teleology philosophy stub ... more details
0 8018 5055 X ref Teleology Eutaxiology is often mistaken for teleology, the study of purpose and design. However, it can be argued that eutaxiology and teleology are in fact complements to each ... is the observation of a process that occurs by chance, while teleology is always designed by some designer. ref Ernest Nagel Nagel, Ernest . Teleology . New York Columbia University Press, 1979. ref ... the existence of God , though it is used in both sides of the argument. In complement with teleology ... because God created these biochemical processes? References reflist Category Teleology Category Ethics ... more details
aspects of purpose. The term was coined to stand in contrast with teleology , which applies ... phenomenon s Antecedent logic antecedent where, teleology is a consequent representation. The concept of purpose, as only being the teleology final cause, requires impossible Temporal paradox time ... and the end, simply rejects teleology, and addresses the time reversal problem. In this, Reese sees no value for teleology and teleonomic concepts in behavior analysis however, the concept ... pmc articles PMC2733687 pdf behavan00023 0077.pdf title Teleology and Teleonomy in Behavior ... were intended as a rejection of teleology but were based on the mistaken view that the efficiency ... does not carry a commitment to Aristotelian teleology as an efficient causal principle. ref ... further analysed ref cite journal doi 10.2307 2025745 author Nagel, E. title Teleology Revisited ... 1982 isbn 90 247 2518 6 ref about the use of teleology and teleonomy by biologists quote Haldane in the 1930s can be found remarking, Teleology is like a mistress to a biologist he cannot live without ... II, ch.8, 199b Philosophy In teleology, Immanuel Kant Kant s positions as expressed in Critique of Judgment ... view sees teleology as a necessary principle for the study of organisms, but only as a regulative principle ... Christensen, W.D. title A complex systems theory of teleology journal Biology and Philosophy volume ... resist the term and still employ teleology when analyzing biological function ref cite journal ..., G. http www.ishpssb.org ocs viewabstract.php?id 161 Teleology s New Clothes Teleonomy and the Notion ... 51 differentiating four kinds of teleology . Mayr, E., What Makes Biology Unique? Considerations ... directors vna Pasadena Talk.htm Nonlinearity and Teleology http plato.stanford.edu entries information biological TelOthRicCon Biological Information Category Teleology Category Evolution Category Concepts ... more details
wikt purpose distinguish porpoise propose Purpose is a word, that as a noun or a verb , has various wikt purpose meanings including an object to be reached a target an aim a goal a result that is desired an intention. Purpose s basic concept is an individual s voluntary behavior activity awareness. The concept has a significant history in religion, philosophy and science. Purpose can be operational defined as entity class property which may, but need not have consciousness . Intentionality, target directedness, future orientation and a hypothetical result state are the central conceptual ingredients of purpose. Purpose may refer to Intention Goal Teleology Subject of discourse Related concepts Purpose as distinct doctrine for non mechanistic living organisms, see Vitalism Purpose in life, see Meaning of life Purpose in Life PIL test, see Noetic Goals Test Purpose in Immanuel Kant s biology philosophy, see Critique of Judgement Teleology Critique of Judgement Purpose in cybernetics, see Cybernetic The roots of cybernetic theory Cybernetic Purpose in living organism s structures and functions, see Teleonomy Purpose in the Aristotelian four causes, see Final cause Final cause Final cause Purpose clauses in linguistics, see Final clause See also lookfrom purpose intitle purpose All purpose disambiguation Dual purpose disambiguation General purpose disambiguation Multi purpose disambiguation Single purpose disambiguation Target disambiguation dab ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2008 A moral imperative is a principle originating inside a person s mind that compels that person to act. It is a kind of categorical imperative , as defined by Immanuel Kant . Kant took the imperative to be a dictate of pure reason, in its practical aspect. Not following the moral law was seen to be self defeating and thus contrary to reason. Later thinkers took the imperative to originate in conscience, as the divine voice speaking through the human spirit. The dictates of conscience are simply right and often resist further justification. Looked at another way, the experience of conscience is the basic experience of encountering the right . See also Portal Philosophy Deontological ethics Teleology Category Morality Category Concepts in ethics Category Intention Philo stub bs Moralni imperativ et Imperatiiv filosoofia kk ru sh Moralni imperativ ... more details
design . Proponents of teleology argue that Darwinism does not resolve a fundamental defect ... of teleology is evident in his study in functional constraints on the evolutionary development ... of Species , chapter 19 References reflist Category Theology Category Teleology ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In biology the word autogenesis has been used to describe two similar concepts Abiogenesis the origin of life, as used by Aristotle and in modern theory. ref Csanyi V, Kampis G., J Theor Biol. 1985 May 21 114 2 303 21. Autogenesis the evolution of replicative systems. PMID 4033156 ref Orthogenesis a discredited evolution ary idea that hypothesised a directed teleology teleological form of evolution. Autogenesis may also have been used to mean a combination of the two, a purposeful, directed or special creation abiogenesis event, the product of which undergoes orthogenesis. The word was used in gnostic texts such as The Secret Book of John . There it was an honorary title given to the logos, Jesus the Christ. See also Portal Evolutionary biology Evolutionary biology References references Category Evolutionary biology Evolution stub kk ru uk ... more details
Julian Bigelow 1913 2003 was a pioneering American computer engineer . Life Bigelow was born in 1913 and obtained a master s degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , studying electrical engineering and mathematics . During World War II , he assisted Norbert Wiener s research on automated Fire control system fire control for anti aircraft gun s. Bigelow coauthored with Wiener and Arturo Rosenblueth one of the founding papers on cybernetics and Teleology modern teleology , titled Behavior, Purpose and Teleology. This paper mulled over the way mechanical, biological, and electronic systems could communicate and interact. This paper instigated the formation of the Teleological Society and later the Macy conferences . Bigelow was an active member of both organizations. When John von Neumann sought to build one of the very first digital computer s at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, he hired Bigelow in 1946 as his engineer, on Wiener s recommendation. Dyson 1997 argues that the computer Bigelow built following von Neumann s design, called the IAS machine , and not the ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania or the Colossus computer designed as part of the code cracking project at Bletchley Park in England, was the first true stored program computer . Because von Neumann did not patent the IAS and wrote about it freely, 15 clones of the IAS were soon built. Nearly all general purpose computers subsequently built are recognizable as influenced by the IAS machine s design. Bigelow died on February 21, 2003 in Princeton, New Jersey . ref cite news title Julian Bigelow, 89, Mathematician and Computer Pioneer author John Markoff date February 22, 2003 newspaper New York Times url http www.nytimes.com 2003 02 22 business julian bigelow 89 mathematician and computer pioneer.html ref References reflist Further reading cite book author George B. Dyson year 1997 title Darwin among the Machines publisher Da Capo Press isbn 9780738200309 url http books.googl ... more details
to an end only . Teleology In teleology , Kant s positions were neglected for many years because ... to view organisms teleologically. Thus, teleology is a necessary principle for the study of organisms ... Idealism Yale University Press Thomas Auxter 1982 Kant s Moral Teleology Mercer University Press ... 2000 Kant and the Ends of Aesthetics Macmillan Gary Banham 2000 Teleology, Transcendental Reflection ... more details
wrote Behavior, Purpose and Teleology , which, according to Wiener himself, set the bases for the new science of Cybernetics . In his 1943 cybernetic classification Behavior, Purpose and Teleology , purpose ... feedback helps guide the predictive behavior orders. Teleology is feedback controlled purpose. ref ... Behavior, Purpose and Teleology journal Philosophy of Science volume 10 issue 1 pages 21 date Jan ... , with Walter Cannon 1943, Behavior, Purpose and Teleology , with Norbert Wiener , Julian Bigelow ... more details
Main Teleology Final cause , or telos , is defined as the purpose, end, aim, or goal of something. Aristotle ... also TeleologyTeleology and science Francis Bacon wrote in his Advancement of Learning 1605 that natural ... and Design in Biology . The MIT Press. ref and that teleology is indispensable to biology in general ... service to Natural Science in bringing back to Teleology so that, instead of Morphology versus Teleology, we shall have Morphology wedded to Teleology . Darwin quickly responded, What you say about Teleology ... of Teleology and Morphology, and the explanation of the facts of both, which his view offers ... of teleology Journal of the History of Ideas , 53, 117 135. ref Various commentators view the teleological ... to rewrite such sentences to avoid the apparent teleology. Some biology courses have .... Nevertheless, biologists still frequently write in a way which can be read as implying teleology ... Lacan Teleology The purpose of a system is what it does , Anthony Stafford Beer s POSIWID ... more details
Telos is Greek for purpose, end, or goal . It may refer to one of the following Companies Telos company , a defense contractor and software business in Ashburn, Virginia Telos Systems , a manufacturer of equipment for broadcasting stations Telos Publishing Ltd. , a publishing company that deals primarily in horror fantasy and unofficial program guides Literature Telos journal Telos journal , a journal of politics, philosophy, and critical theory, and its accompanying publishing company, Telos Press Telos fanzine Telos fanzine , a defunct fanzine Computer science Telos computer science , a logic based knowledge representation language TELOS, acronym for The EuLisp Object System In fiction Telos Star Wars , a planet in the Star Wars universe Telos Doctor Who , a planet in the television series Doctor Who List of antagonists in Xenosaga T elos T elos , an antagonist in the video game series Xenosaga Other Telos philosophy , the philosophical concept of purpose it is related to teleology, the study of design, purpose, and intent Tilos Ancient Greek Telos , a Greek island in the Dodecanese TELOS , acronym in Project Management regarding feasibility studies A trade name of the drug lornoxicam disambig de Telos fr Telos homonymie it Telos pt Telos sk Telos sr ... more details
italic title Progression of Animals or On the Gait of Animals lang la De incessu animalium is a text by Aristotle on the details of gait and movement in various species of animals. Aristotle s approach to the subject is to ask why some animals are footless, others bipeds, others quadrupeds, others polypods, and why all have an even number of feet, if they have feet at all why in fine the points on which progression depends are even in number. It s a good example of the way he brought teleology teleological presumptions to empirical studies. Texts and translations Greek text and English translation by E.S. Forster Loeb Classical Library , Aristotle Parts of Animals, Movement of Animals, Progression of Animals, 1937 http www.archive.org details partsofanimals00aris archive.org On the Gait of Animals , translated by A. S. L. Farquharson, Oxford, 1912 http books.google.com books?id u7 WAAAAMAAJ&lpg PP1&ots ova WFdZoy&dq farquharson 20aristotle&pg PR4 IA125 v onepage&q&f false Google Books , http etext.library.adelaide.edu.au a aristotle gait Adelaide HTML , http classics.mit.edu Aristotle gait anim.html MIT Classics HTML http www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com GreekClassics AristotleIncessuAn.htm Greek text with Farquharson s translation facing http remacle.org bloodwolf philosophes Aristote marche.htm Greek text with French translation and commentary by Jules Barth lemy Saint Hilaire science book stub Category Works by Aristotle is Um g ngulag d ra pt Da Marcha dos Animais fi El inten kehittymisest ... more details
Aubrey Lackington Moore 1848 1890 was one of the first Christian Darwinism Darwinians . He has been described as the clergyman who more than any other man was responsible for breaking down the antagonisms towards Evolution then widely felt in the English Church . Citation needed date February 2007 Moore argued that Darwinism was not in conflict with Christianity. He differed from other religious figures at the time by accepting the theory of natural selection, incorporating it into his Christian beliefs as merely the way God worked. He was curator of the Botanical Gardens in England in 1887. He wrote two books Science and Faith 1889 and Essays Scientific and Philosophical 1890 , and was a contributor to Lux Mundi 1889 . ref Moore, James 1910 The Post Darwinian Controversies 1870 1900 , Cambridge University Press. ref References references NOTE This book is by historian James Moore, NOT Aubrey Moore. For a fine if brief review of Aubrey Moore s impact and times, see Natural Selection, Teleology, and the Logos, by Richard England, in Osiris, vol. 16 pp 270 287 2001 . Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Moore, Aubrey ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1848 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1890 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Moore, Aubrey Category 1848 births Category 1890 deaths UK reli bio stub ... more details
Darwiniana is a collection of essays by botanist Asa Gray . The articles both defended the theory of evolution from the standpoint of botany, and sought reconciliation with theology by arguing theistic evolution , that natural selection is not inconsistent with natural theology Natural Theology . Notes reflist References Gray, Asa. 1876 . Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism . Appleton reissued by Cambridge University Press , 2009 ISBN 9781108001960 citation last Gray first Asa authorlink Asa Gray title Darwiniana Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism url http darwin online.org.uk content frameset?viewtype side&itemID A336&pageseq 1 year 1888 publisher D. Appleton location New York accessdate 2008 02 17 Zirkle, Conway 1964, May 8 . Review Darwiniana Science , New Series, Vol. 144, No. 3619 , pp. 724 725. External sources Asa Gray . http www.gutenberg.org etext 5273 Darwiniana Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism Citation last Miles first Sara Joan year 2001 title Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design periodical Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith volume 53 pages 196 201 url http www.asa3.org ASA PSCF 2001 PSCF9 01Miles.html accessdate 2009 02 09 http www.darwinproject.ac.uk content view 110 104 Darwin and design historical essay . Category Essay collections nonfiction book stub ... more details
Johann Nepomuk Ehrlich February 21, 1810 October 23, 1864 was an Austrian theologian and philosopher who was born in Vienna . He initially studied philosophy in Krems an der Donau Krems 1828 1829 , and from 1829 to 1834 studied philosophy and theology at the University of Vienna . In 1834 he received his ordination , and from 1836 taught classes in philosophy, history and literature at the Gymnasium school gymnasium in Krems. In 1850 he obtained the theological doctorate in T bingen , and during the same year was appointed professor of moral theology in University of Graz Graz . Two years later he relocated to the Charles University in Prague University of Prague as a professor of moral theology, where in 1856 he became a professor of fundamental theology. In 1827, while still a teenager, Ehrlich joined the Piarists . In 1853 he became an associate member of the Bohemian Society of Sciences . Among his written works in theology and philosophy are the following Leitfaden der Metaphysik A Guide to Metaphysics , 1841 Metaphysik als rationale Ontologie Metaphysics as a Rational Ontology , 1841 Lehre von der Bestimmung der Menschen als rationale Teleologie Doctrine of the Determination of the People as Rational Teleology , Part 1 , 1842 Das Christentum und die Religionen des Morgenlandes Christianity and the Religions of the Eastern World , 1843 Lehre von der Bestimmung der Menschen als rationale Teleologie Doctrine of Determination of the People as Rational Teleology, Part 2 , 1845 Die neuesten Vorschl ge zur Reform der philosophische Ethik The Newest Proposals for Reform of Philosophical Ethics , 1847 Briefe eines Piaristen an seine Ordensbr der in den K. K. sterreichischen Staaten Letter from the Piarists to Religious Brethren in the Royal Austrian State , 1848 ber das christlichen Prinzip der Gesellschaft Concerning the Christian Principle of Society , 1856 Fundamentaltheologie Fundamental Theology, 1859 1862 Apologetische Erg nzungen zur Fundamentaltheologie Apolo ... more details
File william james small.png thumb right William James was an earlier adherent to meliorism as a halfway between metaphysical optimism and pessimism. about the philosophical concept the political wing of the Italian Communist Party Meliorism politics Meliorism is an idea in metaphysics metaphysical thinking holding that progress is a real concept leading to an improvement of the world. It holds that humans can, through their interference with processes that would otherwise be natural, produce an outcome which is an improvement over the aforementioned natural one. Meliorism, as a conception of the person and society, is at the foundation of contemporary liberal democracy and human rights and is a basic component of liberalism . ref http www.sprc.unsw.edu.au media File dp068.pdf ref Another important understanding of the meliorist tradition comes from the American Pragmatic tradition. One can read about it in the works of Lester Frank Ward , William James , Ralph Nader , and John Dewey . Meliorism has also been used by Arthur Caplan to describe positions in bioethics that are in favor of ameliorating conditions which cause suffering, even if the conditions have long existed e.g. being in favor of cures for common diseases, being in favor of serious anti aging therapies as they are developed . See also Techno progressivism Extropianism The Ultimate Resource Teleology Transhumanism References reflist External links Wikisource1911Enc Meliorism Graebner, Norman, http www.vqronline.org articles 2000 winter graebner limits The Limits of Meliorism in Foreign Affairs , Virginia Quarterly Review , Winter 2000 philo stub Category Metaphysical theories de Meliorismus fa fr M liorisme pl Melioryzm uk ... more details
unreferenced date October 2008 A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History hereafter known as ATYNH is a 1997 in literature 1997 book by Manuel De Landa . The book forms part of DeLanda s ongoing project of applying dynamical system dynamical systems theory and the like to such diverse fields as history, analytical science and Philosophical realism realist philosophy , challenging prevailing paradigms in each instance. Specifically, ATYNH offers a novel Gilles Deleuze neo Cartesian reading of history which sees the evolution and interplay of complex systems geological, economic and linguistic as primary, and opposes naive teleology teleological notions of anthropocentric progress, to paraphrase the author. The book chooses an arbitrary starting date, 1000CE, and plots the fluctuations, bifurcation s and extinctions of various heterogeneous or wiktionary Homogenous homogenous aggregates of matter the author uses the word matter to describe the elements of any accumulation of geological, economic and linguistic content from this point until 2000CE. One of the central points of ATYNH is that the patterns of behaviour inherent in the study of complex systems eg. strange attractor s, emergent property emergent properties are found in all these domains of matter , informing a view of the world as a dynamic, highly interconnected bricolage of self adaptive, amorphous systems composed of morphogenetically potent matter. In summary, ATYNH conceives of a world of infinite variation, one which is immanent, both hierarchical as well as non hierarchical and a mesh work of linear and non linear progressions, and thus one which can be most accurately modeled using the tools provided by complex systems, emergence theory and other related fields of study. De Landa s later book, Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy , sees all phenomena in the abovementioned domains as emerging from a core set of abstract yet real dynamic systems which are themselves multiplicitous and in constant flux. ... more details
The outcome bias is an error made in evaluating the quality of a decision when the outcome of that decision is already known. Overview One will often judge a past decision by its ultimate outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made, given what was known at that time. This is an error because no decision maker ever knows whether or not a calculated risk will turn out for the best. The actual outcome of the decision will often be determined by chance, with some risks working out and others not. Individuals whose judgments are influenced by outcome bias are seemingly holding decision makers responsible for events beyond their control. Baron and Hershey 1988 presented subjects with hypothetical situations in order to test this. ref Baron J. & Hershey J.C. 1988 . Outcome bias in decision evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 54 4 Apr, 569 579. ref One such example involved a surgeon deciding whether or not to do a risky surgery on a patient. The surgery had a known probability of success. Subjects were presented with either a good or bad outcome in this case living or dying , and asked to rate the quality of the surgeon s pre operation decision. Those presented with bad outcomes rated the decision worse than those who had good outcomes. The reason why an individual makes this mistake is that he or she will incorporate presently available information when evaluating a past decision. To avoid the influence of outcome bias, one should evaluate a decision by ignoring information collected after the fact and focusing on what the right answer is, or was at the time the decision was made. See also Historian s fallacy Deontology vs. teleology and consequentialism ethics ethical theories List of cognitive biases References reflist Biases Category Cognitive biases pl Efekt wyniku ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
