Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Temporalcoding is a type of neural coding in which a neuron encodes information through the precise timing of action potential s, or spikes, on a millisecond time scale. There is no universal definition of temporalcoding almost any coding scheme that is not neural coding Rate coding rate coding may be referred to as a temporal ... the idea of rate coding and temporalcoding. However, many systems of the body utilize a more complex coding system than could be considered reasonable for a rate code. Recent research suggests that the more information dense temporal code could solve this problem. Neurons exhibit high frequency fluctuations ... in Systems Neuroscience. Oxford Univ. Press, 2006. p.143 158. ref The theory of temporalcoding offers ... to mark the spikes 1 for a spike, 0 for no spike. Temporalcoding allows the sequence 000111000111 ... The mammalian gustatory system is useful for studying temporalcoding because of the fairly distinct ... M. Di Lorenzo. 2006 . http dx.doi.org 10.1016 j.neubiorev.2006.07.005 Temporalcoding in the gustatory ... between two bitter tastants, such as quinine and denatonium . In this way, both rate coding and temporalcoding may be used in the gustatory system rate for basic tastant type, temporal for more specific ... situations. For this reason, temporalcoding may play a part in coding defined edges rather than ... F 1995 Implications The specificity of temporalcoding requires highly refined technology to create ... can test whether or not temporalcoding occurs in specific neural circuits. ref Han X, Qian X ... where the brain uses a temporalcoding system is important and valuable for neuroscientists and patients .... 2001 . Rate Coding Versus Temporal Order Coding What the Retinal Ganglion Cells Tell the Visual Cortex ... within a localized area. The latter is sometimes referred to as correlation coding . ref Dayan P ... biologically significant information. ref name Theunissen F 1995 Theunissen F, Miller JP. Temporal ... more details
wiktionarypar temporalTemporal can refer to of or relating to time Temporality in philosophy Temporal database , a database recording aspects of time varying values The Temporal power Papal of the Popes of the Roman Catholic Church The Lords Temporal , secular members of the House of Lords Temporal laws, as distinct from sacred or eternal laws Temporal video game , a freeware platform and puzzle game of or relating to the temple anatomy Temporal bone , a part of the skull Temporal lobe , a part of the brain Temporal scales in logic, it can refer to Temporal logic disambig de Temporal es Temporal gl Temporal it Temporale disambigua pt Temporal ur Temporal ... more details
wiktionary codingCoding may refer to Channel coding in coding theory Line coding Computer programming , the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs The process of Statistical classification of information Coding social sciences , refers to an analytical process in which data, in both quantitative form such as questionnaires results or qualitative such as interview transcripts are categorised to facilitate analysis Coding therapy , a controversial therapy used to treat addictions Legal coding , the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation A coding strand of DNA is translated into a protein product Present progressive tense for Code Blue emergency code Code Blue , which is a patient in Cardiac Arrest or Respiratory Arrest See also Code , a rule for converting a piece of information for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture into another form or representation one sign into another sign , not necessarily of the same type Entropy encoding , a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium Source coding Medical coding disambiguation ... more details
Temporal gyrus may refer to the inferior temporal gyrus the middle temporal gyrus the superior temporal gyrus the transverse temporal gyrus dab ... more details
intervals Temporalcoding ISI s between two successive spikes in a spike train often vary, apparently ... coding or temporalcoding is a topic of intense debate within the neuroscience community, even though ... relies on the implicit assumption that there are always populations of neurons. Temporalcoding ... neural coding strategy is being used. Temporalcoding refers to temporal precision in the response ... of a temporal code difficult. The issue of temporalcoding is distinct and independent from the issue of independent spike coding. If each spike is independent of all the other spikes in the train, the temporal .... ref In temporalcoding, learning can be explained by activity dependent synaptic delay modifications ... not only on spike rates rate coding but also on spike timing patterns temporalcoding , i.e., can ... codingTemporalcoding NeuroElectroDynamics Category Neural coding Category Computational neuroscience ...Merge from Correlation coding Independent spike coding Phase of firing code Population coding Rate coding Sparse codingTemporalcoding NeuroElectroDynamics Neural ensemble discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Neural coding is a neuroscience related field concerned with how ... goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the Stimulus physiology ... A highly efficient coding scheme for neural networks , SJ Thorpe Parallel processing in neural systems .... Sensory neurons change their activities by firing sequences of action potentials in various temporal ... in neural coding studies. If the brief duration of an action potential about 1ms is ignored, an action ... or part of the signal? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 389 397 ref The study of neural coding involves ... a stimulus, or certain aspects of that stimulus, from the spike sequences it evokes. Coding schemes A sequence, or train , of spikes may contain information based on different coding schemes ..., a complex temporal code is based on the precise timing of single spikes. They may be locked to an external ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The rate coding model of neuron al firing communication states that as the intensity of a stimulus increases the frequency or rate of action potential s, or spike firing , increases. Rate coding is sometimes called frequency coding . This phenomenon was originally shown by Edgar Adrian ED Adrian and Yngve Zotterman Y Zotterman in 1926. ref cite journal title The impulses produced by sensory nerve endings Part II The response of a single end organ. author Adrian ED & Zotterman Y. journal J Physiol Lond. year 1926 volume 61 pages 151 171 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC1514782 ref In this simple experiment different weights were hung from a muscle . As the weight of the stimulus increased, the number of spikes recorded from sensory nerves innervating the muscle also increased. From these original experiments Adrian and Zotterman concluded that action potentials were unitary events, and that the frequency of events, and not individual event magnitude, was the basis for most inter neuronal communication. See also Neural codingTemporalcoding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding References references Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The correlation coding model of neuron al firing claims that correlations between action potential s, or spikes , within a spike train may carry additional information above and beyond the simple timing of the spikes. It has been theoretically demonstrated that correlation between spike trains can only reduce, and never increase, the total mutual information present in the two spike trains about a stimulus feature. ref KO Johnson, J Neurophysiol. 1980 Jun 43 6 1793 815. ref Any degree of correlation reduces the total entropy thus, by Fisher information Fisher s Information Theorem , correlations can only reduce information. However, this does not prevent correlations from carrying information not present in the average firing rate of two pairs of neurons. A good example of this exists in the pentobarbital anesthetized marmoset auditory cortex, in which a pure tone causes an increase in the number of correlated spikes, but not an increase in the mean firing rate, of pairs of neurons. ref Nature. 1996 Jun 13 381 6583 610 3 ref Contrast this with independent spike coding . See also Rate codingTemporalcoding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Population coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 references Category Neural coding neuroscience stub uk ... more details
Temporal region can refer to Temporal lobe Temple anatomy disambig Excess long comment to prevent listing on Special Shortpages ............................................................ more details
Temporal branches can refer to any one of several different structures near the temple anatomy or temporal bone Nerves Temporal branches of the facial nerve rami temporales nervi facialis superficial temporal branches of auriculotemporal nerve rami temporales superficiales nervi auriculotemporalis Arteries Temporal branches of the middle meningeal artery Temporal branches of the middle cerebral artery posterior temporal branches of lateral occipital artery rami temporales posteriores arteriae occipitalis lateralis anterior temporal branches of lateral occipital artery rami temporales anteriores arteriae occipitalis lateralis disambig ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The sparse code is a kind of neural code in which each item is encoded by the strong activation of a relatively small .... As a consequence, sparseness may be focused on temporal sparseness a relatively small number of time ... coding from Olshausen et al. is that sparse coding of natural images produces wavelet like oriented ... a potentially large set of input patterns, sparse coding algorithms attempt to automatically find a small ... input patterns. The sparse coding for the input then consists of those representative patterns ..., and so a sparse coding for English would be those symbols. Linear Generative Model Most models of sparse coding are based on the linear generative model. ref name Rehn cite journal first1 Martin ... numbered input vectors math vec xi in mathbb R k math , the goal of sparse coding is to determine ... Alexis last3 Raina first3 Rajat last4 Ng first4 Andrew Y. title Efficient sparse coding algorithms ... These refer to the distribution of basis vector coefficients for typical inputs. A coding with soft .... ref name Rehn Another measure of coding is whether it is critically complete or overcomplete . If the number of basis vectors n is equal to the dimensionality k of the input set, the coding is said ... in the coefficients, and the coding is not able to gracefully handle small scalings, small translations ... of the input set, the coding is overcomplete . Overcomplete codings smoothly interpolate between ... Olhausen first2 David J. last2 Field title Sparse Coding with an Overcomplete Basis Set A Strategy ... a 196 dimensional space is coded by roughly 100,000 neurons. ref name Rehn See also Rate coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Grandmother cell References references Bibliography F ldi k P, Endres D, http www.scholarpedia.org article Sparse Coding Sparse coding ... 6583 607 9, jun 1996. Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Temporal fossa Latin fossa temporalis GraySubject 46 GrayPage 183 Image Fossatemporalis.PNG Caption The temporal fossa is clearly visible in this picture Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The temporal fossa is a shallow depression on the side of the human skull skull bounded by the temporal lines and terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch . Boundaries Medial Os frontale , os parietale , os temporale , os sphenoidale , os occipitale bones of neurocranium . Lateral Temporal fascia Anterior Posterior surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the posterior surface of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. Superior Pair of temporal lines superior and inferior temporal lines that arch across the skull from the zygomatic process of the frontal bone to the supramastoid crest of the temporal bone Inferior Zygomatic arch laterally and by the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid medially. Contents Temporalis muscle Deep temporal arteries Deep temporal nerves Superficial temporal artery from external carotid Zygomaticotemporal nerve File Temporal fossa.jpg thumb 300px Temporal fossa External links eMedicineDictionary Temporal fossa Sutures musculoskeletal stub Category Skull hu Fossa temporalis pl D skroniowy ro Fosa temporal sv Fossa temporalis ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Nerve Name Temporal nerves Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Mandibular nerve branches.png Caption Mandibular nerve branches. Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom trigeminal nerve , facial nerve BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The temporal nerves innervates the temporal muscle or the skin and can be either Deep temporal nerves , from the trigeminal nerve Temporal branches of the facial nerve Category Nerves Neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Muscle infobox Name Temporal muscle Image Gray382.png Caption The Temporalis the zygomatic arch and Masseter have been removed. Latin musculus temporalis Origin temporal lines on the parietal bone of the skull. Insertion Coronoid process of the mandible coronoid process of the Human mandible mandible . Blood deep temporal arteries deep temporal Nerve mandibular nerve V3 Action Elevation kinesiology elevation and Retraction kinesiology retraction of Human mandible mandible Antagonist Platysma muscle The temporal muscle , also known as the temporalis , is one of the muscles of mastication . It covers much of the temporal bone . Structure It arises from the temporal fossa and the deep part of temporal fascia . It passes medial to the zygomatic arch and inserts onto the coronoid process of the Human mandible mandible . The temporal muscle is covered by the temporal fascia , also known as the temporal aponeurosis. The muscle is accessible on the Temple anatomy temples , and can be seen and felt Muscle contraction contracting while the jaw is clenching and unclenching. Innervation As with the other muscles of mastication, control of the temporal muscle comes from the third mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve . Specifically, the muscle is innervated by the deep temporal nerves . Blood supply The muscle receives its blood supply from the deep temporal arteries which anastomose with the middle temporal artery . Actions Contraction of the temporal muscle retrudes and elevates the mandible. The posterior horizontal fibers retract the mandible while the anterior vertical fibers elevate the mandible. Additional images gallery Image Temporal muscle.jpg Temporal muscle Image Temporal muscle 2.jpg Temporal muscle Image Temporal muscle 3.jpg Temporal muscle Image Illu head neck muscle.jpg ... ca M scul temporal cs Sval sp nkov de Musculus temporalis es M sculo temporal fr Muscle temporal gl M sculo temporal hr Sljepoo ni mi i it Muscolo temporale hu Hal nt kizom nl Musculus temporalis ... more details
postscript none ref . Contrast this with sparse coding . See also Rate codingTemporalcoding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Neural coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical ...Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Population coding is a means by which information is coded in a group of neurons. In population coding, each neuron has a distribution of responses over some set of inputs, and the responses of many neurons may be combined to determine some value about the inputs. In one classic example in primary motor cortex, Georgopoulos and colleagues trained monkeys to move a joystick towards a lit target. ref http homepage.psy.utexas.edu homepage class psy394U hayhoe IntroSensoryMotorSystems week6 Ch38.pdf Intro to Sensory Motor Systems Ch. 38 page 766 ref ref Science. 1986 Sep 26 233 4771 1416 9 ref They found that a single neuron would fire for multiple target directions. However it would fire fastest for one direction and more slowly depending on how close the target was to the neuron s preferred direction. Kenneth Johnson originally derived that if each neuron represents movement in its preferred direction, and the vector sum of all neurons is calculated each neuron has a firing rate and a preferred direction , the sum points in the direction of motion. In this manner, the population of neurons codes the signal for the motion. This particular population code is referred to as population vector coding. This particular study divided the field of motor physiologists between Evarts upper motor neuron group, which followed the hypothesis that motor cortex neurons contributed to control of single muscles, and the Georgopoulos group studying the representation of movement directions in cortex. Typically ... in the set of neurons. The Johnson Georgopoulos vector coding is an example of simple averaging ... Category Neural coding ... more details
of temporal lobe. IsPartOf Brain Components Artery Middle cerebral artery Middle cerebral and br ... Temporal Lobe MeshNumber A08.186.211.730.885.213.863 NeuroLex Temporal Lobe NeuroLexID birnlex 1160 The temporal lobe is a region of the cerebral cortex that is located beneath the Sylvian fissure on both cerebral hemisphere s of the mammal ian brain . ref cite web title Temporal Lobe url http www.ruf.rice.edu ... 2011 ref The temporal lobe is involved in Hearing sense auditory perception and is home to the primary ... perception vision . The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of long term memory . File Temporal lobe animation small.gif thumb left Animation human left temporal lobe right side similar . The superior temporal gyrus includes an area within the Sylvian ... areas in the superior, posterior and lateral parts of the temporal lobes are involved in high level auditory processing. In humans this includes speech, for which the left temporal lobe in particular seems to be specialized. Wernicke s area , which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes ... temporal lobe are not limited to low level perception but extend to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions. The underside ventral part of the temporal cortices appear ... are involved in object perception and recognition. The medial temporal lobes near the Sagittal ... episodic declarative memory . Deep inside the medial temporal lobes lie the hippocampus hippocampi ... amnesia . Medial Temporal Lobe The medial temporal lobe consists of structures that are vital for explicit memory. The link between the medial temporal lobe and memory was first hypothesized a century ... the medial temporal lobe include the hippocampal regions and the parahippocampal gyrus, which consists ... formation, the surrounding medial temporal cortex is also cited as playing a part in establishing ... of function, whereas extensive lesions that include the hippocampus and the medial temporal ... more details
Rocher global.jpg left temporal bone. Prepared and articulate Image Gray190.png The skull from the front .... Image Cranium 4.jpg Temporal bone File Skull 2.jpg Temporal bone File Sphenoid and temporal bones 4.jpg Sphenoid and temporal bones File Mandibular fossa 3.jpg Mandibular fossa File Zygomatic arch.jpg ... terms, the temporal bone is derived from the fusion of many bones that are often separate in non ... between the two temporal fenestra e of diapsid reptiles. ref name VB cite book author Romer, Alfred ... of the temporal bone, which derive from the periotic bone , formed from the fusion of a number of bones ... entotympanic bone . The auditory bulla is homologous with the tympanic part of the temporal bone. ref ... Ossification of temporal bone Bone Terminology Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Temporal fenestrae Temporomandibular joint temporal muscle References reflist Gray s External links RocheLexicon ... nan Jiap su kut br Askorn ividig ca Os temporal cs Sp nkov kost de Schl fenbein es Hueso temporal eo Temporalo fa fr Os temporal gl so temporal ko hr Sljepoo na kost it Osso temporale ... ja pl Ko skroniowa pt Osso temporal ro Osul temporal ru sk Sp nkov ... Temporal Kemik uk zh ... more details
Temporal power is a term of art in medieval and early modern political philosophy to refer to worldly power, as contrasted with spiritual power. The temporal power simply , the state polity or secular authority, in contrast to the Church or spiritual authority Temporal power Papal , the worldly power exercised by the Roman Pontiff, especially as he historically governed the Papal States, in contrast with his spiritual power as head of the visible Catholic Church. See also http www.newadvent.org cathen 14250c.htm State and Church disambig Category Medieval politics ... more details
Elias coding is term used for one of two types of lossless coding schemes used in digital communications Shannon Fano Elias coding , a precursor to arithmetic coding , in which probabilities are used to determine codewords Universal code data compression Universal coding using one of Elias three universal codes, each with predetermined codewords Elias delta coding Elias gamma coding Elias omega coding Disambig cs Eliasovy k dy ... more details
Temporal Analyst is an extension of ArcMap ESRI for storage, management, processing, plotting and analysis of virtually any time releated data inside ArcGIS sup TM sup application and was developed by DHI Water.Environment.Health . Temporal Analyst tool for GIS brings time series data management directly into ArcGIS sup TM sup and provides fully dynamic data handling, modeling and monitoring. Applications Temporal Analyst can be used for storage, management and n of temporal data in a spatial context, multi disciplinary data analyses and processing hydrology, ecology, health, etc , and maps and reports of time series statistics and properties. External links http www.dhigroup.com DHI Water.Environment.Health Category Hydrology models Category Hydraulic engineering Category Environmental engineering Category Physical geography ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Temporal line Latin linea temporalis GraySubject 32 GrayPage 134 Image Gray132.png Caption Left parietal bone . Outer surface. Image2 Gray188 Coronal suture.png Caption2 Side view of the skull. Temporal lines are slightly above tip of arrow. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 10 DorlandsSuf 12495892 Crossing the middle of the parietal bone in an arched direction are two curved lines, the superior and inferior temporal lines the former gives attachment to the temporal fascia , and the latter indicates the upper limit of the muscular origin of the Temporalis . See also Temporal fossa Additional images gallery Image Gray134.png Frontal bone. Outer surface. Image Gray1193.svg Side view of head, showing surface relations of bones. gallery External links http face and emotion.com dataface anatomy media Morris skull lateralview.jpg 17 and 18 source http face and emotion.com dataface anatomy skullviews.jsp here RocheLexicon 34256.000 2 Gray s Skull Category Bones of the head and neck musculoskeletal stub ro Linia temporal superioar sv Linea temporalis th ... more details
about the computer science term the biological term Reproductive isolation unreferenced date October 2006 In computer science , temporal isolation is the capability of a set of processes running on the same mode to run without interferences concerning their temporal constraints among each other. Specifically, there is temporal isolation among processes whenever the ability for each process to respect its own timing constraints e.g. terminating a computation within a time limit specified time does not depend on the temporal behavior of other unrelated processes running on the same system, thus sharing with it a set of resources such as the CPU, disk, network, etc. Operating systems able to provide such guarantees to running processes are suitable for hosting Real time computing real time applications. DEFAULTSORT Temporal Isolation Category Computing terminology Category Computer science articles needing expert attention Category Real time computing Compu sci stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Temporal fascia Latin fascia temporalis GraySubject 109 GrayPage 386 Image Gray382.png Caption The Temporalis the zygomatic arch and Masseter have been removed. Image2 Gray378.png Caption2 Muscles of the head, face, and neck. Temporal fascia labeled at top center. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 02 DorlandsSuf 12476769 The temporal fascia covers the Temporalis muscle . It is a strong, fibrous investment, covered, laterally, by the Auricularis anterior and superior, by the galea aponeurotica , and by part of the Orbicularis oculi . The superficial temporal vessels and the auriculotemporal nerve cross it from below upward. Above, it is a single layer, attached to the entire extent of the superior temporal line but below, where it is fixed to the zygomatic arch , it consists of two layers, one of which is inserted into the lateral, and the other into the medial border of the arch. A small quantity of fat, the orbital branch of the superficial temporal artery , and a filament from the zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve , are contained between these two layers. It affords attachment by its deep surface to the superficial fibers of the Temporalis. Gray s Head and neck general Category Muscles of the head and neck anatomy stub fa ru ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2007 Merge to Auditory masking date September 2010 Temporal masking or non simultaneous masking occurs when a sudden stimulus sound makes loudness inaudible other sounds which are present immediately preceding or following the stimulus. Masking which obscures a sound immediately preceding the masker is called backward masking or pre masking and masking which obscures a sound immediately following the masker is called forward masking or post masking . Temporal masking s effectiveness attenuates exponentially from the onset and offset of the masker, with the onset attenuation lasting approximately 20 ms and the offset attenuation lasting approximately 100 ms. Similar to simultaneous masking , temporal masking reveals the frequency analysis performed by the auditory system forward masking thresholds for complex harmonic tones e.g., a sawtooth probe with a fundamental frequency of 500 Hz exhibit threshold peaks i.e., high masking levels for frequency bands centered on the first several harmonics. In fact, auditory bandwidths measured from forward masking thresholds are narrower and more accurate than those measured using simultaneous masking. Temporal masking should not be confused with the ear ear s acoustic reflex , an involuntary response in the middle ear that is activated to protect the ear s delicate structures from loud sound s. See also Simultaneous masking Spectral masking References http www.roger russell.com columns combfilter2.htm External links http www.soundonsound.com sos aug98 articles datacompression.html http www.minidisc.org aes atrac.html http www.stonebridgemastering.com blog ?p 177 Temporal Masking by Stonebridge Mastering DEFAULTSORT Temporal Masking Category Hearing Category Acoustics ca Emmascarament temporal es Enmascaramiento temporal ja ... more details
Refimprove date September 2010 Temporal parts is a concept used in contemporary metaphysics in the debate ... have temporal parts as well. A temporal part would thus be something like the first year of a person ... . Originally it was argued that those who believe in temporal parts believe in perdurantism , that persisting objects are wholes composed entirely of temporal parts. This view was contrasted with endurantism , the claim that objects are wholly present at any one time thus not having different temporal ... believe that even endurantists should accept temporal parts. Definition Not everyone was happy with the definition ... by analogy they still had no real idea what a temporal part was meant to be 1981 133 , whilst others have felt that whether temporal parts existed or not is merely a verbal dispute Eli Hirsch ... 1998 256 . The early attempts included identifying temporal parts with ordered pairs of times and objects, but it seems relatively unproblematic that temporal parts exist given the definition and ordered ... objects with events, and as events having temporal parts was not problematic for example, the first and second halves of a football match , it was imagined that persisting objects could have temporal ..., the earliest was Thomson blockquote x is a cross sectional temporal part of y small df small T y ... who could not understand what a temporal part is by defining it in terms of part at a time or parthood ... definition, which is widely used blockquote x is an instantaneous temporal part of y at instant ... x is an instantaneous temporal part of y small df small i x is a part of y ii x overlaps every ... region gives the following blockquote x is a temporal part of y throughout T small df small i x exists ... from temporary intrinsics Temporal parts are sometimes used to account for change. The problem of change ... changes from having long hair to short hair, then the temporal parts theorist can say that change is the difference between the temporal parts of a temporally extended object the person . So, the person ... more details
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