TetracyclineControlledTranscriptionalActivation is a method of inducible gene expression expression where Transcription genetics transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of the antibiotic tetracycline or one of its derivatives e.g. doxycycline . In nature, the P sub tet sub promoter expresses TetR, the repressor, and TetA, the protein that pumps tetracycline antibiotic out of the cell ... http www.la press.com tetracycline regulated systems in functional oncogenomics article a200 A detailed overview of Tet systems in functional oncogenomics References reflist DEFAULTSORT TetracyclineControlledTranscriptionalActivation Category Genetics experiments da Tetracyklinkontrolleret ... VP16 activation domain to create a transcriptional activator protein transactivator rather ... transcriptionalactivation domains. It was discovered in 2000 as one of two improved mutants by H ... 2000 title Exploring the sequence space for tetracycline dependent transcriptional activators Novel ... to tetracycline response elements TREs located within an inducible promoter. The difference between ... to doxycycline Dox, a more stable tetracycline analogue Tet Off activates expression in the absence ... M. Gossen pmid 1319065 title Tight Control of Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells by Tetracycline Responsive ... pnas.89.12.5547 issue 12 pmc 49329 ref This system makes use of the tetracycline transactivator tTA protein created by fusing one protein , TetR tetracycline repressor , found in Escherichia coli ... biology promoter coupled to the tet O operator, activating the transcription of nearby gene. Tetracycline ... human codon optimized and composed of 3 minimal VP16 activation domains. However, the Tet On 3G protein ... 10.1038 sj.gt.3302780 url http www.nature.com gt journal v13 n19 full 3302780a.html ref Tetracycline Response Element TRE The tetracycline response element consists of 7 repeats of the 19bp bacterial ... ER estrogen receptor conditional gene expression systems. In the Cre and FRT systems, activation ... more details
, tetracycline is used in Tetracyclinecontrolledtranscriptionalactivationtranscriptionalactivation ...About the specific antibiotic called tetracyclinetetracycline antibiotics Refimprove date January 2011 ... 2 carboxamide image Tetracycline structure.svg Clinical data tradename Sumycin Drugs.com drugs.com monograph tetracycline MedlinePlus a682098 licence US Tetracycline pregnancy AU D pregnancy ... N Tetracycline International Nonproprietary Name INN IPAc en icon t t r s a k l i n is a broad ... the number of deaths from cholera . Tetracycline is marketed under the brand names Sumycin , Tetracyn ... as the tetracycline antibiotics . The term tetracycline is also used to denote the 4 ring system of this compound .... This is often plasmid controlled. Mammalian cells are not vulnerable to the effect ... motm tetracycline tetracycline.htm Chemistry and chemical biology of tetracyclines , retrieved ... tetracycline antibiotic, chlortetracycline Aureomycin , at American Cyanamid Lederle Laboratories in 1945 ... and Aureomycin. Shortly thereafter, L.H. Conover discovered that another antibiotic, tetracycline ... and process patent on tetracycline in October 1952, and in March 1953 Cyanamid filed its Boothe ..., Heyden Chemical Corporation filed for a patent on tetracycline and the fermentation process for producing ... and others had conspired to fix prices for the new antibiotic. The FTC had argued that because tetracycline ... distribution was subject to pricing fixing challenge. The FTC also argued that tetracycline was not patentable ... that it deserved the right to a patent on tetracycline and filed its Conover application in October ... a patent on tetracycline and its fermentation process. This resulted in tetracycline litigation in which the winner would have to prove beyond reasonable doubt of priority invention and tetracycline ... ref Nubian people Nubian mummies studied in the 1990s were found to contain significant levels of tetracycline ... news author George Armelagos title Take Two Beers and Call Me in 1,600 Years use of tetracycline ... more details
a... Bot generated title ref See also Glycylcycline Tetracyclinecontrolledtranscriptionalactivation ... antibiotic called tetracycline, see tetracycline . Image Tetracyclines.png thumb 250px The 4 rings of the basic tetracycline structure. Tetracyclines are a group of broad spectrum antibiotic s whose ... the treatment of choice for some specific indications. Commons category Tetracycline antibiotics They are so ... of moderately severe Acne vulgaris acne and rosacea tetracycline , oxytetracycline , doxycycline ... 3 pmid 11378428 doi 10.1016 S1068 607X 00 00086 X ref Tetracycline derivatives are currently being ... Investigation into the mechanism of tetracycline induced steatosis study in isolated hepatocytes ... Amacher DE, Martin BA. title Tetracycline induced steatosis in primary canine hepatocyte cultures. journal ... hepatotoxicity . It was once believed that tetracycline antibiotics impair the effectiveness of many ... 4 url ref Contraindications Tetracycline use should be avoided in pregnant or lactating women, and in children ... Tetracycline and Pregnancy from Organization of Teratology Information Specialists. July 2010 ... of reports is too small to be sure if there actually is any risk. ref name otis In tetracycline .... Mechanism of action Tetracycline antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitor s, inhibiting ... 20951804 ref Mechanism of resistance Tetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation genetics ... is reversible in nature. Cells become resistant to tetracycline by at least three mechanisms enzyme enzymatic inactivation of tetracycline, efflux , and ribosomal protection. Inactivation is the rarest .... In efflux, a resistance gene encodes a membrane protein that actively pumps tetracycline out of the cell. This is the mechanism of action of the tetracycline resistance gene on the artificial ... binding while tetracycline is bound binding to the ribosome and dislodging tetracycline. All of these changes to ribosomes are reversible non covalent because ribosomes isolated from both tetracycline ... more details
about a requirement for a chemical reaction a step in a software installation process Product activation the calling of a subroutine Subroutine Activation in bio chemical science s generally refers to the Process science process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction . Chemistry In chemistry , activation of molecule s is where the molecules enter a state that avails for a chemical reaction to occur. The phrase activation energy energy of activation ref http chemed.chem.purdue.edu genchem topicreview bp ch22 activate.html The Activation Energy of Chemical Reactions Bot generated title ref refers to the Energy chemistry energy the reactant s must acquire before they can successfully react with each other to produce the Product chemistry products , that is, to reach the transition state . The energy needed for activation can be quite small and the molecules may have enough energy just from thermal fluctuations the molecules naturally have i.e. lots of reactions ... kinetics . Biology Biochemistry In biochemistry , activation, specifically called bioactivation ... active. Immunology Main Immunologic activation In immunology , activation is the transition of leucocytes ... in the reverse direction. This balance is tightly regulated, since a too small degree of activation causes susceptibility to infections, while, on the other hand, a too large degree of activation causes autoimmune diseases . Activation and deactivation results from a variety of factors, including ... , adhesion molecules , bacterial products and viral products. Physics Similarly, neutron activation ... and energy of the emitted particles. Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis PGNAA is a rapid, nondestructive, instrumental, nuclear technique which is used for trace and major component analysis of various elements. Electrophysiology Activation refers ... references SIA Category Chemical kinetics da Aktivering de Aktivierung fr Activation nl Activering ... more details
Merge to Tetracycline date August 2011 The discovery of tetracycline engendered an enormous amount of litigation. In late 1958, the U.S. government charged Pfizer and American Cyanamid with price fixing in connection with tetracycline . ref Government Dissent on the Wonder Drugs, Aug. 11, 1958, http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,825466,00.html and Pub Policy Pricing Fixing. ref That and other related litigation lasted until 1982. Often, the series of cases is referred to as the antibiotics litigation. Background The focal point of the case was the two companies settlement of an interference proceeding before the PTO over the priority of their respective applications for tetracycline . Under the settlement, American Cyanamid , which had acquired Heyden Chemicals s pending tetracycline application, conceded the priority of Pfizer s application, withdrew its own application and exchanged cross licenses with Pfizer. According to the indictment of American Cyanamid , Bristol Myers, Pfzier, Pfizer and Cyanamid knew that tetracycline represented a threat to the continuation of their dominant positions and unreasonably high profits. To keep that threat in check, the indictment alleges, Cyanamid bought out Heyden s rights to the development and agreed to help Pfizer get the tetracycline patent. In return, charges the Justice Department. Pfizer licensed Cyanamid to produce the drug. Later, to avoid a court fight that might have nullified the patent, Pfizer and Cyanamid let Bristol Myers in. ref Public Policy Antitrust and & Antibiotics, August 25, 1961.http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,895666,00.html ref The Federal Trade Commission found that the cross license ... to the patentability of tetracycline, constituted an attempt by Pfizer and American Cyanamid ... Washington Law Review 512, 531 1966 1967 For an early discussion, see Costello, The Tetracycline ... Inc. 537 F. 2d 67 4th Cir. 1976 . ref The government also sought to cancel the Pfizer patent on tetracycline ... more details
Transcriptional regulation is the change in gene expression levels by altering transcription rates. ref name CareySmale2001 cite book author1 Michael Carey author2 Stephen T. Smale title Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes Concepts, Strategies, and Techniques url http books.google.com books?id 7C lCqvkackC accessdate 25 December 2010 date 15 June 2001 publisher CSHL Press isbn 9780879696351 ref Regulation of transcription Regulation of transcription controls when transcription occurs and how much RNA is created. Transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase can be regulated by at least five mechanisms Specificity factor s alter the specificity of RNA polymerase for a given promotor biology promoter or set of promoters, making it more or less likely to bind to them i.e. sigma factor s used in prokaryotic transcription . Repressor s bind to non coding sequences on the DNA strand that are close to or overlapping the promoter region, impeding RNA polymerase s progress along the strand, thus impeding the expression of the gene. General transcription factor s These transcription factors position RNA polymerase at the start of a protein coding sequence and then release the polymerase to transcribe the mRNA. Activator genetics Activator s enhance the interaction between RNA polymerase and a particular promotor biology promoter , encouraging the expression of the gene. Activators do this by increasing the attraction of RNA polymerase for the promoter, through interactions with subunits of the RNA polymerase or indirectly by changing the structure of the DNA. Enhancer genetics Enhancer ... be controlled by many activators and repressors working together. Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes In prokaryotes ... doi 10.1080 15376520590890686 ref In eukaryotes , transcriptional regulation tends to involve combinatorial .... Activation of g protein coupled receptors can have this effect as can the binding of hormones to intra or extracellular receptors. This signal gives rise to the activation of a protein called ... more details
Transcriptional bursting , also known as transcriptional pulsing, is a fundamental property of genes from bacteria to humans. ref cite journal pmid 16360033 year 2005 last1 Golding first1 I last2 Paulsson first2 J last3 Zawilski first3 SM last4 Cox first4 EC title Real time kinetics of gene activity in individual bacteria volume 123 issue 6 pages 1025 36 doi 10.1016 j.cell.2005.09.031 journal Cell ref ref cite journal pmid 16713960 year 2006 last1 Chubb first1 JR last2 Trcek first2 T last3 Shenoy first3 SM last4 Singer first4 RH title Transcriptional pulsing of a developmental gene volume 16 issue 10 pages 1018 25 doi 10.1016 j.cub.2006.03.092 journal Current biology CB ref ref cite journal pmid 17048983 year 2006 last1 Raj first1 A last2 Peskin first2 CS last3 Tranchina first3 D last4 Vargas first4 DY last5 Tyagi first5 S title Stochastic mRNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells volume 4 issue 10 pages e309 doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0040309 pmc 1563489 journal PLoS Biology ref Transcription genetics Transcription of genes, the process which transforms the stable code written in DNA into the mobile RNA message can occur in bursts or pulses . This phenomenon has recently come to light with the advent of new technologies, such as MS2 tagging , to detect RNA production in single cells, allowing precise measurements of RNA number, or RNA appearance at the gene. Other, more widespread techniques, such as Northern Blotting , Microarrays , RT PCR and RNA Seq , measure bulk RNA levels from homogenous population extracts. These techniques lose dynamic information from individual cells, and give the impression transcription is a continuous smooth process. The reality is that transcription is irregular, with strong periods of activity, interspersed by long periods of inactivity. Averaged over ... probability of activation. ref cite journal pmid 18957198 year 2008 last1 Raj first1 ... to simple probabilistic models of transcription, can account for the high variability see transcriptional ... more details
A primary cause of the variability noise in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations. ref cite journal pmid 18957198 year 2008 last1 Raj first1 A last2 Van Oudenaarden first2 A title Nature, nurture, or chance stochastic gene expression and its consequences volume 135 issue 2 pages 216 26 doi 10.1016 j.cell.2008.09.050 journal Cell pmc 3118044 ref A major source of transcriptional noise is likely to be transcriptional bursting ref cite journal pmid 16360033 year 2005 last1 Golding first1 I last2 Paulsson first2 J last3 Zawilski first3 SM last4 Cox first4 EC title Real time kinetics of gene activity in individual bacteria volume 123 issue 6 pages 1025 36 doi 10.1016 j.cell.2005.09.031 journal Cell ref ref cite journal pmid 16713960 year 2006 last1 Chubb first1 JR last2 Trcek first2 T last3 Shenoy first3 SM last4 Singer first4 RH title Transcriptional pulsing of a developmental gene volume 16 issue 10 pages 1018 25 doi 10.1016 j.cub.2006.03.092 journal Current biology CB ref ref cite journal pmid 17048983 year 2006 last1 Raj first1 A last2 Peskin first2 CS last3 Tranchina first3 D last4 Vargas first4 DY last5 Tyagi first5 S title Stochastic mRNA synthesis in mammalian cells volume 4 issue 10 pages e309 doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0040309 pmc 1563489 journal PLoS Biology ref although other sources of heterogeneity, such as unequal separation of cell contents at mitosis are also likely to contribute considerably. ref cite pmid 21186354 ref Bursting transcription, as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription, reflects multiple states of gene activity, with fluctuations between states separated by irregular intervals, generating uneven protein expression between cells. Noise in gene expression can have tremendous consequences on cell behaviour, and must be mitigated or integrated. In certain contexts, such as the survival of microbes in rapidly changing stressful environments, or several types of scattered differentiation, the variability ... more details
gene activation phenomenon has also been observed in plants. ref cite journal pages 1660 5 doi 10.1073 pnas.0809294106 pmc 2629447 title RNA directed DNA methylation induces transcriptionalactivation ...RNA activation RNAa is a small RNA guided gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter targeted short double stranded RNA dsRNA induces target gene expression at the transcriptional level. RNAa was first reported in a 2006 PNAS paper by Li et al. ref name li pnas cite journal pages 17337 42 doi 10.1073 pnas.0607015103 title Small dsRNAs induce transcriptionalactivation in human cells year 2006 last1 Li first1 Long Cheng last2 Okino first2 Steven T. last3 Zhao first3 Hong last4 Pookot first4 Deepa last5 Place first5 Robert F. last6 Urakami first6 Shinji last7 Enokida first7 Hideki last8 Dahiya first8 Rajvir journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 103 issue 46 pmid 17085592 pmc 1859931 psc date December 2011 ref who also coined the term RNAa as a contrast to RNA interference RNAi ref name li pnas to describe such gene activation phenomenon. Soon after, several groups made similar observation in different mammalian species including human, non human primates, rat and mice, ref name ncb cite journal pages 166 73 doi 10.1038 nchembio860 title Activating gene expression in mammalian cells with promoter targeted duplex RNAs year 2007 last1 Janowski first1 Bethany A last2 Younger first2 Scott T last3 Hardy first3 Daniel B last4 Ram first4 Rosalyn last5 Huffman first5 ... coreychembio cite journal pages 1344 55 doi 10.1016 j.chembiol.2010.10.009 pmc 3071588 title Activation ... pmc 2995069 title Involvement of argonaute proteins in gene silencing and activation by RNAs complementary ...&pg PA189 last Li first Long Cheng year 2008 chapter Small RNA mediated gene activation editor1 ... to RNAi, promoter targeted agRNAs induce prolonged activation of gene expression associated with epigenetic changes. ref name WIREsRNA cite journal pages 748 60 doi 10.1002 wrna.90 title Small RNA and transcriptional ... more details
unref date July 2011 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Activation Portal Type studio Artist Alien Project Cover Activation Portal.jpeg Released 2007 Recorded Genre Length Label Producer Last album Space Jam br 2004 This album Activation Portal br 2007 Next album Activation Portal is the latest album by Alien Project . Track listing Super Buster Missing Linker NRG Tweaky rmx Deeper Activation Portal Get Up Groovy rmx Yellow Blaze Aztechno Dream rmx 2000s trance album stub Category 2007 albums Category Alien Project albums ... more details
Spreading activation is a method for searching associative networks, neural network s, or semantic network ... network with weights or activation and then iteratively propagating or spreading that activation out to other nodes linked to the source nodes. Most often these weights are real values that decay as activation ... to as marker passing. Activation may originate from alternate paths, identified by distinct markers, and terminate when two alternate paths reach the same node. Spreading activation models are used in cognitive psychology ref name collins Collins, Allan M. Loftus, Elizabeth F., A spreading activation .... http act r.psy.cmu.edu publications pubinfo.php?id 66 A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1983 ref to model the fan out effect. Spreading activation can also be applied in information retrieval , ref name preece S. Preece, A spreading activation .... ref ref name crestani Fabio Crestani. Application of Spreading Activation Techniques in Information ... 1...N each having an associated activation value A i which is a real number in the range 0.0 ... 1.0 ... Boosting item keyword search with spreading activation Aswath, D. Ahmed, S.T. Dapos cunha, J. Davulcu ... setting all activation values A i to zero. Set one or more origin nodes to an initial activation value ... having an activation value A i greater than the node firing threshold F For each Link i , j ... factor. If a target node receives an adjustment to its activation value so that it would exceed 1.0, then set its new activation value to 1.0. Likewise maintain 0.0 as a lower bound on the target node s activation value should it receive an adjustment to below 0.0. Once a node has fired it may not fire .... Nodes receiving a new activation value that exceeds the firing threshold F are marked for firing on the next spreading activation cycle. If activation originates from more than one node, a variation of the algorithm permits marker passing to distinguish the paths by which activation is spread ... more details
Activation key may refer to Product activation Product key Volume license key Key changer software Dab Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
marketing Marketing activation is the execution of the marketing mix as part the marketing process. The activation ... analytics . Depending on the business objective, two types of marketing activation can be used as part of a marketing strategy. Brand activation, sometimes called brand engagement which focuses on building a longer term emotional connection between the brand and the customer. Activation based on direct response marketing will focus on generating immediate sales transactions. Planning the activation ... customer groups to target. By focusing on some fewer influencers only, activation can become more efficient ... source of information for planning marketing activation. A common practice is to use customer relationship management tools and techniques to augment the impact of marketing activation because CRM provides an integrative framework in which marketing activation and customer activities ... DILIMA accessdate 18 August 2011 ref Challenges A successful marketing activation will allow businesses ... will face in putting in place a marketing activation program. One of the challenges is dealing ... to adapt rapidly. This poses a challenge because, for example, direct marketing activation triggers ... accessdate 18 August 2011 ref Another challenge related to marketing activation has to do with reaching ..., it engages in unique marketing activation, including strong use of PR and events targeted at black ... PRWeek date October 1, 2010 ref Data driven marketing activation Over the years, marketing activation has become more and more data driven. This allows marketers to be more precise in their actions ... important because marketing activation usually entails a universal blast of information to all consumers. Oftentimes, only a small proportion of the consumers react positively to such activation ... in marketing activation. For example, video based measurement ... provides visibility into shopper engagement and behaviour relative to exact marketing activation, enabling a holistic approach to shopper ... more details
is now energetically favorable. In chemistry , activation energy is a term introduced in 1889 by the Swedish ... reaction to occur. Activation energy may also be defined as the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction. The activation energy of a reaction is usually denoted by E sub a sub , and given in units of joule per mole kilojoules per mole . Activation energy can be thought of as the height ... than the activation energy. At a more advanced level, the Arrhenius Activation energy term from the Arrhenius ... of the reaction rate to temperature. There are two objections to associating this activation ... reaction rates. Negative activation energy In some cases, rates of reaction decrease with increasing ... reactions exhibiting these negative activation energies are typically barrierless reactions, in which ... The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the rate at which a reaction proceeds. From the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy ... rate constant reaction rate coefficient . While this equation suggests that the activation ... Catalysis Image Activation energy.svg right thumb 360px The relationship between activation energy ... to initiate the reaction. A substance that modifies the transition state to lower the activation ... the catalyst lowers the activation energy, it does not change the energies of the original reactants or products. Rather, the reactant energy and the product energy remain the same and only the activation ... Mean kinetic temperature External links http www.iupac.org goldbook A00102.pdf Activation energy from ... bp ch22 activate.html The Activation Energy of Chemical Reactions Category Chemical kinetics Category ... fr nergie d activation gl Enerx a de activaci n ko id Energi aktivasi it Energia ... more details
In immunology , activation is the transition of leucocytes and other cell types involved in the immune system . On the other hand, deactivation is the transition in the reverse direction. This balance is tightly regulated, since a too small degree of activation causes susceptibility to infection s, while, on the other hand, a too large degree of activation causes autoimmune diseases . Factors Activation and deactivation results from a variety of factors, including cytokines , soluble receptor s, arachidonic acid metabolites, steroids , receptor antagonists , adhesion molecules , bacterial products and viral products. class wikitable Overview of activating and deactivating factors. Activation Deactivation Cytokines IFN GM CSF M CSF Interleukin 6 IL 6 TNF Macrophage migration inhibitory factor MIF CCL2 Interleukin 4 IL 4 Interleukin 10 IL 10 Interleukin 13 IL 13 TGF Soluble receptor s sIL 1R sIL 6R sTNFR sCD14 Arachidonic acid metabolites PGE2 LTB4 Steroids Corticosteroids Receptor antagonists IL 1Ra Adhesion molecules 2 integrins Fc receptors CD14 P selectin CD45 Bacterial products lipopolysaccharide LPS fMetLeuPhe Viral products dsRNA BCRF1 Interleukin 10 IL 10 homologue T2 biochemistry T2 sTNFR homologue M T7 sINF R homologue See also Immune system Category Immunology ... more details
Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nucleus atomic nuclei capture free neutron s, becoming heavier and entering excited state s. The excited nucleus often decays immediately by emitting particles such as neutrons, proton s, or alpha particle s. The neutron capture , even after any intermediate decay, often results in the formation of an unstable activation product . Such radioactive nuclei can exhibit half life half lives ranging from small fractions of a second to many years. An example of this kind of a nuclear reaction occurs in the production of cobalt 60 within a nuclear reactor nuclide cobalt 59 n nuclide cobalt 60 The cobalt 60 decays by the emission of a beta particle plus gamma ray s into nickel 60. This reaction has a half life of about 5.27 years, and cobalt 60 is a valuable source of nuclear radiation for radiotherapy . In other cases, and depending on the kinetic energy of the neutron, the capture of a neutron can cause nuclear fission the splitting of the atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei. If the fission requires an input of energy, that comes from the kinetic energy of the neutron. An example of this kind of fission in a light element can occur when the only stable isotope of beryllium ... neutron flux es, such as within the cores of nuclear reactors, neutron activation contributes to material ... materials are more subject to neutron activation than others, so a suitably chosen low activation ... activation of the bomb itself and the surrounding material, in addition to fission product s. Neutron activation also has a practical use. Neutron activation analysis is one of the most sensitive ... of art. Although the activation induces radioactivity in the object, its level is typically low and its lifetime may be short, so that its effects soon disappear. In this sense, neutron activation is a non ... reports series 156.pdf Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross Sections, IAEA, 1974 http www.nacdl.org ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Plasma activation or Plasma functionalization . It is done with the intent to alter or improve adhesion properties of surfaces prior to coating, painting, etc. In most cases, the surface in question is surface of a polymer material and weakly ionised oxygen plasma physics plasma is used. Surface activation is a result of following processes Removal of weak boundary layers. Plasma removes surface layers with the lowest molecular weight , at the same time it oxidation oxidises the uppermost atomic layer of the polymer. Cross linking of surface molecules. Oxygen radicals and UV radiation , if present help break up bonds and promote the three dimensional chemical bond cross bonding of molecules Generation of polar groups. Oxidation of the polymer is responsible for the increase in chemical polarity polar groups which is directly related to the adhesion properties of the polymer surface. See also List of plasma physics articles DEFAULTSORT Plasma Activation Category Plasma processing Chem stub ru ... more details
Refimprove date April 2011 Product activation is a license validation procedure required by some Proprietary software proprietary computer software programs. In one form, product activation refers to a method invented by Ric Richardson and patented US 5,490,216 by Uniloc where a software application Hash function hashes hardware serial numbers and an ID number specific to the product s license a product key to generate a unique CD key installation ID . This installation ID is sent to the manufacturer to verify the authenticity of the product key and to ensure that the product key is not being used for multiple installations. Alternatively, the software vendor sends the user a unique product serial number. When the user installs the application it requests that the user enter their product serial number, and checks it with the vendor s systems over the Internet . The application obtains the license ... required with the vendor s systems. Some activation systems also support activation on user systems ... terminal. Microsoft first used product activation in Microsoft Word Microsoft Word 97 sold ... Microsoft Publisher 98 in the Brazil ian market. Microsoft then rolled out product activation ... the product via the Internet. After its success, the product activation system was extended ... before reactivating it on the new machine. An early example of product activation was in the MS DOS ... key, the software deliberately crashed. The software has long since had the entire activation ... require users to transfer activation when moving a product from one computer to another, when ... date September 2009 See also Microsoft Product Activation CD key Digital rights management Dongle References ... Activation http www.vttoth.com dontactivate.asp table List of products requiring activation http agilis sw.com casestudy NumeriX.html Case study of a software vendor s use of activation DEFAULTSORT Product Activation Category Software licenses ar ca Activaci de producte de Produktaktivierung ... more details
The entropy of activation is one of the two parameters typically obtained from the temperature dependence of a reaction rate, when these data are analysed using the Eyring equation . Symbolized S sup sup , the entropy of activation provides clues about the molecularity of the rate determining step in a reaction, i.e. whether the reactants are bonded to each other, or not. Positive values suggest that entropy increases upon achieving the transition state, which often indicates a Dissociative substitution dissociative mechanism . Negative values for S sup sup indicate that entropy decreases upon achieving the transition state, which often indicates an Associative substitution associative mechanism . Values near zero are difficult to interpret. ref J. H. Espenson Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism McGraw Hill, 1981, ISBN 0 070019667 2. ref References references Category Chemical kinetics ... more details
Activation products are materials made radioactive by neutron activation . Fission products and actinide s produced by neutron absorption of nuclear fuel itself are normally referred to by those specific names, and activation product reserved for products of neutron capture by other materials, such as structural components of the nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb , the reactor coolant, control rods or other neutron poison s, or materials in the environment. All of these, however, need to be handled as radioactive waste . Some nuclides originate in more than one way, as activation products or fission products. Activation products in a reactor s primary coolant loop are a main reason why reactors use a chain of two or even three coolant loops linked by heat exchanger s. Fusion reactor s will not produce radioactive waste from the fusion product nuclei themselves, which are normally just helium 4 , but generate high neutron fluxes, so activation products are a particular concern. Activation product radionuclides include class wikitable sortable Nuclide See also Halflife br years Parent Tritium 12.3 Lithium 6,7 br Boron 10 br Deuterium Beryllium 10 1,530,000 Boron 10 Carbon 14 5,730 Nitrogen 14 br Carbon 13 Sodium 24 Fast breeder 0.0017 Sodium 23 Sulfur 35 0.24 Chlorine 35 1 branch Chlorine 36 301,000 Chlorine 35 Argon 39 269 Argon 38 Iron 55 2.73 Iron 54 Nickel 59 76,000 Nickel 58 Cobalt 60 5.27 Cobalt 59 Nickel 63 100 Nickel 62 Molybdenum 93 4,000 Molybdenum 92 Niobium 93m 16 Niobium 94 20,300 Niobium 93 Technetium 99 LLFP 211,000 Molybdenum 98 Silver 108m 418 Silver 107 Cadmium 113m 13 Cadmium 112 Tin 121m http www.nrc.gov reading rm doc collections nuregs contract cr6567 cr6567.pdf 56 Tin 120 Lead 205 Q 51KeV 15,300,000 Lead 204 Polonium 210 LBE 0.379 Bismuth 209 External links http www nds.iaea.org reports new tecdocs technical reports series 156.pdf Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross Sections, IAEA, 1974 http www.nndc.bnl.gov databases databases.html Nuclear Structure ... more details
. This activation function is linear, and therefore has the same problems as the binary function. In addition ... function sigmoid activation function. One realistic model stays at zero until input current is received ... s is a sigmoidal activation function in the form of a hyperbolic tangent. Two forms of this function ... with certain types of computational problems. Alternative structures A special class of activation ... , which are extremely efficient as universal function approximators. These activation functions .... Support vector machines SVMs can effectively utilize a class of activation functions that includes ... hyperplane based on a few training inputs called support vectors math x math . The activation ... to the activation function, but they take a unique form in the perceptron as math , phi v i tanh ... certain conditions for convergence. These machines can also accept arbitrary order polynomial activation ... year 1998 publisher Prentice Hall location isbn 0 13 273350 1 ref Activation function having types Identity ... more details
Behavioral activation is a third generation behavior therapy for treating major depressive disorder depression ... underpinnings Behavioral activation emerged from a component analysis of cognitive behavioral ... and reduce punishment. The theoretical underpinnings of behavioral activation ref Jacobson, N.S. Martell, C.R. & Dimidjian, S. 2001 . Behavioral Activation for depression Returning to contextual roots ... long term patterns which may lead to dysthymia . Methods The behavioral activation BA approach to depression ..., D.W. year 2004 title A Brief Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression journal Behavior ... group who did not receive the same treatment. The results of those who received behavioral activation ... since piloted ref Cullen, J.M. Spates, C.R. Pagoto, S. & Doran, N. 2006 . Behavioral Activation ..., C.R. Pagoto, S. & Kalata, A. 2006 . A Qualitative And Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation ... ref Research support A recent review of behavioral activation studies for depression found ... name spates pagoto kalata 2006 A large scale treatment study found behavioral activation to be more ... author Dimidjian, S. year 2006 title Randomized Trial of Behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy ... activation has been applied to anxiety and appears to give promising results. ref Hopko, D.R. Robertson, S.M.C. & Lejuez, C.W. 2006 . Behavioral Activation for Anxiety Disorders. The Behavior ..., M. year 2006 title Effect of Behavioral Activation Treatment on Fibromyalgia Related Pain Anxiety ... therapy believe that behavioral activation will have much to offer other areas such as post traumatic ... generation behavior therapies Behavioral activation comes under the heading clinical behavior analysis ... psychotherapy FAP . Behavioral activation owes its basis to Charles Ferster s Functional Analysis ... in behavior therapy which covers behavioral activation. ref http worldcenterba.com index.html World Association for Behavior Analysis ref References reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Behavioral Activation Category ... more details
Sorry not sure where to put talk P added refs and rewritten. dopant activation isnt always done with rapid thermal processing so think needs it own stub Dopant Activation is the process of obtaining the desired electronic contribution from dopant impurity species in a semiconductor host. ref cite book title Dopant dopant and dopant defect processes underlying activation kinetics last Mokhberi first Ali authorlink coauthors year 2003 publisher Stanford Unniversity location isbn page pages 186 url accessdate ref The term is often restricted to the application of thermal energy following the ion implantation of dopants. In the most common industrial example, rapid thermal processing is applied to silicon following the ion implantation of dopants such as phosphorus, arsenic and boron. ref cite journal last1 Pelaz first1 last2 Venezia first2 year 1999 title Activation and deactivation of implanted B in Si journal Applied Physics Letters volume 75 issue pages 662 publisher doi url http apl.aip.org resource 1 applab v75 i5 p662 s1 accessdate ref Vacancies generated at elevated temperature 1200 C facilitate the movement of these species from crystallographic defect interstitial to crystallographic defect substitutional lattice sites while amorphous solid amorphization damage from the implantation process recrystallization recrystallizes . A relatively rapid process, peak temperature is often maintained for less than one second to minimize unwanted chemical diffusion . ref http www.thinfilmmfg.com subscribers article06 junctions10Mar06.htm faster New activation anneals help dopants stay put ref References references Category Semiconductor material structures Electronics stub ... more details
Endothelial activation is a proinflammatory and Coagulation procoagulant state of the endothelial cell s lining the Lumen anatomy lumen of blood vessel s. It is most characterized by an increase in interactions with white blood cell s leukocytes , and it is associated with the early states of atherosclerosis and sepsis , among others. ref name Alom cite journal author Alom Ruiz SP, Anilkumar N, Shah AM title Reactive oxygen species and endothelial activation journal Antioxid Redox Signal year 2008 volume 10 issue 6 pages 1089 100 pmid 18315494 doi 10.1089 ars.2007.2007 ref It is also implicated in the formation of deep vein thrombosis . ref name Whatis cite journal author Bovill EG, van der Vliet A title Venous valvular stasis associated hypoxia and thrombosis what is the link? journal Annu Rev Physiol year 2011 volume 73 issue pages 527 45 pmid 21034220 doi 10.1146 annurev physiol 012110 142305 ref As a result of activation, enthothelium releases Weibel Palade body Weibel Palade bodies . ref name Lopez cite journal author L pez JA, Chen J title Pathophysiology of venous thrombosis journal Thromb Res year 2009 volume 123 issue Suppl 4 pages S30 4 pmid 19303501 doi 10.1016 S0049 3848 09 70140 9 ref See also Endothelial dysfunction References reflist circulatory stub Category Circulatory system ... more details
Activation syndrome is a form of sometimes suicidal or homicidal stimulation or agitation that can occur in response to some psychoactive drug s. ref http www.breggin.com recentregulatory.pbreggin.2006.pdf ref A study of paroxetine found that 21 out of 93 23 percent of youth taking Paxil reported manic like symptoms which included hostility, emotional lability and nervousness. ref citation url http www.lib.umd.edu drum handle 1903 6668 title Adolescents and Antidepressants Analyzing a Social Scientific Controversy author AD Nelson year 2007 ref Pfizer has denied that sertraline can cause such effects. ref http www.healyprozac.com AcademicStalking Post 203 20 20Pfizer 20letter 20re 20Healy.pdf ref ref http www.ahrp.org ethical HealyResponseToPfizer.pdf ref Approximately 25 to 40 perecent of patients who take tricyclic antidepressant s experience activation syndrome upon initial titration. ref http www.aafp.org afp 980515ap saeed.html ref References reflist Category Psychoactive drugs disease stub ja ... more details
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