wiktionary textureTexture may refer to Textures album , album of Brian Eno Textures band , a metal band from the Netherlands Texture cosmology , theoretical topological defect in the structure of spacetime Texture crystalline , material s individual crystallites sharing some degree of orientation Texture geology , physical appearance or character of a rock Texture music , overall sound created by the interaction of aspects of a piece of music Texture painting , feel of the canvas based on the paint used and method of application Texture roads , road surface characteristics with waves shorter than road roughness Texture visual arts , element of design and its application in art Texture mapping , bitmap image applied to a surface in computer graphics Soil texture , relative proportion of grain sizes of a soil See also lookfrom intitle dab cs Textura de Textur es Textura fr Texture ko it Texture ja nds Textur pl Tekstura ru sk Text ra sv Textur uk ... more details
of steepness of a line Slope other uses In vector calculus , the gradient of a scalar field is a vector ... magnitude mathematics magnitude is that rate of increase. A generalization of the gradient ... corresponding gradient is represented by blue arrows. Interpretations File Gradient of a Function.tif thumb 350px Gradient of the 2 d function math f x,y xe x 2 y 2 math is plotted as blue arrows over ... time. At each point in the room, the gradient of math T math at that point will show the direction the temperature rises most quickly. The magnitude of the gradient will determine how fast the temperature ..., y math is math H x, y math . The gradient of math H math at a point is a vector pointing in the direction ... is given by the magnitude of the gradient vector. The gradient can also be used to measure how ... as follows. If the hill height function math H math is differentiable function differentiable , then the gradient ..., the dot product of the gradient of math H math with a given unit vector is equal to the directional ... 350px The gradient of the function f x , y &minus cos sup 2 sup x cos sup 2 sup y sup 2 sup depicted as a projected vector field on the bottom plane The gradient or gradient ... , del . The notation math operatorname grad f math is also commonly used for the gradient. The gradient ... v f x . math In a rectangular coordinate system, the gradient is the vector field whose components ... directions. When a function also depends on a parameter such as time, the gradient often ... unit vectors. For example, the gradient of the function math f x,y,z 2x 3y 2 sin z math ... to represent the gradient as a row vector or column vector of its components in a rectangular coordinate system. Gradient and the derivative or differential Linear approximation to a function The gradient ... nabla f x 0 cdot x x 0 math for math x math close to math x 0 math , where math nabla f x 0 math is the gradient ... of math f math at math x math . The gradient is therefore related to the differential by the formula ... more details
Wiktionarypar gradient The Gradient is the rate of variation of a numerical quantity. It may refer to Slope or Grade slope grade , referring to the inclination of a road or other geographic features Image gradient , a gradual change or blending of color Color gradientTexturegradient Mathematics Gradient , in vector calculus, a vector field representing the maximum rate of increase of a scalar field or a multivariate function and the direction of this maximal rate. Gradient descent Gradient theorem Gradient method Conjugate gradient method Nonlinear conjugate gradient method Stochastic gradient descent Biology diffusion Concentration gradient , the ratio of solute concentration between two adjoining regions Potential gradient , the difference in electric charge between two adjoining regions Fluid dynamics and earth science Density gradient Pressure gradient Temperature gradient Geothermal gradient Sound speed gradient Wind gradient See also lookfrom gradient intitle gradient Graduation disambiguation Fade disambiguation disambig bs Gradijent vor cs Gradient de Gradient eo Gradiento io Gradiento homonimo ja pl Gradient simple Gradient disambiguation tl Gradient ... more details
dablink This article is about computer graphics, also see Texture . Image ArtificalTexture.png thumb right alt Artificial texture example. Artificial texture example. Image NaturalTexture.png thumb right alt Natural texture example. Natural texture example. An image texture is a set of metrics calculated in image processing designed to quantify the perceived texture of an image. Image Texture gives ... or classification of images. To analyze an image texture in computer graphics, there are two ways ... approach sees an image texture as a set of primitive Texel graphics texels in some regular or repeated ... of the texels. Statistical Approach A statistical approach sees an image texture as a quantitative ... helps determine a characteristic of texture complexity. After edges have been found the direction of the edges can also be applied as a characteristic of texture and can be useful in determining patterns in the texture. These directions can be represented as an average or in a histogram. Consider a region with N pixels. the gradient based edge detector is applied to this region by producting two outputs for each pixel p the gradient magnitude Mag p and the gradient direction Dir p . The edgeness ... orientation with edgeness we can use histograms for both gradient magnitude and gradient direction. Let H sub mag sub R denote the normalized histogram of gradient magnitudes of region R, and let H sub dir sub denote the normalized histogram of gradient orientations of region R. Both are normalized ... texture description of region R. Co occurrence Matrices Co occurrence matrix captures numerical features of a texture using spatial relations of similar gray tones ref Robert M. Haralick, K. Shanmugam ... correspond to visual perception. Laws Texture Energy Measures Another approach to generate texture features is to use local masks to detect various types of textures. Convolution masks of 5x5 are used to compute the energy of texture which is then represented by a nine element vector for each ... more details
unref date September 2007 In computer graphics , texture filtering or texture smoothing is the method used to determine the texture color for a Texture mapping texture mapped pixel , using the colors of nearby Texel graphics texel s pixels of the texture . Mathematically, texture filtering is a type of anti aliasing, but it filters out high frequencies from the texture fill whereas other AA techniques generally focus on visual edges. Put simply, it allows a texture to be applied at many different ... of texture filtering, which make different trade offs between computation al complexity and image quality. The need for filtering During the texture mapping process, a texture lookup takes place to find out where on the texture each pixel center falls. Since the textured surface may be at an arbitrary ... in each case. Given a square texture mapped on to a square surface in the world, at some viewing distance ... than screen pixels, and need to be scaled up appropriately a process known as texture magnification .... In this case an appropriate color has to be picked based on the covered texels, via texture minification ... work needed during texture minification. During texture magnification, the number of texels that need ... polygon moves farther away potentially the entire texture might fall into a single pixel. This would ... color, a prohibitively expensive operation. Mipmapping avoids this by prefiltering the texture ..., the texture being applied switches to the prefiltered smaller size. Different sizes of the mipmap ... levels used at increasing distances. Filtering methods This section lists the most common texture ... in a large number of artifacts texture blockiness during magnification, and aliasing and shimmering ... to distance. This removes the blockiness seen during magnification, as there is now a smooth gradient ... from one mipmap level to the next. Trilinear filtering solves this by doing a texture lookup and bilinear ... interpolation linearly interpolating the results. This results in a smooth degradation of texture ... more details
or the texturegradient in order to optimize the deposition process. The determination of texture gradients ...In materials science , texture is the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample. A sample in which these orientations are fully random is said to have no texture. If the crystallographic ... has a weak, moderate or strong texture. The degree is dependent on the percentage of crystals having the preferred orientation. Texture is seen in almost all engineered materials, and can have a great influence on material properties. Also, geologic rocks show texture due to their thermo mechanic history of formation processes. One extreme case is a complete lack of texture a solid with perfectly ... properties by geometric necessity. Characterization and representation Texture can be determined by various methods. ref name Wenk2004 cite journal author H. R. Wenk and P. Van Houtte title Texture ... 67 8 R02 bibcode 2004RPPh...67.1367W ref Some of them allow a quantitative analysis of the texture ... using texture goniometers, followed by EBSD method electron backscatter diffraction in Scanning ... laboratory x ray diffraction instruments are more appropriate for thin film textures. Texture is often ... berceau Euler.png Four circles diffractometer, or Eulerian cradle, for texture measurement ... 3D representation of crystallographic texture is given by the orientation distribution function ... annealing usually have a different texture. Control of texture is extremely important in the making ... . Texture in ceramic s usually arises because the crystallites in a slurry have shapes that depend ... and in the casting of turbine blades and other creep deformation creep sensitive parts. Texture and Materials ... cite book author O. Engler and V. Randle title Introduction to Texture Analysis Macrotexture .... Wenk and H. Mecking title Texture and Anisotropy Preferred Orientations in Polycrystals and their effects .... Peltier, and R. M. Pelloux, Influence of Crystallographic Texture and Test Temperature on Initiation ... more details
Texture in painting is the look and feel of the canvas . It is based on the paint, and its application, or the addition of materials such as ribbon, metal, wood, lace, leather and sand. The concept of painterliness also has bearing on texture. The texture stimulates two different sense s sight and touch. There are four types of texture in art actual texture, simulated texture, abstract texture, and invented texture. Actual texture This is a combination of how the painting looks, and how it feels to the touch. It is associated both with the heavy build up of paint, such as an impasto effect, or the addition of materials. Simulated texture File Riley, Cataract 3.jpg thumb right 175 px Cataract 3 , Bridget Riley. Creating the visual effect of texture without actually adding texture. For instance, a texture created to look like something other than paint on a flat surface. An example is Cataract 3 , painted in 1967 by Bridget Riley , which creates the illusion of ripples in the paper through the repetition of lines. Abstract textureTexture that does not directly represent the object it is connected with but the concept of the object is translated in textural patterns. Invented texture A creative way of adding alternate materials to create an interesting texture. Invented texture typically appears in Abstract art abstract works , as they are entirely non objective. See also Texture visual arts References cite book last Ocvirk first Otto G. coauthors Robert E. Stinson, Philip R Wigg, Robert Bone, David L Cayton title Art Fundamentals Theory and Practice publisher McGraw Hill McGraw Hill Higher Education year 2008 edition 11 location New York Category Painting techniques painting stub fa hr Tekstura pl Faktura dzie a sztuki pt Textura pintura ru sr sh Tekstura tr Kaplama ... more details
In 3D computer graphics realtime computer graphics , a texture atlas is a large image, or atlas which contains many smaller sub images, each of which is a texture for some part of a 3D object. The sub textures can be rendered by modifying the texture coordinates of the object s UV mapping uvmap on the atlas, essentially telling it which part of the image its texture is in. In an Application software application where many small textures are used frequently, it is often more efficient to store the textures in a texture atlas which is treated as a single unit by the Graphics processing unit graphics hardware . In particular, because there are less rendering state changes by binding once, it can be faster to bind one large texture once than to bind many smaller textures as they are drawn. For example, a Tile based video game tile based game would benefit greatly in performance from a texture atlas. Atlases can consist of uniformly sized sub textures, or they can consist of textures of varying sizes usually restricted to powers of two . In the latter case, the program must usually arrange the textures in an efficient manner before sending the textures to hardware. Manual arrangement of texture atlases is possible, and sometimes preferable, but can be tedious. If using Mipmap mipmaps , care ... developer NVTextureSuite Atlas Tools Texture Atlas Whitepaper.pdf Texture Atlas Whitepaper A whitepaper by NVIDIA which explains the technique. http developer.nvidia.com content texture atlas tools Texture Atlas Tools Tools to create texture atlases semi manually. http www.texturepacker.com TexturePacker Commercial texture atlas creator for game developers. http www.codeproject.com Articles 330742 Texture Atlas Maker Texture Atlas Maker Open source texture atlas utility for 2D OpenGL games. http www.gamasutra.com features 20060126 ivanov 01.shtml Practical Texture Atlases A guide on using a texture ... texture atlas sprite map utility including an Apache Ant task. Computer graphics stub Category 3D computer ... more details
In igneous petrology , eutaxitic texture describes the layered or banded texture in some extrusive rock bodies. It is often caused by the compaction and flattening of glass shard s and pumice fragments. See also Welded tuff Fiamme List of rock textures Category Igneous rocks by texture petrology stub ... more details
texture or feature signatures based on gradient images computed from the original ... to indicate the direction of the gradient. Dark areas indicate higher values An image gradient is a directional ... from images. In graphics software for digital image editing , the term gradient is used for a gradual ... progression . Mathematically, the gradient of a two variable function here the image intensity ... s in the horizontal and vertical directions. At each image point, the gradient vector points in the direction of largest possible intensity increase, and the length of the gradient vector corresponds ... gradient, but is still of sufficient quality to be of practical use in many applications. More precisely ... the corresponding image gradient, and it uses only integer values for the coefficients which weight the image intensities to produce the gradient approximation. The gradient of the image is one of the fundamental building blocks in image processing . For example the Canny edge detector uses image gradient ... Computer vision File Intensity image with gradient images.png thumb 400px alt Left Black and white picture of a cat. Center The same cat, displayed in a gradient image in the x direction. Appears similar to an embossed image. Right The same cat, displayed in a gradient image in the y direction. Appears similar to an embossed image. On the left, an intensity image of a cat. In the center, a gradient image in the x direction measuring horizontal change in intensity. On the right, a gradient image in the y direction measuring vertical change in intensity. Gray pixels have a small gradient black or white pixels have a large gradient. Image gradients can be used to extract information from images. Gradient images are created from the original image generally by convolving with a filter, one of the simplest being the Sobel filter for this purpose. Each pixel of a gradient image measures the change ... of direction, gradient images in the x and y directions are computed. One of the most common uses ... more details
Image Texture splatting.png thumb 250px Example of texture splatting. In computer graphics , texture splatting is a method for combining different texture computer graphics textures . The method works by applying an Transparency graphic alphamap to the higher levels, revealing the layers underneath where the alphamap is partially or completely transparent. The term was coined by Charles Bloom. ref http www.gamedev.net reference articles article2238.asp Texture Splatting in Direct3D ref Optimizations Since texture splatting is commonly used for terrain rendering in computer game s, various optimizations are required. Because the underlying principle is for each texture to have its own alpha channel , large amounts of computer memory memory can easily be consumed. As a solution to this problem, multiple alpha maps can be combined into one texture using the red channel for one map, the blue for another, and so on. This effectively uses a single texture to supply alpha maps for four real color textures. The alpha textures can also use a lower resolution than the color textures, and often the color textures can be tiled. Terrains can also be split into chunk s where each chunk can have its own textures. Say there is a certain texture on one part of the terrain that doesn t appear anywhere else on it it would be a waste of memory and processing time if the alpha map extended over the whole terrain if only 10 of it was actually required. If the terrain is split into chunks then the alpha map can also be split up according to the chunks and so now instead of 90 of that specific map being wasted only 20 may be. References references See also Alpha compositing Blend modes Texture mapping ... 3d techdocs splatting.txt Charles Bloom on Texture Splatting http www.gamedev.net reference articles article2238.asp Texture Splatting in Direct3D Category Computer graphics compu graphics stub nl Texture splatting ... more details
Gradient noise is a type of noise commonly used as a procedural texture primitive in computer graphics. It is conceptually different, and often confused with value noise . This method consists of a creation of a lattice of random gradients , which are then interpolated to obtain values in between the lattices. An artifact of some implementations of this noise is that the returned value at the lattice points is 0. Unlike the value noise, gradient noise has more energy in the high frequencies. The first implementation of a gradient noise function is credited to Ken Perlin , who published the description of it in 1985. This noise is now commonly known as the Perlin noise . ref David Ebert, Kent Musgrave, Darwyn Peachey, Ken Perlin, and Worley. Texturing and Modeling A Procedural Approach. Academic Press, October 1994. ISBN 0 12 228760 6 ref See also Value noise Perlin noise Simplex noise Wavelet noise Worley noise References reflist Category Noise Category Computer graphic techniques graphics software stub ru ... more details
Texture compression is a specialized form of image compression designed for storing texture map s in 3D computer graphics rendering systems. Unlike conventional image compression algorithms, texture compression algorithms are optimized for random access . How it works In their seminal paper on http graphics.stanford.edu projects flashg papers texture compression texture compression ref Citation author Andrew Beers coauthors Maneesh Agrawala, Navin Chaddha title Rendering from Compressed Textures journal Computer Graphics, Proc. SIGGRAPH year 1996 pages 373 378 ref , Beers, Agrawala and Chaddha list four features that tend to differentiate texture compression from other image compression techniques. These features are Decoding Speed It is highly desirable to be able to render directly from the compressed texture data and so, in order not to impact rendering performance, decompression must ... , any texture compression scheme must allow fast random access to decompressed texture data. This tends .... Encoding Speed Texture compression is more tolerant of asymmetric encoding decoding rates as the encoding ..., most texture compression algorithms involve some form of fixed rate lossy compression lossy vector ..., texture decompression may be executed on the fly during rendering as part of the overall graphics pipeline , reducing overall bandwidth and storage needs throughout the graphics system. As well as texture maps, texture compression may also be used to encode other kinds of rendering map, including bump map s and normal mapping surface normal map s. Texture compression may also be used together with other ... of practical texture compression systems are S3 Texture Compression , PVRTC and Ericsson Texture ..., can support multiple common kinds of texture compression generally through the use of vendor extensions. See also Block Truncation Coding Vector quantization References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Texture Compression Category Texture compression compu graphics stub de Texturkomprimierung es Compresi n de ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Texture memory is a type of digital storage that makes Texture mapping texture data readily available to video rendering computer graphics rendering central processing unit processor s also known as Graphics processing unit GPU s , typically 3D computer graphics 3D graphics hardware. It is most often but not always implemented as specialized Random Access Memory RAM TRAM that is designed for rapid reading and writing, enabling the graphics hardware increased performance in rendering computer graphics rendering 3D imagery. Larger amounts of texture memory allow for more detailed scenes. DEFAULTSORT Texture Memory Category Computer memory Compu hardware stub ... more details
Texture synthesis is the process of algorithm ically constructing a large digital image from a small ... and Film Production post production of films . Texture synthesis can be used to fill in holes in images ... Texture Synthesis for more details. Textures Image Ahorn Maser Holz.JPG thumb right Maple burl , an example of a texture. Texture computer graphics Texture is an ambiguous word and in the context of texture synthesis may have one of the following meanings In common speech, the word texture is used as a synonym for surface structure . Texture has been described by five different properties in the perception ... and roughness Ref Tamura . In 3D computer graphics , a texture is a digital image applied to the surface of a three dimensional model by texture mapping to give the model a more realistic appearance. Often, the image is a photograph of a real texture, such as wood grain . In image processing , every digital image composed of repeated elements is called a texture. For example, see the images below. Texture can be arranged along a spectrum going from stochastic to regular Stochastic textures. Texture ... texture is roughcast. Structured textures. These textures look like somewhat regular patterns. An example of a structured texture is a stonewall or a floor tiled with paving stones. These extremes ... projects nrt Near regular Texture Analysis and Manipulation. Yanxi Liu, Wen Chieh Lin, and James Hays. SIGGRAPH 2004 Image Texture spectrum.jpg 800px The texture spectrum Goal Texture synthesis .... Like most algorithms, texture synthesis should be efficient in computation time and in memory use. Methods The following methods and algorithms have been researched or developed for texture synthesis ... repetitive. Stochastic texture synthesis Stochastic texture synthesis methods produce an image by randomly ... the sample image. Single purpose structured texture synthesis Algorithms of that family use a fixed procedure to create an output image, i. e. they are limited to a single kind of structured texture ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Image Graphic texture.jpg thumb 300px Graphic texture. Photo Eurico Zimbres br The feldspar is white and roughly 10 x 10 centimeters. Quartz are the little cuneiform and gray ones Graphic texture is commonly created by exsolution and devitrification and immiscibility processes in igneous rocks. It is called graphic because the exsolved or devitrified minerals form wriggly lines and shapes which are reminiscent of writing. Trachyte is a volcanic rock which typically has graphic Texture crystalline texture . Devitrified obsidian and other volcanic glasses typically develop graphic textures peperite is a typical rock formed by this process. Graphic granite is a leucocratic granitic rock consisting of alkali feldspar with exsolved quartz typically forming a distinctive repetitive pattern sometimes resembling the old Sumerian Cuneiform script cuneiform writing . see picture right Exsolved magnetite has graphic texture, as do some exsolution textures of pyroxene , pyrite feldspar and rarely other minerals. See also Volcanic rock s List of minerals List of rock textures Rock microstructure Igneous microstructure graphic texture DEFAULTSORT Graphic Texture Category Igneous rocks Petrology stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Knockdown Texture is a drywall finishing style. It is a mottled texture, more intense than a simple flat finish, but less intense than Orange peel effect orange peel , or Popcorn ceiling popcorn , texture. Image Knockdown texture.jpg right thumb Heavy knockdown applied with a spray hopper. Knockdown texture is created by watering down joint compound to a soupy consistency. A trowel is then used to apply the joint compound. The joint compound will begin to form stalactite s as it dries. The trowel is then run over the surface of the drywall, knocking off the stalactites and leaving the mottled finish. A much more common, and faster technique is to apply the texture mud which is slightly different from joint compound, in that it has less shrinkage upon drying with a texture machine a compressor which sprays mud instead of paint. This applies what is referred to as a splatter coat. The use of a compressor allows this to be applied to walls as well as ceilings. When knocking this down, the mud is allowed to dry for a short period, then skimmed with a knockdown knife a large, usually plastic to reduce noticeable edges knife. DEFAULTSORT Knockdown Texture Category Construction ... more details
Texture in geology refers to the physical appearance or character of a rock, such as grain size, shape, arrangement, and pattern at both the megascopic or microscopic surface feature level. This includes the geometric aspects and relations amongst the component particles or crystals which is called the Texture crystalline crystallographic texture or preferred orientation . The term microstructure is preferred by some petrographers. ref Vernon, R.H. 2004 A practical guide to rock microstructure. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052181443x ref Textures can be quantified in many ways. ref Higgins, M.D. 2006 Quantitative Textural Measurements in Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN 052113515X ref The most common parameter is the crystal size distribution . See also List of rock textures Rock microstructure Igneous textures Vesicular texture Amygdule References Reflist Category Petrology petrology stub cs Textura geologie de Textur Geologie et Kivimi struktuur es Textura petrolog a fr Texture p trographie it Tessitura petrografia nds Textur Geologie ru sk Text ra geol gia sv Textur geologi ... more details
Other uses Texture disambiguation Technical date March 2010 In cosmology , a texture is a type of topological defect in the order parameter typically a scalar field of a field theory featuring spontaneous symmetry breaking . They are not as localized as the other defects, and are unstable. No textures have been definitively confirmed as having been detected, but their existence is compatible with current theories and observations of the universe. In late 2007 a WMAP cold spot cold spot in the cosmic microwave background detected by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe was interpreted as possibly being a sign of a texture lying in that direction. ref cite journal journal Science doi 10.1126 science.1148694 title A Cosmic Microwave Background Feature Consistent with a Cosmic Texture first M. last Cruz coauthors N. Turok, P. Vielva, E. Mart nez Gonz lez, M. Hobson url http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract 1148694 accessdate 2007 10 25 year 2007 volume 318 pages 1612 4 pmid 17962521 issue 5856 bibcode 2007Sci...318.1612C ref References reflist Category Large scale structure of the cosmos fr Texture cosmologie ja uk ... more details
Refimprove date August 2009 A texture artist is an individual who develops texture map textures for digital media, usually for video game s, movies, web sites and television shows. ref cite book last Bethke first Erik title Game Development and Production publisher Wordware Publishing year 2003 pages 48 chapter 5 isbn 9781556229510 url http books.google.ca books?id m5exIODbtqkC&pg PA48 accessdate 2009 08 14 ref ref cite web title InsideJobs Texture Artist url http www.insidejobs.com jobs texture artist accessdate 30 March 2011 archiveurl http www.webcitation.org query?url http 3A 2F 2Fwww.insidejobs.com 2Fjobs 2Ftexture artist&date 2011 03 30 archivedate 30 March 2011 ref These textures can be in the form of 2d or rarely 3d art that may be overlaid onto a polygon mesh to create a realistic 3D modeling 3D model . Texture artists often take advantage of web site s for the purposes of marketing their art and self promotion of their skills with the goal of gaining employment from a video game developer professional game studio or to join a team working on a Mod computer gaming mod modification of an existing game in hopes of establishing industry or Credential Trade credentials trade credentials . ref cite web last Reismanis first Scott title Getting Started with Mods url http www.moddb.com tutorials getting started with mods publisher moddb.com accessdate 31 March 2011 author Scott Reismanis archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5xbTyaHiA archivedate 31 March 2011 format HTML ref See also Digital art Texture map UV map UVW map Normal mapping References reflist DEFAULTSORT Texture Artist Category Computer graphics Category Digital art ... more details
Image Olivine basalt2.jpg thumb Vesicular olivine basalt Image LvMS Lvm.jpg thumb left A volcanic sand grain with many vesicles, viewed with a petrographic microscope . Scale box in millimeters. Vesicular texture is a volcanic Rock geology rock texture characterised by a rock being pitted with many cavities known as vesicles at its surface and inside. ref See http webcache.googleusercontent.com search?q cache u3Vmkj1x25EJ www.elmhurst.edu richs EC 102 Lectures Igneous.ppt vesicular igneous texture&cd 10&hl en&ct clnk&gl uk&source www.google.co.uk Elmhurst College Powerpoint via google viewer , retrieved May 8, 2011 ref The texture is often found in extrusive aphanite aphanitic , or glassy, igneous rock . These vesicles form during the extrusion of magma to the surface as the pressure decreases dissolved, magmatic gases are able to come out of solution, forming gas bubbles the cavities in the magma. When the magma is extruded as lava and cools the lava solidifies around the gas bubbles, preserving them as vesicles. ref D. Armstrong, F. Mugglestone, R. Richards and F. Stratton OCR AS and A2 Geology . Pearson Education Limited, 2008, p. 76. ref A related texture is Amygdule amygdaloidal in which the volcanic rock, usually basalt or andesite , has cavities, or vesicles, that are filled with secondary minerals, such as zeolite s, calcite , quartz , or chalcedony . Individual cavity fillings are termed amygdules American usage , or amygdales British usage . Sometimes these can be sources of semi precious stones such as agate . Rock types that display a vesicular texture include pumice and scoria . Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Vesicular Texture Category Volcanology Volcanology stub et Vesikulaarne tekstuur fa nl Vesicle gesteente uk ... more details
Open texture is a term in the philosophy of Friedrich Waismann , first introduced in his paper Verifiability to refer to the universal possibility of vagueness in empirical statements. ref Friedrich Waismann, Verifiability 1945 , p.2 ref The concept has become important in criticism of verificationism and has also found use in legal philosophy . References Reflist philosophy stub Category Empiricism ... more details
see Types of texture types of texture below Benward & Saker 2003, 131 . For example, a thick texture .... This would be a reasonably light texture, with not too many layers. The thickness also is affected ... to thick. A piece s texture may be affected by the number and character of parts playing at once ... of music history and music analysis, some common terms for different types of texture are class wikitable Type Description Visual Audio Monophony Monophonic Monophonic texture includes a single ... with one another. Characteristic texture of the Renaissance music , also prevalent during ... harpsichord by Martha Goldstein format Ogg Homophony Homophonic The most common texture ... rhythm, the homophonic texture can also be described as homorhythmic. Characteristic texture of the Classical ... performing variations of the same melody. Additive A texture most commonly found in rock ... as homophonic and fugues as polyphonic , many composers use more than one type of texture in the same piece of music. A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time, rather than in succession. A more recent type of texture first used by Gy rgy Ligeti is micropolyphony ... faculty staff liske musicalelements textureframes.html A Guide to Musical Texture with multimedia texture music DEFAULTSORT Texture Music Category Musical texture ca Textura musical de Textur Musik et ... more details
In petrology , micrographic texture is a fine grained intergrowth of quartz and alkali feldspar , interpreted as the last product of crystallization in some igneous rock s which contain high or moderately high percentages of silica . Micropegmatite is an outmoded terminology for micrographic texture. This fine grained texture is similar to the coarser intergrowths in certain pegmatite s and coarse granitic veins the quartz forms angular patches scattered through a matrix of feldspar. In polarized light the separate areas of each mineral extinguish at the same time, and this proves that, even though apparently discontinuous, they have the same crystalline orientation. The feldspar may be considered an irregular crystal of spongy structure, the interstices being filled up by another spongy crystal of quartz. Some of the coarser grained examples are said to be graphic , because the intergrowths vaguely resemble ancient cuneiform lettering. Some micrographic intergrowths are similar to those characteristic of granophyre . Micrographic differs from graphic granite in being so much finer grained that the texture can only be seen in a petrographic thin section with a microscope . The feldspar is usually orthoclase , but can also be albite , oligoclase or microcline . In at least some instances, quartz is so disposed that the two minerals have a definite relation between their crystallographic axes. In rocks where micrographic texture is most common, it is usually interpreted as the last product of crystallization, and may represent residual melt. Commonly it has no definite form of its own, but fills up the irregular interspaces between the earlier crystallized minerals. The compositions of these residual crystallization products may represent eutectic compositions, the mixtures quartz plus feldspar plus minor amounts of other minerals which have the lowest fusion point. The texture ... compositional changes. The texture should not be confused with myrmekite or granophyre , in which ... more details
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