- Thalamus
Hatnote For the computer game developer, see Thalamus Ltd . Infobox Brain Name Thalamus Latin thalamus dorsalis GraySubject 189 GrayPage 808 Image Brain chrischan thalamus.jpg Caption thalamus marked MRI ... Components See List of thalamic nuclei Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 283 MeshName Thalamus MeshNumber A08.186.211.730.385.826 NeuroLex Thalamus NeuroLexID birnlex 954 The thalamus from Greek language Greek Wikt thalamus inner chamber ref Douglas Harper Harper http www.etymonline.com ... searchresults?q thalamus tufts.edu Retrieved 2012 02 09 ref is a Wikt midline midline symmetrical ... name Poetics cite journal doi 10.4249 scholarpedia.1583 title Thalamus year 2006 last1 Sherman first1 ..., sleep, and alertness. The thalamus surrounds the third ventricle . It is the main product ... the thalamus is perched on top of the brainstem, near the center of the brain, with nerve fibers ... the two halves of the thalamus are prominent bulb shaped masses, about 5.7 cm in length ..., the ventral thalamus, and the dorsal thalamus. ref cite journal doi 10.1007 s00381 002 0604 1 title Functional anatomy of thalamus and basal ganglia year 2002 last1 Herrero first1 Mar& x000ED a Trinidad ... thalamus containing the zona incerta and the reticulate nucleus not the reticular, term of confusion ... from the thalamus proper. The thalamus comprises a system of lamellae made up of myelin .... ref Jones Edward G. 2007 The Thalamus Cambridge Uni. Press Page needed date February 2012 ref These latter structures, different in structure from the major part of the thalamus, have been ... first1 G. year 2003 chapter Thalamus editor1 last Paxinos editor1 first G. editor2 last May editor2 ... 675 ref This distinction simplifies the global description of the thalamus. The thalamus derives its ... supply of the thalamus editor1 last Schaltenbrand editor2 last Walker editor2 first A. E. title Stereotaxy ... from the vertebrobasilar arterial system except the polar artery. The thalamus is manifoldly connected ... more details
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- Thalamus Ltd
Thalamus Ltd also known as Thalamus was a United Kingdom British computer game developer that published ... Genesis Thalamus Ltd was created in 1986 in video gaming 1986 as an in house software publishing label ... LM . First Titles Thalamus capitalised on the success of the Commodore 64 gaming scene by releasing ... development scene through the popularity of their Zzap 64 gaming magazine, Thalamus were able to sign ... , Delta computer game Delta and Quedex . Sanxion was the first release to bear the Thalamus name ... and Wright both left Thalamus, with Wright returning to Activision and Liddon pursuing a career in games ... Guard, so for their next release Thalamus turned to upcoming C64 programmer Martin Walker ... t sell as well as previous Thalamus titles. In the second half of 1988, Thalamus returned from a period ... Jeroen Tel. The first Thalamus game to be awarded a Gold Medal by Zzap 64, Armalyte was an impressive ... as a sequel to Delta . As the 1980s drew to a close, Thalamus continued to release a strong line ... and Delta being released, but by this time the Spectrum market was in decline and Thalamus decided to halt development of a number of Spectrum projects. The title Thalamus were most reluctant to cut ... of Spectrum classics such as Lords of Midnight and Driller . Final titles and dissolution Thalamus ... dwindled. Thalamus managed to survive the liquidation of Newsfield, but funds were running low. With 8 ... publishers, such as Thalamus, to either close down or allow themselves to be consumed by a publishing giant. Thalamus released their final C64 game, Nobby the Aardvark in 1993, but it was too ..., Thalamus had no choice but to close down their operations. Eidos Interactive snapped up many Thalamus ... Restrictor 1993, Amiga External links http www.c64.com articles thalamus history.html Thalamus History ... with former Thalamus programmer Richard Underhill http theburrow.zzap64.co.uk zzap index.html Gordon ... video game companies Category Companies established in 1986 sv Thalamus datorspelsf retag ... more details
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- Medullary laminae of thalamus
Infobox Brain Name Medullary laminae of thalamus Latin lamina medullaris lateralis thalami, lamina medullaris medialis thalami GraySubject GrayPage Image Constudthal.gif Caption Thalamic nuclei Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Medullary laminae of thalamus are layers of myelin ated fibres that appear on cross sections of the thalamus . They also are commonly referred to as laminae medullares thalami or medullary layers of thalamus . The specific layers are ref cite web url http www.medilexicon.com medicaldictionary.php?s medullary laminae of thalamus title Medilexicon Medullary laminae of thalamus ref Lamina medullaris lateralis external medullary lamina ref BrainInfo hier 350 ref separates ventral and Human anatomical terms Anatomical directions lateral thalamus from the subthalamus and thalamic reticular nucleus Lamina medullaris medialis internal medullary lamina ref BrainInfo hier 351 ref positioned between the dorsomedial and ventral nuclei of thalamus, encloses the intralaminar nuclei centromedian nucleus , paracentral, and central lateral References reflist Diencephalon Category Cerebellum anatomy stub ... more details
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- Anterolateral region of the motor thalamus
Orphan date July 2011 Anterolateral region of the motor thalamus is a composite substructure of the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus based on connectivity and function. It includes the ventral anterior nucleus and the medial part of the ventral lateral nucleus which receive projections primarily from the substantia nigra . It, the anteromedial region of the motor thalamus and the posterior region of the motor thalamus constitute the motor thalamus. ref cite journal author Macchi G Jones EG year 1997 title Toward an agreement on terminology of nuclear and subnuclear divisions of the motor thalamus journal J Neurosurg volume 86 4 pages 670 85 pmid 9120632 ref References Reflist External links More information at http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu centraldirectory.aspx?ID 2223 BrainInfo Categories Category Neuroanatomy neuroanatomy stub ... more details
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- Lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus
Infobox Brain Name Lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus Latin nucleus lateralis posterior thalami GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Thalmus.png Caption2 Thalamic nuclei Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The lateral posterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus . It acts in concert with the pulvinar . External links http brainmaps.org index.php?y lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus Diencephalon Category Neuroanatomy anatomy stub ... more details
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- Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus
Infobox Brain Name Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus Latin nucleus dorsalis lateralis GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Thalmus.png Caption2 Thalamic nuclei Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The lateral dorsal nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus . It acts in concert with the anterior nuclei of thalamus . It receives significant input from several subdivisions of visual cortex, and has a primary output to parietal cortex on the dorsolateral cortical convexity, giving it access to limbic forebrain nuclei important for emotion and behavior functions. Diencephalon Category Neuroanatomy anatomy stub ... more details
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- Stria medullaris of thalamus
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin stria medullaris thalamica GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 281 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Stria medullaris NeuroLexID birnlex 1066 DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The stria medullaris , also known as stria medullaris thalami, is a fiber bundle containing Afferent nerve afferent fibers from the septal nuclei , lateral preoptico hypothalamic region, and anterior thalamic nuclei to the habenula . It forms a horizontal ridge on the medial surface of the thalamus . It projects to the habenular nuclei . ref http www.dartmouth.edu rswenson NeuroSci chapter 10.html ref It is considered part of the epithalamus in NeuroNames , but part of the thalamus in Terminologia Anatomica . References reflist neuroscience stub Diencephalon Olfactory system Category Neuroanatomy ... more details
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- Stratum zonale of thalamus
Infobox Brain Name Stratum zonale Latin stratum zonale thalami GraySubject 189 GrayPage 810 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 357 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre s 25 DorlandsSuf 12761662 The thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance , but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance , named the stratum zonale . References Gray s Category Nervous system neuroscience stub Diencephalon ... more details
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- Anterior nuclei of thalamus
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin nuclei anteriores thalami GraySubject GrayPage Image ThalamicNuclei.svg Caption Thalamic nuclei BR MNG Midline nuclear group BR AN Anterior nuclear group BR MD Medial dorsal nucleus BR VNG Ventral nuclear group BR VA Ventral anterior nucleus BR VL Ventral lateral nucleus BR VPL Ventral posterolateral nucleus BR VPM Ventral posteromedial nucleus BR LNG Lateral nuclear group BR PUL Pulvinar BR MTh Metathalamus BR LG Lateral geniculate nucleus BR MG Medial geniculate nucleus Image2 Thalmus.png Caption2 Thalamic nuclei IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 285 MeshName Anterior Thalamic Nuclei MeshNumber NeuroLex Anterior Nuclear Group NeuroLexID birnlex 1692 DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12580278 The anterior nuclei of thalamus or anterior nuclear group are a collection of nuclei at the Anatomical terms of location Other directional terms rostral end of the dorsal thalamus . Inputs and outputs They receive afferents from the mammillary bodies via the mammillothalamic tract and from the subiculum via the fornix. In turn, they project to the cingulate gyrus . Function These Nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei are thought to play a role in the modulation of alertness and are involved in learning and memory . They are considered to be part of the limbic system . Additional images gallery Image Territoriostalamo.jpg Thalamus gallery External links http www.neuinfo.org nif nifgwt.html?query 22Anterior 20Nuclear 20Group 22 NIF Search Anterior Nuclear Group via the Neuroscience Information Framework neuroscience stub Diencephalon Papez circuit Category Cerebrum DEFAULTSORT Anterior Nuclei Of Thalamus es Territorio anterior del t lamo ... more details
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- Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
Infobox Brain Name Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus Latin nuclei intralaminares thalami GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Thalmus.png Caption2 Thalamic nuclei IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 300 MeshName intralaminar thalamic nuclei MeshNumber DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12581553 The intralaminar nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus that contains the following nuclei central lateral centromedian nucleus centromedian or central medial paracentral parafascicular. Some sources also include a central dorsal nucleus. It can be associated with progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson s disease . ref name pmid10869053 cite journal author Henderson JM, Carpenter K, Cartwright H, Halliday GM title Loss of thalamic intralaminar nuclei in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson s disease clinical and therapeutic implications journal Brain volume 123 issue 7 pages 1410 21 year 2000 month July pmid 10869053 doi 10.1093 brain 123.7.1410 url http brain.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 10869053 ref See also Central tegmental tract References reflist External links http medinfo.ufl.edu year2 neuro review images thalamus.jpg Diagram at University of Florida Diencephalon Category Cerebrum neuroanatomy stub de Nuclei intralaminares es N cleo intralaminar del t lamo ... more details
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- Thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits
Thalamo cortico thalamic circuits consist of looped neural pathways that connect the thalamus to the cerebral cortex , and connect the cerebral cortex back to the thalamus. Some researchers propose that such circuits allow the brain to obtain data on its own activity, making self awareness possible. Category Neuroanatomy neuroanatomy stub ... more details
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- Dorsomedial nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus can refer to Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus Medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
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- Anterior nucleus
Anterior nucleus can refer to Anterior hypothalamic nucleus Anterior nuclei of thalamus disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
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- VLO
VLO may refer to V speeds VLO V sub LO sub , The maximum landing gear operating speed VLo, The thalamus region of the brain disambig de VLO ... more details
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- Prethalamus
Mergeto subthalamus date December 2009 Unreferenced date December 2009 The prethalamus formerly described as ventral thalamus or subthalamus is part of the diencephalon and therefore part of the brain . Developmental biologists prefer the term prethalamus, as it can be genetically defined Puelles and Rubenstein, 2003 , whereas human anatomists often use the expression subthalamus. The prethalamus is part of the mid diencephalic territory MDT containing also the zona limitans intrathalamica ZLI , and the thalamus . Caudally, the prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the ZLI acting as lineage restriction boundary. The pro neural gene Dlx gene Dlx2 serves a typical marker of the prethalamus. Typical nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei of the prethalamus are the zona incerta , thalamic reticular nucleus , and the fields of Forel . The prethalamus is patterned by Sonic hedgehog signalling from the ZLI. Anatomically, it develops efferent nerve efferent output connections to the striatum caudate nucleus and putamen in the telencephalon , to the thalamus medial and lateral nuclear groups in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon . It receives afferent nerve afferent input connections from the substantia nigra and striatum. Diencephalon Category Diencephalon de Pr thalamus ... more details
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- Thalamogeniculate artery
Also known as the arteria thalamogeniculata , the thalamogeniculate artery is a branch of the posterior cerebral artery supplying the medial and lateral geniculate bodies and the pulvinar of the thalamus . http www.drugs.com dict thalamogeniculate artery.html DEFAULTSORT Thalamogeniculate Artery Category Arteries circulatory stub ... more details
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- Apex Computer Productions
mostly a direct descendant of Creatures. Games Cyberdyne Warrior Hewson Consultants Hewson , 1989 Thalamus Ltd Retrograde Thalamus Ltd , 1989 Creatures Commodore 64 game Creatures Thalamus Ltd, 1990 Creatures II Torture Trouble Thalamus Ltd, 1992 Mayhem in Monsterland Apex, 1993 References reflist refs ... more details
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- Matrix-Core
The Matrix Core theory of thalamus , first proposed by Ted Jones neuroscientist Ted Jones , states that neurons in the thalamus belong to either a calbindin immunopositive matrix of diffusely and widely projecting neurons, or to a parvalbumin immunopositive core of precisely projecting neurons ref name Jones Cite pmid 9622234 ref . Unfortunately only one nuclei is simply immunoreactive to just one of three calcium binding protiens, and that is the centromedial nuclei which stains for parvalbumin. A given region usually stains for two of the three proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin The neurons comprising the core are believed to be involved in propagation of driving information, whereas neurons comprising the matrix are believed to play a more modulatory role. Overall, the calcium binding proteins show a complementary staining pattern in the human thalamus. In general terms, the highest density of parvalbumin stain is in the nuclei of the ventral nuclear group i.e. in the ventral anterior, ventral lateral and ventral posterior nuclei and in the medial and lateral geniculate nuclear groups. Moderate amounts of parvalbumin staining are also present in regions of the medio dorsal nucleus MD . By contrast, calbindin and calretinin immunoreactivity show a similar distribution of dense staining in the rostral intralaminar nuclear group and in the patchy regions of the MD thalamus which appears to complement the pattern of parvalbumin staining. However, calbindin and calretinin also show low levels of staining in the ventral nuclear group and in the medial and lateral geniculate bodies which overlaps with the intense parvalbumin staining in these regions. These results show that the calcium binding proteins are heterogeneously distributed in a complementary fashion within the nuclei of the thalamus. The primate thalamus comprises of a matrix of calbindin immunoreactive cells and a superimposed core of parvalbumin immunoreactive cells which may have differential ... more details
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- Lateral reticular formation
cholinergic and noradrenergic , the former of which projects to the sensory nucleus of the thalamus and the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. The reticular nucleus of the thalamus not pictured has nothing to do with the reticular formation its naming was a coincidence. This nucleus wraps around the thalamus ... . The reticular nucleus of the thalamus, when active, inhibits the sensory nucleus with GABA . The sensory ... waking hours, the inhibitory actions of the reticular nucleus are inhibited. The thalamus is never ... nucleus is free to inhibit the sensory nucleus of the thalamus. This is how the reticular ... be if the thalamus was being partially inhibited by GABA, making it more difficult to relay information ... more details
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- Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
Infobox Brain Name Ventral trigeminothalamic tract Latin tractus trigeminothalamicus anterior GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 609 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Ventral trigeminothalamic tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1001 DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The Anterior trigeminothalamic tract or ventral trigeminothalamic tract serves as pain , temperature , and crude touch pathway from the face, head and neck. It receives input from trigeminal nerve , facial nerve , glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve . After entering the pons the central projections of the first order neurons descend to the medulla, forming the spinal trigeminal tract and synapse in the spinal trigeminal complex. Axons of the second order neurons cross the midline and terminate in the ventral posterior medial thalamus as opposed to the ventral posterior lateral thalamus as in the dorsal column medial leminscus and spinothalamic tract pathway to mediate conscious sensation of pain and temperature from the face, head and neck. The third order neuron in the thalamus then connects to the sensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus . The affective motivational information is mediated by connections to reticular formation, midbrain, and the midline nuclei of the thalamus . The midline nuclei third order neurons then synapse to the cingulate and insular cortex. http www2.uic.edu stud orgs prof medclass2010 Neuroanat week 3.doc . External links http isc.temple.edu neuroanatomy lab atlas hpv http isc.temple.edu neuroanatomy lab atlas ocn Pons Mesencephalon Diencephalon Neural tracts Category Nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
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- Fields of forel
Fields of Forel is an area in a deep part of the brain known as the diencephalon . It is below the thalamus and consists of three defined, white matter areas of the subthalamus . These three regions are named H fields for Haubenfelder . The first, field H1, is the thalamic fasciculus , a horizontal white matter tract between the subthalamus and the thalamus. These fibers are projections to the thalamus from the basal ganglia globus pallidus and the cerebellum . H1 is separated from H2 by the zona incerta . Field H2 sometimes synonymous with lenticular fasciculus is also made up of projections from the pallidum to the thalamus, but these course the subthalamic nucleus dorsal . Field H3 aka the prerubral field , is a large zone of mixed gray and white matter located just rostral In front of the red nucleus. External links 1. http www.biology online.org dictionary Fields of forel 2. Forel, A. 1877 . Untersuchungen ber die Haubenregion und ihre oberen Verkn pfungen im Gehirne des Menschen und einiger S ugethiere, mit Beitr gen zu den Methoden der Gehirnuntersuchung . Archiv f r Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 7 393 495. doi 10.1007 BF02041873. Category Nervous system neuroscience stub Diencephalon Category Neuroanatomy Category Brainstem Category Cerebrum Category Central nervous system ... more details
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- Disciflorae
orphan date September 2010 Disciflorae are an artificial group of plants based on the old second artificial and non scientific series. The group Disciflorae are polypetalae and dicotyledonous . The group comprises Flowers having prominent disc shaped thalamus below the ovary . The ovary is superior. Previous Order Polypetalae, Dicotyledons Category Plant anatomy Category Branches of botany Category Plants ... more details
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- Lamina (anatomy)
Unreferenced date December 2009 Lamina is a general anatomy anatomical term meaning plate or layer. It is used in both gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy to describe structures. Some examples include The laminae of the thyroid cartilage two leaflike plates of cartilage that make up the walls of the structure The Lamina of the vertebral arch vertebral laminae plates of bone that form the posterior walls of each vertebra, enclosing the spinal cord The laminae of the thalamus the layers of thalamus tissue The lamina propria a connective tissue layer under the epithelium of an organ DEFAULTSORT Lamina Anatomy Category Anatomy ... more details
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- Nucleus reuniens
The nucleus reuniens , in the brain , links the medial prefrontal cortex with the midline thalamus , and regulates the amount of neural traffic with changes in attentiveness. ref cite journal pages 601 9 doi 10.1016 j.brainresbull.2006.12.002 title Nucleus reuniens of the midline thalamus Link between the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus year 2007 last1 Vertes first1 Robert P. last2 Hoover first2 Walter B. last3 Szigeti Buck first3 Klara last4 Leranth first4 Csaba journal Brain Research Bulletin volume 71 issue 6 pmid 17292803 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Nucleus Reuniens Category Brain Neuroanatomy stub ... more details
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- Nonmotor region of the ventral nuclear group
Multiple issues wikify August 2011 orphan August 2011 expert August 2011 Nonmotor region of the ventral nuclear group is a substructure of the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus based on connectivity and function. It corresponds to the caudal part of the ventral posterolateral nucleus, which receives input from the medial Lemniscus anatomy lemniscus . The anterodorsal portion of this region receives primarily proprioceptive afferents . The central portion receives primarily cutaneous afferents. ref cite journal author Macchi G Jones EG year 1997 title Toward an agreement on terminology of nuclear and subnuclear divisions of the motor thalamus journal J Neurosurg volume 86 4 pages 670 85 pmid 9120632 ref References Reflist External links More information at http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu centraldirectory.aspx?ID 2230 BrainInfo Categories Category Neuroanatomy neuroanatomy stub ... more details
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