Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In Amplitude Modulated Amplitude modulation AM broadcast analogue television systems it is possible to modulate the video signal two ways. See also TV systems NTSC and NTSC J Colour encoding systems PAL SECAM Connectors SCART DEFAULTSORT Video Modulation Category Radio modulation modes Tv tech stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Modulation sphere or M space formulation is a scheme or theory representing the system of effects of phase modulation and amplitude modulation as applied together on a carrier wave . The relations between both modulations on the carrier are also accounted for. The modulation sphere representation relates three variables in three space, M1, M2 and M3 The M1 axis defines which modulation type AM or PM dominates over the other at a set time instance on the carrier and at which degree. The M2 axis defines if the interaction between the two modulations is correlative, or anti correlative see Correlation in phase, and at which degree, at the same instance. The M3 axis defines the degree the two values are in quadrature phase with each other at that instance, showing also which sideband of those created LSB or USB has more power and at which degree. See also Quatrature variable modulator Sources http photonics.anu.edu.au qoptics Theses 2004cusack.pdf http authors.library.caltech.edu 5636 01 CUSao04.pdf Category Radio modulation modes physics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2011 About pessimism regarding therapy other uses Nihilism disambiguation Therapeutic nihilism is a contention that curing people, or societies, of their ills by treatment is impossible. In medicine, it was connected to the idea that many cures do more harm than good, and that one should instead encourage the body to heal itself. Michel de Montaigne espoused this view in his Essais . This position was later popular, among other places, in France in the 1820s and 1830s, but has mostly faded away in the modern era due to the development of provably effective medicines such as antibiotics , starting with the release of Sulfonamide medicine sulfonamide in 1936. Cn span A variant of the belief is still held by many people who practice homeopathy and other forms of alternative medicine . date February 2012 In relation to society, it was the idea that nothing can be done to cure society of the problems facing it. It was never mainstream thought and did not grow beyond its origins in early 20th century Germany. It had no main proponent save for the novelist Joseph Conrad whose writings reflect the theory. Citation needed date February 2007 The phrase therapeutic nihilism is also included in a modern version of the Hippocratic Oath , traditionally taken by physicians upon graduation. The statement is I will apply for the benefit of the sick, all measures that are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. Category Concepts in alternative medicine Category Nihilism alt med stub pt Nilismo terap utico ... more details
The therapeutic relationship , also called the helping alliance, the therapeutic alliance, and the working alliance, refers to the relationship between a healthcare professional and a patient client or patient . It is the means by which a therapist and a client hope to engage with each other, and effect beneficial change in the client. Research While much early work on this subject was generated from a psychodynamic perspective, researchers from other orientations have since investigated this area. It has been found to predict treatment adherence compliance and concordance and clinical endpoint outcome across a range of client patient diagnoses and treatment settings. Research on the statistical power of the therapeutic relationship now reflects more than 1,000 findings. ref Orlinsky, D. E., Ronnestad, M. H., Willutski, U. 2004 . Fifty years of psychotherapy process outcome research Continuity and change. In M. J. Lambert Ed. Handbook of psychotherapy and behaviour change 5th Ed. . New York John Wiley & Sons. ref Components of the therapeutic relationship The therapeutic relationship has been theorized to consist of three parts the working alliance, transference countertransference , and the real relationship. ref Greenson, R.R. 1967 The technique and practice of psychoanalysis. Vol.1 . New York International Universities Press. ref ref Gelso, C.J. & Carter, J. 1985 . The relationship ... Model of the Therapeutic Relationship. Handbook of Counseling Psychology 4th ed. . pp. 267 280 . ref Working alliance Also known as the therapeutic alliance, working alliance is not to be confused with the therapeutic relationship, of which it is theorized to be a component. The working alliance ..., ref Barrett Lennard, G. T. 1962 . Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic ..., Canada. ref The Scale To Assess Relationships STAR was specifically developed to measure the therapeutic ... the therapeutic relationship in community mental health care STAR. Psychological Medicine, 37, 85 95 ... more details
A therapeutic effect is a consequence of a medical treatment of any kind, the results of which are judged to be desirable and beneficial. This is true whether the result was expected, unexpected, or even an unintended consequence of the treatment. An adverse effect , on the other hand, is a harmful and undesired effect. What constitutes a therapeutic effect versus a side effect is a matter of both the nature of the situation in which a treatment is used and the goals of treatment. There is no inherent difference between therapeutic and undesired side effects both responses are behavioral physiologic changes which occur as a response to the treatment strategy or agent. The most common nominal reason for preferring certain effects is avoiding death. However, those changes which are viewed as desirable, given the situation, are called therapeutic those undesirable for the situation are viewed as unfavorable. Scope of treatments Many people think of therapeutic and undesired side effects as only applying to medication s, drug s or Dietary supplement supplement s, perhaps because pharmacology ..., at least at a conscious or group awareness level. Other therapeutic methods are typically ... actually does change. To maximize the therapeutic effects and minimize the side effects ... effects contributing to the overall therapeutic benefit. Achieving this reflects a higher degree of physician ... example, the therapeutic effect of diphenhydramine , when used for nasal congestion , is to lessen ... , as in many over the counter preparations, the therapeutic effect of diphenhydramine is drowsiness ..., but the situation in which the therapeutic agent is used a change in the situation can easily totally reverse what is usually considered a therapeutic versus an undesirable side effect. Diphenhydramine ... congestion, thus response 1 was the considered the therapeutic effect. Since response 2, the drowsiness ... responses, often summarized using the concept therapeutic index , are utilized to help understand ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date August 2008 Jaxon modulation is a modulation system for placing information on a bitstream generated by a finite generator . A bitstream of random nature can most probably not have any extra information modulated onto it. While a bitstream with zero entropy can have any amount of information modulated onto it. But such a stream which holds the modulated information can not be made by a wiktionary finite finite generator. In between these two grounds of maximal entropy and minimal entropy perhaps a finite generator exists for a stream having a ratio of 4 to 1 in the bit states. The bounds for the stream entropy is more than two to one of one bit state to the other for the bit statistics . A three to one bit state bias would allow modulation of information onto the stream at 3 16ths of the stream s bit rate . 3 4 N 2 N 1 rate of modulation factor for N to 1 bit state biased carrier stream. DEFAULTSORT Jaxon Modulation Category Line codes Telecomm stub ... more details
Refimprove auto yes date December 2009 Therapeutic foods are food s designed for specific, usually nutritional, therapeutic purposes as a form of dietary supplement . The primary examples of therapeutic foods are used for emergency feeding of malnourished children or to supplement the diets of persons with special nutritional requirements, such as the elderly. Therapeutic foods are usually made of a mixture of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and vitamins and minerals. Therapeutic foods are usually produced by grinding all ingredients together and mixing the ingredients together. The mixing process ... name ingentaconnect.com Manary, M.J. 2006 Local production and provision of ready to use therapeutic ... ., in order for the mixture to maintain its consistency. Using this method, the therapeutic ... of the food. Some therapeutic foods require the addition of water before administering, while others can be consumed as is. Therapeutic foods are designed and manufactured to ensure that the foods ... to use therapeutic food with standard therapy in the treatment of malnourished Malawian children a controlled ... based foods used in phase one and phase two. ref name samchild.com Ready to Use Therapeutic Food A subset of therapeutic foods, ready to use therapeutic foods RUTFs , are energy dense, micronutrient ... diet used in inpatient therapeutic feeding programs and are often made of peanuts, oil, sugar and milk ..., P.J. Grais, R.F. 2009 Effect of preventive supplementation with ready to use therapeutic food on the nutritional ... of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Children Under Five Years Ready to Use Therapeutic Food RUTF . Retrieved .... ref name motherchildnutrition.org An example of a nutritional composition of a Ready to Use Therapeutic .... http mfkhaiti.org index.php the solution medika mamba Medika Mamba , an enriched peanut butter therapeutic ... fex Increasing Access to Ready to use Therapeutic Foods RUTF http www.ennonline.net fex References Reflist Use dmy dates date March 2011 DEFAULTSORT Therapeutic Food Category Dietary supplements ... more details
Polar modulation is analogous to quadrature modulation in the same way that polar coordinates are analogous to Cartesian coordinates . Quadrature modulation makes use of Cartesian coordinates, x and y . When considering quadrature modulation, the x axis is called the I in phase axis, and the y axis is called the Q quadrature axis. Polar modulation makes use of polar coordinates, r amplitude and phase . ref http www.mwrf.com Articles Index.cfm?Ad 1&ArticleID 9176 ref The quadrature modulator approach to digital radio transmission requires a linear amplifier linear RF power amplifier which creates a design conflict between improving power efficiency or maintaining amplifier linearity. Compromising linearity causes degraded signal quality, usually by adjacent channel degradation, which can be a fundamental factor in limiting network performance and capacity. Additional problems with linear .... In a polar modulation system, the power amplifier input signal may vary only in phase. Amplitude modulation is then accomplished by directly controlling the gain of the power amplifier through changing or modulating its supply voltage. Thus a polar modulation system allows the use of highly ... the phase error at each amplitude from the modulating I and Q signals. History Polar modulation ... been accomplished earlier, and Edison found that by combining amplitude and phase modulation i.e., by polar modulation , he could double this to 4 signals hence, quadruplex. See also Angle modulation Phase modulation Phase shift keying PSK External links http rfdesign.com mag radio fundamentals digital quadrature index.html Fundamentals of Digital Quadrature Modulation http www.tropian.com polarImpact.php ... ArticleID 11479 11479.html Polar Modulation Emerges Wireless Systems Design http www.commsdesign.com story OEG20030904S0013 Polar Modulation Ups Efficiency in Mobile PA Designs CommsDesign Notes references Category Telecommunication theory Category Radio modulation modes Category Physical layer protocols ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 Hierarchical modulation , also called layered modulation , is one of the signal processing techniques for multiplexing and modulation modulating multiple data streams into one single symbol stream, where base layer symbols and enhancement layer symbols are synchronously overplayed before transmission. Hierarchical modulation is particularly used to mitigate the cliff effect in digital television broadcast, particularly mobile TV , by providing a lower quality fallback signal in case of weak signals, allowing graceful degradation instead of complete signal loss. It has been widely proven and included in various standards, such as DVB T , MediaFLO , UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband , a new 3.5th generation mobile network standard developed by 3GPP2 , and is under study for DVB H . Hierarchical modulation is also taken as one of the practical implementations of superposition ... the data stream embedded in the base layer. With hierarchical modulation, a network operator can target ... hierarchical modulation suffers from serious inter layer interference ILI with impact on the achievable symbol rate. Example Image Layering.png frame right Layered Modulation Constellation For example ... modulation 16QAM enhancement layer. The first layer is 2 bits represented by the green circles ... non hierarchical modulation, 64QAM. But unlayered 16QAM with the same SNR would approach full throughput ... freesrchabstract.jsp?tp &arnumber 1433080&queryText 3DA hierarchical modulation for upgrading digital broadcast systems 26openedRefinements 3D 26searchField 3DSearch All A hierarchical modulation ... 203 On enhancing hierarchical modulation , IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia ... http www.broadcastpapers.com whitepapers paper loader.cfm?pid 520 Hierarchical Modulation Explained http www.dvb.org technology fact sheets WP01 DVB T 20Hierarchical.pdf Hierarchical Modulation under DVB DEFAULTSORT Hierarchical Modulation Category Quantized radio modulation modes Category Radio ... more details
inline date December 2010 Neuro linguistic programming Therapeutic metaphor is a type of conceptual metaphor presented as a story or other parallel to an entire aspect of a situation, related by a psychotherapy psychotherapist to a patient. The purpose of this is to highlight to a person, in an effective way, some aspects and lessons that otherwise they might not be able to perceive as clearly in their current situation, or to suggest new outlooks on it. Thus a therapist, told about the death of a loved one, might respond by describing two roses in a garden, one of which is dug up. Uses Marsha M. Linehan Marsha Linehan highlights the utility of metaphor in her work with patients with borderline personality disorder the use of metaphor, in the form of simple analogies, anecdotes, parables, myths or stories, is extremely important in dialectical behavioral therapy DBT . Metaphors are also alternative means of teaching dialectical thinking and opening up possibilities of new behaviors. They encourage both patient and therapist to look for and create alternate meanings and points of reference for events under scrutiny. Her metaphors for radical acceptance is like being a gardener learning to love the dandelions that come into the garden year after year, no matter what the gardener does to get rid of them and therapy interfering behavior is like a mountain climber refusing to wear winter gear when climbing in the snow and suicidal behavior is like the mountain climber jumping off the mountain, sometimes with the rope still tied to the guide are particularly illustrative of the uses she has for metaphor. Views In his book, Guru Metaphors from a psychotherapist , Sheldon Kopp states ... the crucial place that metaphor holds in human communication and experience. The use of therapeutic ... the Guilford Press, page 209 . Further reading Gordon, David, Therapeutic Metaphors Helping Others ... , who was a dedicated user and creator of therapeutic metaphor. See that article for bibliography ... more details
Infobox Hollywood cartoon cartoon name Therapeutic Pink series Pink Panther character Pink Panther image Therapeuticpink.jpg caption director Gerry Chiniquy animator Warren Batchelder br Bob Matz br Norm McCabe br Don Williams animator Don Williams background artist Richard H. Thomas voice actor musician Walter Greene William Lava Uncredited producer David H. DePatie br Friz Freleng distributor United Artists release date April 1, 1977 color process DeLuxe Color Deluxe runtime 6 minutes country Film US movie language English preceded by Rocky Pink followed by Pink Pictures Therapeutic Pink is the 92nd cartoon produced in the Pink Panther series. A total of 124 6 minute cartoons were produced between 1964 and 1980. Plot The hungry Pink Panther wanders the streets, and while longing for a bite to eat, a little dog bites his tail and refuses to let go, so he has to check into a hospital, where the doctor treats him as just another ill patient. Unhappy to be in the hospital, the panther tries to escape by disguising himself as a nurse and the dog as a baby under a blanket, but the plan fails. Finally the doctor gives him some Formula K 9 Dog Remover medicine, which helps, and the dog lets loose of the tail, but then the dog attacks the doctor. The pink panther is then free from the hospital, and he receives a free pie, but however, just before Pink goes out the door, he doesn t that a person in white clothes is behind a door. The man in white clothes then takes the pie from the plate while Pink isn t looking. Pink then runs off. ref http www.imdb.com title tt0153007 imdb.com ref End of an era Therapeutic Pink was the final Pink Panther theatrical short produced by DePatie Freleng Enterprises. In the following two years, 32 made for television shorts would be released. ref http dfe.goldenagecartoons.com filmography 1978 80.htm DePatie Freleng Enterprises Filmography ref However ... IMDb title 0153007 Pink Panther The Original Pink Panther Shorts DEFAULTSORT Therapeutic Pink Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Covalent modulation is the alteration of a protein s shape and function by covalent bonding of chemical groups to it. Covalent modulation is the alteration of a protein s shape and function by covalent bonding of chemical groups to it. Enzymes that control metabolic pathwas can be subject to reversible regulation by phosphorylation of specific sites. This reversible phosphorylation affects the activity of the enzyme. Enzymes that control metabolic pathwas can be subject to reversible regulation by phosphorylation of specific sites. This reversible phosphorylation affects the activity of the enzyme. Types Phosphorylation Glycosylation DEFAULTSORT Covalent Modulation Category Proteins Protein stub ... more details
. Every time the output signal reaches one of the limits, the PWM signal changes state. Delta modulation DM or modulation is an analog to digital signal digital and digital to analog signal conversion .... DM is the simplest form of differential pulse code modulation DPCM where the difference between successive samples are encoded into n bit data streams. In delta modulation, the transmitted data is reduced .... To achieve high signal to noise ratio , delta modulation must use oversampling techniques, that is, the analog ... of delta modulation are continuously variable slope delta modulation , delta sigma modulation , and differential modulation . Differential pulse code modulation is the super set of DM. Principle Rather than quantizing the absolute value of the input analog waveform, delta modulation quantizes the difference ... at a time. The two sources of noise in delta modulation are slope overload , when steps are too small ... in the Delta Modulation of Speech . The Bell System Technical Journal , Volume 50, no. 10, December ... Output signal power In delta modulation there is no restriction on the amplitude of the signal ... 2010 Adaptive delta modulation Adaptive delta modulation ADM or continuously variable slope delta modulation ... can be reduced by using a low pass filter. Applications Delta modulation, in particular pure DM has very few practical uses. However it is an interesting concept. SBS Application 24Kbps Delta Modulation Delta Modulation was used by Satellite Business Systems or SBS for its voice ports to provide long ... implemented 24kbit s Delta Modulation with Voice Activity Compression or VAC and Echo Suppressor ... error caused by twelve bit arithmetic. The complete function of Delta Modulation, VAC and Echo Control ... differential pulse code modulation Analog to digital converter Codec Pulse code modulation Pulse density modulation Delta sigma modulation Direct Stream Digital Sources Cite book last Steele first R. title Delta Modulation Systems location London publisher Pentech Press year 1975 isbn 0 470 82104 ... more details
In music a metric modulation is a change modulation music modulation from one time signature tempo meter music meter to another, wherein a note value from the first is made equivalent to a note value in the second, like a pivot . The term was invented to describe the practice of Elliott Carter , who prefers to call it temporal modulation. Citation needed date April 2010 For metric modulation to exist 3 things have to occur There has to be an exact relationship between two different tempi A common pulse music pulse must exist between these two tempi The name and function of the pulse changes. The following formula illustrates how to determine the tempo before or after a metric modulation, or, alternatively, how many of the associated note values will be in each measure before or after the modulation math frac new tempo old tempo frac number of pivot note values in new measure number of pivot note values in old measure math Winold 1975, 230 31 Thus if the two half notes in 4 4 time at a tempo of quarter note 84 are made equivalent with three half notes at a new tempo, that tempo will be math begin align qquad frac x 84 & frac 3 2 , 84 cdot frac x 84 & frac 3 2 cdot 84 , qquad x & frac 3 cdot 84 2 , qquad x & 126 end align math Winold 1975, p.230, example taken from Carter s Eight Etudes and a Fantasy for woodwind quartet 1950 , Fantasy, mm. 16 17. A tempo or metric modulation causes ... Benadon 20Tempo 20Modulation.pdf Towards a Theory of Tempo Modulation . Proceedings of the 8th ... 5. Further reading Arlin, Mary I. 2000 . Metric Mutation and Modulation The Nineteenth Century ... 164 203. Braus, Ira Lincoln 1994 . An Unwritten Metrical Modulation in Brahms s Intermezzo in E minor ... share Metric Modulation 4 over 3 Conor Guilfoyle . http www.youtube.com watch?v RFVdZ9YV15U&list UU8W1Z7Iurx8aQdS NZEHjjA&index 4&feature plcp Metric modulation 3 over 2 Conor Guilfoyle . DEFAULTSORT Metric Modulation Category Rhythm Category Musical techniques ... more details
Modulation techniques Amplitude modulation AM is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly ... pixels. Contrast this with frequency modulation , in which the frequency is varied, and phase modulation , in which the Phase waves phase is varied. In the mid 1870s, a form of amplitude ... top may be carried by an AM or Frequency modulation FM radio wave. alt Animation of audio, AM and FM sine waves Forms of amplitude modulation In radio communication, a continuous wave radio frequency ... envelope of the waveform. In the frequency domain , amplitude modulation produces a signal with power .... Amplitude modulation resulting in two sidebands and a carrier is called double sideband amplitude modulation DSB AM . Amplitude modulation is inefficient in power usage at least two thirds of the power ... and one of the sidebands. This is single sideband modulation , widely used in amateur radio ... Union ITU designated the types of amplitude modulation class wikitable Designation Description A3E double sideband double sideband a full carrier the basic Amplitude modulation scheme R3E Single sideband modulation single sideband Reduced carrier transmission reduced carrier H3E Single sideband modulation single sideband full carrier J3E Single sideband suppressed carrier transmission single ... ll omega c , math and that math min m t M. , math Amplitude modulation is formed by the product ... the modulation index. The values A 1 and M 0.5 produce y t , depicted by the top graph labelled 50 Modulation ... signal which conveys no information . Modulation index The AM modulation index is the measure of the amplitude variation surrounding an unmodulated carrier. As with other modulation indices, in AM this quantity also called modulation depth indicates how much the modulation varies around its original ... and below its unmodulated level for math h 1.0 math , it varies by 100 . To avoid distortion, modulation ... or 180 degree phase reversal that occurs when modulation exceeds 100 percent they automatically ... more details
Name Therapeutic hypothermia Image Caption ICD10 ICD10PCS 6A4 6 A 4 ICD9 MeshID OPS301 OPS301 8 607 OtherCodes HCPCSlevel2 Therapeutic hypothermia , also known as protective hypothermia , is a medical ... in the case of stroke s. Therapeutic hypothermia may be induced by invasive means, in which a catheter ... and ice. ref name main Polderman, Kees H. Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the ICU. Intensive ... ILCOR endorsed the use of therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest. ref http circ.ahajournals.org cgi content full 108 1 118 Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest An Advisory Statement ... and Heat Balance. Therapeutic Hypothermia. Ed. Mayer, Stephen and Sessler, Daniel. Marcel Decker ... therapeutic hypothermia. ref name tws06oct8878 Current recommendations support use with VF presenting ... no evidence supporting therapeutic hypothermia use in humans and clinical trials have not been completed. ref name emed cite web title Therapeutic Hypothermia publisher eMedicine url http ... of therapeutic hypothermia in traumatic CNS injuries. Clinical trials have shown mixed results with regards to the optimal temperature and delay of cooling. Achieving therapeutic temperatures of convert ... of deep hypothermia, as these researchers believed that the therapeutic effects of hypothermia ... 2010 01 10 mom was wrong you wont catch your death of cold Therapeutic Hypothermia at the Fire Medic ... from ischemic injuries. ref name main Therapeutic hypothermia may also help to reduce reperfusion injury ... for hypothermia s therapeutic effect. ref name main Administration of treatment Therapeutic hypothermia ... coms2 summary 0286 32455420 ITM ref However, therapeutic hypothermia remains partially effective even ... 32 C F abbr on . ref name Chill Prior to the induction of therapeutic hypothermia, pharmacological ... in therapeutic hypothermia are desflurane and pethidine meperidine or Demerol . ref name Sessler ... C F . In fact, most deaths caused by therapeutic hypothermia occurred during the rewarming phase of the procedure ... more details
Image Key change example.png thumb Key change example C major to C minor. In music , modulation is most ... . Types Common chord modulation common chord music Common chord modulation also known as diatonic pivot chord modulation moves from the original key to the destination key usually a closely related ... of a piece that uses this style of modulation, the common chord is labeled with its function in both the original and the destination keys, as it can be heard either way. Enharmonic modulation An enharmonic modulation takes place when one treats a chord as if it were spelled enharmonic ally as a functional ... of modulation is particularly common in Romantic music , in which chromaticism rose to prominence. Common tone modulation Common tone modulation uses a sustained or repeated pitch from the old key as a bridge ... modulation Image Chromatic modulation in Bach BWV 300, m. 5 6.png thumb right 350px Chromatic modulation in Bach s Du grosser Schmerzensmann , BWV 300, m. 5 6 audio Chromatic modulation in Bach BWV 300, m. 5 6.mid Play with half cadence , audio Chromatic modulation in Bach BWV 300, m. 5 6 ... modulation is so named because it occurs at the point of a Diatonic and chromatic Chromatic progression .... For example, a chromatic modulation from C major to d minor border 1 CM IV V ii ii Dm i ... In this case ... the common chord ii in CM or i in dm , this modulation is chromatic due to this inflection. In the example pictured, a chromatic modulation from FM to dm border 1 FM I V dm V i iv V In this case, the V ... be part written so that all three notes occur in one voice. The combination of chromatic modulation with enharmonic modulation in late Romantic music led to extremely complex progressions in the music ... fulfill that promise. Phrase modulation Phrase also called direct or abrupt modulation is a modulation ... phrase in the destination key without any transition material linking the two keys. This type of modulation ... minor key. Sequential modulation Although a Sequence music sequence does not have to modulate, it is also ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD10PCS 3E1 3 E 1 ICD9 ICD9proc 96.3 ICD9proc 96.5 MeshID D007507 OPS301 OtherCodes In medicine, therapeutic irrigation or lavage IPAc en icon l v respell l VAHZH or IPAc en l v d respell LAV ij is a general term referring to cleaning or rinsing. Specific types include Antiseptic lavage Bronchoalveolar lavage Gastric lavage Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Peritoneal lavage Arthroscopic lavage Ductal lavage Ear lavage Pulsed lavage is delivering an irrigant usually normal saline under direct pressure that is produced by an electrically powered device, and is useful in cleaning e.g. chronic wound s. ref cite journal author Luedtke Hoffmann KA, Schafer DS title Pulsed lavage in wound cleansing journal Phys Ther volume 80 issue 3 pages 292 300 year 2000 month March pmid 10696155 doi url ref Etymology The French noun lavage was imported intact into medical English, which explains the French like pronunciation. The word comes from the French verb laver , to wash , which comes from the Latin verb lav re . However, the word has been more or less naturalized, thus the naturalized variant pronunciation.. See also Vaginal douche References reflist medicine stub Medical placement and administration procedures Category French loanwords cs Lav ... more details
In optical communications , intensity modulation IM is a form of modulation in which the optical Power physics power output of a source is varied in accordance with some characteristic of the modulating Signal information theory signal . The envelope of the modulated optical signal is an analog of the modulating signal in the sense that the instantaneous power of the envelope is an analog of the characteristic of interest in the modulating signal. Recovery of the modulating signal is by direct detection, not Heterodyne heterodyning . References FS1037C MS188 Further reading William Shieh, Ivan Djordjevic, OFDM for Optical Communications , Academic Press, 2009 ISBN 0 12 374879 8. Optical communication Category Optical communications ... more details
Modulation techniques In telecommunication , trellis modulation also known as trellis coded modulation , or simply TCM is a modulation scheme which allows highly efficient transmission of information over band limited channels such as telephone line s. Trellis modulation was invented by Gottfried Ungerboeck working for IBM in the 1970s, and first described in a conference paper in 1976 but it went largely unnoticed until he published a new detailed exposition in 1982 which achieved sudden widespread recognition. In the late 1980s, modem s operating over plain old telephone service POTS typically achieved 9.6 kbit s by employing 4 bits per symbol QAM modulation at 2,400 baud symbols second . This bit rate ceiling existed despite the best efforts of many researchers, and some engineers predicted that without a major upgrade of the public phone infrastructure, the maximum achievable rate for a POTS modem might be 14 kbit s for two way communication 3,429 baud 4 bits symbol, using QAM . Citation needed date December 2008 However, 14 kbit s is only 40 of the theoretical maximum bit rate predicted by Shannon s Theorem for POTS lines approximately 35 kbit s . A new modulation method Image Convolutional code trellis diagram.png right thumb 340px none Trellis diagram. The name wikt trellis trellis was coined because a state diagram of the technique, when drawn on paper closely resembles the garden trellis trellis lattice used in rose gardens. The scheme is basically a convolutional ..., in 1982, Ungerboeck published a paper describing the principles of trellis modulation. A flurry ... bit s . Once manufacturers introduced modems with trellis modulation, transmission rates increased ..., Scott Adams refers to the mere mentioning of trellis code modulation as a means for stopping a casual ..., IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory , vol. IT 28, pp. 55 67, 1982. G. Ungerboeck, Trellis coded modulation ... bg ca Trellis coded modulation de Trellis Code it Trellis Coded Modulation ... more details
Modulation spaces ref Foundations of Time Frequency Analysis by Karlheinz Gr chenig ref are a family of Banach space s defined by the behavior of the STFT short time Fourier transform with respect to a test function from the Schwartz space . They were originally proposed by Hans Georg Feichtinger and are recognized to be the right kind of function spaces for time frequency analysis . modulation space Feichtinger s algebra Feichtinger s algebra , while originally introduced as a new Segal algebra ref H. Feichtinger. On a new Segal algebra Monatsh. Math. 92 269 289, 1981. ref , is identical to a certain modulation space and has become a widely used space of test function s for time frequency analysis. Modulation spaces are defined as follows. For math 1 leq p,q leq infty math , a non negative function math m x, omega math on math mathbb R 2d math and a test function math g in mathcal S mathbb R d math , the modulation space math M p,q m mathbb R d math is defined by math M p,q m mathbb R d left f in mathcal S mathbb R d left int mathbb R d left int mathbb R d V gf x, omega p m x, omega p dx right q p d omega right 1 q infty right . math In the above equation, math V gf math denotes the short time Fourier transform of math f math with respect to math g math evaluated at math x, omega math . In other words, math f in M p,q m mathbb R d math is equivalent to math V gf in L p,q m mathbb R 2d math . It should be noted, that the space math M p,q m mathbb R d math is the same, independent of the test function math g in mathcal S mathbb R d math chosen. The canonical choice is a Gaussian function Gaussian . Feichtinger s algebra For math p q 1 math and math m x, omega 1 math , the modulation space math M 1,1 m mathbb R d M 1 mathbb R d math is known by the name Feichtinger s algebra and often denoted by math S 0 math for being the minimal Segal algebra invariant under time frequency shifts, i.e. combined translation and modulation operators. math M 1 mathbb R d math is a Banach ... more details
Modulation techniques Image Amfm3 en de.gif thumb right 200px A signal may be carried by an AM or FM ... A signal modifies the frequency of a carrier in FM. alt Graphs of carrier, modulation and FM output In telecommunications and signal processing , frequency modulation FM conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its instantaneous frequency . This contrasts with amplitude modulation , in which ... page 310 url http books.google.com ?id ZvJYLhk4N64C&pg RA2 PA310&dq radio teletype fsk ref FM modulation ... Science, Oxford, 2003 ISBN 0080443354 ref Frequency modulation is known as phase modulation when the carrier phase modulation is the time integral of the FM signal. FM is widely used for FM broadcasting ... video transmission systems. In radio systems, frequency modulation with sufficient Bandwidth signal ... modulation in the frequency domain. Modulation index As in other modulation indices, this quantity ... , the modulation is called narrowband FM , and its bandwidth is approximately math 2 f m , math . If math h gg 1 math , the modulation is called wideband FM and its bandwidth is approximately math 2 f ... Modulation FM Tutorial , http www.scribd.com Silicon Labs Fm Tutorial d 6217907, Silicon Laboratories ... known spread spectrum modes . With a tone modulated FM wave, if the modulation frequency is held constant and the modulation index is increased, the non negligible bandwidth of the FM signal increases ... increase. If the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases. Frequency modulation can be classified as narrowband if the change ... in the carrier frequency is much higher modulation index 1 than the signal frequency. ref B. P. Lathi ... amplitudes are illustrated for different modulation indices of FM signals based on Bessel function ... punctuation Table of spaces class wikitable style text align right rowspan 2 Modulation br index ... 0.30 0.27 0.20 0.12 0.07 0.03 0.01 anchor Practical Implementation Implementation Modulation FM signals ... more details
In the theories of modulation and of stochastic process es, random modulation is the creation of a new signal from two other signals by the process of quadrature amplitude modulation . In particular, the two signals are considered as being random process es. For applications, the two original signals need have a limited frequency range, and these are used to modulate a third sinusoidal carrier signal whose frequency is above the range of frequencies contained in the original signals. Details The random modulation procedure starts with two stochastic Baseband signal Baseband signal baseband signals , math x c t math and math x s t math , whose frequency spectrum is non zero only for math f in B 2,B 2 math . It applies quadrature modulation to combine these with a carrier frequency math f 0 math with math f 0 B 2 math to form the signal math x t math given by math x t x c t cos 2 pi f 0 t x s t sin 2 pi f 0 t Re left underline x t e j 2 pi f 0 t right , math where math underline x t math is the Baseband signal Equivalent baseband signal equivalent baseband representation of the modulated signal math x t math math underline x t x c t j x s t . math In the following it is assumed that math x c t math and math x s t math are two real jointly Wide sense stationary Weak or wide sense stationarity wide sense stationary processes. It can be shown cn date August 2011 that the new signal math x t math is wide sense stationary iff if and only if math underline x t math is circular complex, i.e. if and only if math x c t math and math x s t math are such that math R x c x c tau R x s x s tau qquad text and qquad R x c x s tau R x s x c tau . math morefootnotes date August 2011 Bibliography en cite book title Probability, random variables and stochastic processes last1 Papoulis first1 Athanasios authorlink1 Athanasios Papoulis first2 S. Unnikrishna last2 Pillai year 2002 publisher McGraw ... Centro Stampa d Ateneo cite doi 10.1109 TASSP.1983.1164046 Categories DEFAULTSORT Random Modulation ... more details
Therapeutic endoscopy is the medical term for an endoscopic procedure during which treatment is carried out via the endoscope. This contrasts with Endoscopy diagnostic endoscopy , where the aim of the procedure is purely to visualise a part of the Gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal , Respiratory tract respiratory or urinary tract in order to aid diagnosis . In practice, a procedure which starts as a diagnostic endoscopy may become a therapeutic endoscopy depending on the findings, such as in cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding , or the finding of polyp s during colonoscopy . A number of different techniques have been developed to allow treatment to be carried out endoscopically, to treat disorders such as bleeding , Stenosis strictures and polyps. Types of endoscopic therapy Endoscopic haemostasis Endoscopic injection of bleeding peptic ulcers with Epinephrine adrenaline has been practised since the 1970s, ref cite journal author Hirao M, Kobayashi T, Masuda K, et al. title Endoscopic local injection of hypertonic saline epinephrine solution to arrest hemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract journal Gastrointest. Endosc. volume 31 issue 5 pages 313 7 year 1985 month October pmid 3876253 doi 10.1016 S0016 5107 85 72213 4 url accessdate 2009 01 25 ref endoscopic heater probes have been used since the 1980s, ref cite journal author Sung JY, Chung SC, Lo KK, Leung JW title Heater probe treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers journal Surg Endosc volume 2 issue 4 pages 234 6 year 1988 pmid 3071870 doi 10.1007 BF00705328 url accessdate 2009 01 25 ref and Argon plasma coagulation has been used since the 1990s. More recently, adrenaline injection tends to be combined with either heater probe coagulation or argon plasma coagulation to minimise the chance of an ulcer rebleeding. ref cite journal author Vergara M, Calvet X, Gisbert JP editor1 last Vergara editor1 first Mercedes title Epinephrine injection versus epinephrine injection and a second endoscopic method ... more details
1 500 MHz. Ring modulation is a signal processing effect in electronics, an implementation of amplitude modulation or frequency mixer frequency mixing , performed by multiplying two signals, where one is typically a sine wave or another simple waveform. It is referred to as ring modulation because ... switch wired for reversing connections. Examples These are some audio samples of the ring modulation effect listen filename Ring Modulation Original sample.ogg title Unprocessed original sample description format filename2 Ring Modulation with 2500Hz.ogg title2 Ring modulation with a 2500 Hz sound description2 Notice the bell like sound. format2 filename3 Ring Modulation with sweep to 9kHz.ogg title3 Ring modulation with an exponential sweep from 0 Hz to 9 kHz description3 On lower modulation frequencies, the ring modulation is perceived as a tremolo effect as in the first part of the sound ... modulation produces a signal rich in partials, suitable for producing bell like or otherwise metallic ... to oversampling oversample the operation or low pass filter the signals prior to ring modulation ... versa. Integrated circuit methods of ring modulation On the Commodore 64 C64 MOS Technology SID SID chip, ring modulation multiplies a triangle wave with a square wave . On an ARP Odyssey synthesizer ... or pulse wave signals, this is identical to true ring modulation. Analog multiplier ICs such as those ... as their operating limits and scale factors. Use of multplier ICs means that the modulation ... source date March 2012 Meyer Eppler s student, Karlheinz Stockhausen Stockhausen also used ring modulation ... Ring modulation has also been extensively used in radio receivers, for example to demodulate ... central.com Effects Articles Ring Modulation publisher Harmony Central title Effects Explained Ring Modulation author Scott Lehman archiveurl http replay.waybackmachine.org 20051201090154 http www.harmony central.com Effects Articles Ring Modulation archivedate 2005 12 01 music technology Category ... more details
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