Image Pcr machine.jpg thumb right An Eppendorf company Eppendorf thermalcycler The thermalcycler also known as a Thermocycler , PCR Machine or DNA Amplifier is a laboratory apparatus used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction PCR process. ref Citation title A programmable system to perform the polymerase chain reaction year 1988 journal DNA pages 441 7 volume 7 issue 6 pmid 3203600 last1 Weier first1 H.U. last2 Gray first2 J.W. ref The device has a thermal block with holes where tubes holding the PCR reaction mixtures can be inserted. The cycler then raises and lowers the temperature of the block in discrete, pre programmed steps. The earliest thermal cyclers were designed for use with the Klenow fragment of DNA Polymerase I . Since this enzyme is destroyed during each heating step of the amplification process, new enzyme had to be added every cycle. This led to a cumbersome machine based on an automated pipettor , with open reaction tubes. Later, the PCR process was adapted to the use of thermostable Taq polymerase DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus , which greatly simplified the design of the thermalcycler. While in some old machines the block is submerged in an oil bath to control temperature, in modern PCR machines a Peltier element is commonly used. Quality thermal cyclers often contain silver blocks to achieve fast temperature changes and uniform temperature throughout the block. Other cyclers have multiple blocks with high heat capacity, each ... External links http thermalcycler.net ThermalCycler http openpcr.org use it More information about PCR and an animation of how PCR works DEFAULTSORT ThermalCycler Category Laboratory equipment ar ... of an automated process. Modern thermal cyclers are equipped with a heated lid , a heated plate that presses ... mixture. Some thermal cyclers are equipped with multiple blocks allowing several different polymerase ... useful when testing suitable annealing temperatures for primer molecular biology primer s. Thermal ... more details
Cycler may refer to Lunar cycler , a spacecraft trajectory that encounters the Earth and the Moon on a regular basis, or a spacecraft on such a trajectory Mars cycler or Earth Mars cycler , a spacecraft trajectory that encounters Earth and Mars on a regular basis, or a spacecraft on such a trajectory Thermalcycler , a laboratory apparatus used to amplify segments of DNA See also Cyclist , a person who rides a bicycle disambig fr Cycler ... more details
A Lunar cycler or Earth Moon cycler is a hypothetical spacecraft on a special trajectory that encounters the Earth and the Moon on a regular basis, typically every 9 or 14 days. ref name LunarCyclerOrbits http www.moonminer.com lunarcycler orbits.html Lunar cycler orbits . ref ref name UCL http cbboff.org UCBoulderCourse documents LunarCyclerPaper.pdf Lunar cycler orbits with semi monthly transfer windows , Uphoff, Crouch & Loucks, Colorado University First Annual Symposium Volume 1 Plenary Session, 1989 10 01. ref Cyclers are potentially useful for transporting people or materials using little propellant. Instead, they rely on gravity assist manoeuvres to keep them going ref name UCL with occasional powered corrections to maintain the trajectory. ref http www.popularmechanics.com science air space 2076326.html Buzz Aldrin s Roadmap To Mars , Popular Mechanics, 2005 12. ref Notes and references references See also Portal Spaceflight Mars cycler Spaceflight Spacestation Category Spaceflight Category Missions to the Moon ... more details
A Mars cycler or Earth Mars cycler is a special kind of spacecraft trajectory that encounters Earth and Mars on a regular basis. The term Mars cycler may also refer to a spacecraft on a Mars cycler trajectory. The Aldrin cycler is an example of a Mars cycler. Introduction A cycler trajectory is a special kind of spacecraft trajectory that encounters two or more bodies on a regular basis. Cyclers are potentially useful for transporting people or materials between those bodies using little or no propellant. Instead, they rely on gravity assist maneuvers to keep them going. cn date December 2011 Earth Mars Cyclers Cycler trajectories between Earth and Mars occur in whole number multiples of the synodic ... cycler trajectories calculated were VISIT 1 and VISIT 2, with cycles repeating every 7 synodic periods or about 15 Earth years. In 1985, Buzz Aldrin theorized a so called Aldrin Cycler corresponding .... For each Earth Mars cycler that isn t a multiple of 7 synodic periods, an outbound cycler intersects Mars on the way out from Earth while an inbound cycler intersects Mars on the way in to Earth ... Mars Cycler Trajectories, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Paper 2002 4420, 2002 ... Transfer Time Notes 1 1 2.135 years 2.23 AU 146 days Aldrin Cycler 2 2 4.27 years 2.33 AU 158 days ... survey of Earth Mars cycler trajectories to date was conducted by Russell and Ocampo ref name russell ... . Theoretical Usage Aldrin proposes a pair of Mars cycler vehicles providing regular transport between ..., Celebrity Bot generated title ref One cycler would travel an outbound route from Earth to Mars in about five months. Another Mars cycler in a complementary trajectory would travel from Mars to Earth, also in about five months. Taxi and cargo vehicles would attach to the cycler at one planet and detach ... Number of Cycler Vehicles, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 60, no. 4 ... See also Portal Spaceflight Lunar cycler Spaceflight Space station Mars orbit rendezvous Category ... more details
about the atmospheric phenomenon other uses of the term thermalthermal disambiguation One source date July 2009 Image Thermal column.svg thumb Example of a thermal column between the ground and a cumulus A thermal column or thermal is a column of rising air in the lower altitudes of the Earth s atmosphere . Thermals are created by the uneven heating of the Earth s surface from solar radiation , and are an example of convection , specifically atmospheric convection . The Sun warms the ground, which in turn warms the air directly above it. ref cite book last Bradbury first Tom title Meteorology and Flight Pilot s Guide to Weather Flying & Gliding publisher A & C Black year 2000 id ISBN 0 7136 4226 2 ref Dark earth, urban areas and roadways are good sources of thermals. The warmer air expands, becoming less density dense than the surrounding air mass. The mass of lighter air rises, and as it does, it cools due to its expansion at lower high altitude pressures. It stops rising when it has cooled to the same temperature as the surrounding air. Associated with a thermal is a downward flow surrounding the thermal column. The downward moving exterior is caused by colder air being displaced at the top of the thermal. The size and power physics strength of thermals are influenced by the properties of the lower atmosphere the troposphere . Generally, when the air is cold, bubbles of warm air are formed by the ground heating the air above it and can rise like a hot air balloon. The air is then said to be unstable. If there is a warm layer of air higher up, an temperature inversion inversion ... by the presence of visible cumulus cloud cumulus clouds at the apex of the thermal. When a steady ... pilots. Cumulus clouds are formed by the rising air in a thermal as it ascends and cools, until ... docs thermals 2006.pdf What do thermals look like? Thermal Structure and Behavior by Wayne M. Angevine http bookergc.blogspot.com 2008 04 thermal formation and decay.html Time lapse video ... more details
For Thermal conductance see Thermal contact conductance Thermal conduction Thermal conductivity List of thermal conductivities disambig ... more details
Thermal may refer to Clothing worn in extreme cold to conserve body heat Exothermic reaction in chemistry Thermal radiation Heat Thermal, California , small town in the United States Thermal, Fresno County, California , former town in the United States Thermal neutron Thermal power station , power station that produces electricity using heat Thermistor , type of resistor used to measure temperature Thermodynamics or Thermal Physics Thermographic camera , or thermal vision The Thermals , indie punk band from Portland, Oregon Thermal pad electronics , used in printed wiring boards disambig ... more details
unreferenced date December 2010 In heat transfer and thermodynamics , a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermal contact with another system if it can exchange energy with it through the process of heat . Perfect thermal isolation is an idealization as real systems are always in thermal contact with their environment to some extent. When two solid bodies are in contact, a resistance to heat transfer exists between the bodies. The study of heat conduction between such bodies is called thermal contact conductance Or thermal contact resistance . See also Thermal equilibrium when two objects A and B are in Thermal contact and there is no pass of heat from A to b or from B to A it is thermal equilibrium. Category Thermodynamics Category Heat transfer physics stub pt Contato t rmico ... more details
cleanup date August 2010 Thermal lag describes a material s thermal mass with respect to time. A material with high thermal mass high heat capacity and low conductivity will have a large thermal lag. See also Heat detector References br br Fire protection DEFAULTSORT Thermal Lag Category Active fire protection Category Fire detection and alarm physics stub ... more details
Thermal adhesive is a type of thermally conductive glue used for electronic components and heatsinks. Thermal adhesive is similar to thermal paste in that it is used for transferring heat from one surface to another. It is commonly used to bond heatsink s to motherboard chipsets and video card processors where there are no mounting holes to clamp a heatsink down. The glue is usually a two part epoxy resin. Thermal adhesive is usually applied by the manufacturer of the part to which it is applied, although it is also sold to the general public. See also Thermal grease Arctic Silver References Reflist External links http www.devhardware.com c a PC Cooling Arctic Silver Thermal Adhesive Arctic Silver Thermal Adhesive devhardware.com Material stub Category Adhesives de W rmeleitkleber ... more details
Thermal diffusion may refer to Uranium enrichment Thermal diffusion Thermal diffusion , an obsolete method of uranium enrichment Brownian motion at a constant non zero absolute temperature . Diffusion in a temperature gradient thermophoresis , also called thermodiffusion . See also Molecular diffusion Heat conduction i.e., diffusion of heat disambig ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Thermal hydraulics also called thermohydraulics is the study of hydraulics hydraulic flow in thermal systems. A common example is steam generation in power plant s and the associated energy transfer to mechanics mechanical motion and the change of Thermodynamic state states of the water while undergoing this process. The common adjectives are thermohydraulic , thermal hydraulic and thermalhydraulic . See also Heat Heat pump Heat transfer coefficient DEFAULTSORT Thermal Hydraulics Category Thermodynamics Category Fluid dynamics Thermodynamics stub fr Thermohydraulique ... more details
Cleanup date July 2009 Heating or cooling of processes, equipment, or enclosed environments are within the purview of thermal engineering. One or more of the following disciplines may be involved in solving a particular thermal engineering problem Thermodynamics Fluid mechanics Heat transfer Mass transfer Thermal engineering may be practiced by mechanical engineering mechanical engineers and chemical engineering chemical engineers . One branch of knowledge used frequently in thermal engineering is that of thermofluids . Applications Engineering HVAC Cooling of computer chips ref http www.aavidthermalloy.com technical papers engineering.shtml ref Boiler design Solar heating External links http dir.yahoo.com Science Engineering Mechanical Engineering Thermal Engineering Yahoo directory http thermal.gsfc.nasa.gov Thermal Engineering branch at Goddard Space Flight Center http www.freethesaurus.info unesco index.php?tema 2116& thermal engineering List of related fields in UNESCO thesaurus References references DEFAULTSORT Thermal Engineering Category Mechanical engineering Category Article Feedback 5 engineering stub ja ro Termotehnic ru sr Termotehnika uk ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 A thermal break or thermal barrier is an element of low thermal conductivity placed in an assembly to reduce or prevent the flow of thermal energy between conductive materials. In architecture and building construction some examples include the following a thermal break is also a load bearing thermal insulation system used in reinforced concrete structures to form a thermal break between cantilever structures and internal floor. Insulated glazing the air or gas between the panes stops the conductive thermal energy from passing through the glass. Metal window or curtain wall framing a separator material is used between the inner and outer frames to prevent the temperature outside to eventually transfer through the frame and condensation on the inside frame. Concrete work a single row of concrete masonry unit s CMU block is commonly set between the inner concrete slab and exterior concrete work to prevent the transfer of heat or cold through the slab. Garage door s in some doors that have high R rating insulation, a vinyl thermal break is used along the edges of each segment instead of rolled steel. Metal and wood framed buildings an insulation material installed on the roof, walls and floor prevents thermal short circuit creating the heat transfer through the framing material and controls when desired winter summer resulting in energy savings. Metal windows and doors separating the frame into two separate interior and exterior pieces joined with a less conductive material reduces temperature transfer. Thermal breaks made of substantially rigid, low thermal conductive polyurethane which is mechanically locked in aluminum window framing can be more than a thousand times less conductive than aluminum and a hundred times less than steel. Windows ... material between reduces temperature transfer. See also Damp proofing Thermal bridge External ... us.com manufactured thermal break assemblies DEFAULTSORT Thermal Break Category Heat transfer ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Infobox machine name Thermal Head image Thermalhead.png caption classification Thermal Tool industry Technology application CPU Processor Development inventor James Kerner Description The Thermal Head is a component of a metrological device created to aid in development of new CPUs and chipset s. The first Thermal Head was constructed in 1996 by James Kerner. It was initially designed to control a slot 1 Intel processor s temperature while making computations in a test platform. A Thermal Head attached to a CPU may also increase a CPU s performance during computation. Today it is used for test validation of a processor in conjunction with a Thermal Management System consisting of a temperature controller attached to the Thermal Head by way of an electrical umbilical. A Thermal Head is always used in conjunction with a Thermal Tool System. Among the USTC Thermal Tool System products are the Integrated Thermal Management System ITMS , Hybrid Air Thermal Management System HATMS , Rack Integrated Thermal Management System RITMS , Temperature Control System TCS , and Thermal Heads TH . Integrating cooling modules and the TCS in one enclosure with liquid as working fluid, combined with TH , the ITMS executes temperature control tasks without other components. Using air as cooling media, the HATMS executes the tasks like ITMS. The RITMS includes a smart TCS unit which automatically adjusts parameters for temperature control, with an ultra low noise level and low power consumption. The TCS is a standard temperature control unit, and the TH dissipate heat from a heat generated device , like a computer. The RITMS or TCS, combined with a chiller or a heat exchanger and TH , provide a standard way to control the temperature and dissipate heat on electronic components for production validation tests. ref name NASA Spinoff 2007 http www.sti.nasa.gov tto Spinoff2007 ip 10.html NASA Spinoff 2007 , Thermoelectric Devices Advance Thermal Management ref References ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2009 A thermal cutoff is an Electricity electrical safety device that interrupts electric current when heat ed to a specific temperature . Thermal fuse A thermal fuse is a cutoff which uses a one time fusible link . Unlike the thermal switch which automatically reset s itself when the temperature drops, the thermal fuse is more like an Fuse electrical electrical fuse a single use device that cannot be reset and must be replaced when it fails or is triggered. A thermal fuse is most useful when the overheating is a result of a rare occurrence, such as failure requiring repair which would also replace the fuse or replacement at the end of service life . One mechanism is a small ... D series, for example, use pellets that contain Copper , Beryllium , and Silver . Thermal ... to rise to dangerous levels, possibly starting a fire . File Thermal Fuse CJC01.png thumb right A thermal fuse protecting a small motor. Unlike electrical fuses or circuit breaker s, thermal ... to cause the thermal fuse itself to heat up to the wikt trigger trigger temperature. Such an arrangement may be found in a surge protector. The thermal fuses are wired in series with the varistors ... which can occur when the varistors are overloaded. Thermal switch A thermal switch sometimes thermal reset or thermal cutout TCO is a device which normally opens at a high temperature often with a faint plink sound and re closes when the temperature drops. The thermal switch is a bimetallic strip , often encased in a tubular glass bulb to protect it from dust or short circuit . Unlike the thermal ... and user correctable. Thermal switches are used in power supplies in case of Electrical overload overload , and also thermostats in heating and cooling systems. Thermal switches are included in some ... filament filament . Thermal switches are part of the normal operation of older fluorescent light ... Thermal Cutoff Category Electric power systems components Category Safety switches nl Temperatuur ... more details
Other uses Unreferenced date December 2009 Thermal pads or ground pads are thin, lightweight pads that are common among hiking hikers , Backpacking wilderness backpacker s and budget travelers. In its simplest form a thermal pad consists of a foam like material that is about half a centimetre thick about a quarter of an inch . The dimensions of the pad are usually about the same length as a sleeping bag and a little wider. Slight variations in design can be found, such as rippling in the foam, but these do not significantly affect the pad s thermal properties. A common misconception is that thermal pads are for creating a more comfortable sleeping or picnic spot. This is what gives rise to their other name ground pads . In fact, the purpose of the thermal pad is to prevent the loss of body heat into the ground while sleeping. The foam pad, which is filled with air bubbles, slows down the heat conduction conduction of heat through the pad since air is one of the best and cheapest thermal insulation insulator s. DEFAULTSORT Thermal Pad Category Insulators ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2008 Thermal emittance is radiant emittance of heat . This should not be confused with thermal emissivity , which is a spectrum dependent ability of a material to release absorbed heat, although the terms are related. Emittance, M , is given in units of watts per square meter W m sup 2 sup , and emissivity, e , is a scale factor, between 0 and 1, used along with temperature , to calculate emittance for a given material. For building products, thermal measurements are taken for wavelengths in the infrared . Determining the thermal emittance and solar reflectance of building materials, especially roofing materials, can be very useful for reducing heating and cooling energy accounting energy costs in buildings. A roofing surface with a high thermal emittance will both absorb heat from the sun and radiate it back into the atmosphere more readily than one with a low thermal emittance. Exposed reflective metal roof s usually have a lower thermal emittance than other choices. Category Physical quantities physics stub ... more details
otheruses Thermal pad disambiguation refimprove date May 2011 Image PCB copper pour thermal pads.png thumb right 250px Thermal pads can be seen in several locations on this Printed circuit board PCB , in particular, the bottom pad of the three vertical pads in the top left corner. A thermal relief pad is a printed circuit board PCB pad connected to a copper pour using a thermal connection . It looks like a normal pad with copper spokes connecting it to the surrounding copper. A typical pad on a printed circuit board is only connected to a few narrow tracks at most. A pad directly connected to the copper pour would be difficult to soldering solder , since the heat provided by the soldering iron will quickly leak away from the pad and into the copper pour due to high thermal conductivity of copper . A thermal connection restricts the heat flow, making the pad easier to solder. Via holes that connect tracks on one layer to another or between tracks and planes do not need thermal relief, unless soldering wires or pins into the hole. Wire leaded components that are either carrying Radio Frequency currents, where the additional inductance would be problematic, or where very high current densitities are expected, and the spokes of the thermal relief may act as a fuse electrical fuse , may require the thermal relief pattern to be customised or even ommitted, in which case the parts may require additional hand soldering during assembly. See also Copper pour References Cite paper publisher IPC electronics title IPC 2221A Generic Standard on Printed Board Design, Section 9.1.3 Thermal Relief in Conductor Planes year 2003 Cite paper publisher Miller Freeman Inc available UltraCAD website title Fusing Current When Traces Melt Without a Trace author Doug Brooks December, 1998 DEFAULTSORT Thermal Pad Electronics Category Electrical connectors de Thermal Pad ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date October 2009 A thermal loop is a movement of air driven by warm air rising at one end of the loop, and cool air descending at the other end, creating a constantly moving loop of air. Thermal loops also occur in liquids. Thermal loops are size independent that is to say, they may occur in a space as small as a room or as large as a global Sphere hemisphere . The Hadley cell is an example of a global scale thermal loop. DEFAULTSORT Thermal Loop Category Fluid dynamics Climate stub Ocean stub no Termal sirkulasjon nn Termal sirkulasjon ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Thermal treatment is a term given to any list of solid waste treatment technologies waste treatment technology that involves high temperatures in the processing of the waste feedstock. This commonly, although not exclusively involves the combustion of waste materials. Systems that are generally considered to be thermal treatment include Cement kiln Gasification Incineration Mechanical heat treatment Pyrolysis Thermal deploymerisation Waste autoclave s See also Anaerobic digestion List of solid waste treatment technologies Mechanical biological treatment Waste to energy Gasification gasifier pyrolysis Waste DEFAULTSORT Thermal Treatment Category Thermal treatment Category Waste management Category Waste treatment technology pt Tratamento t rmico ... more details
Image Thermal greases.JPG thumb From left to right Arctic Cooling MX 2 and MX 3, Tuniq TX 3, Cool Laboratory ... remover Image W rmeleitpaste Thermal Compound.jpg thumb Silicone thermal compound Image Thrermal grease.jpg thumb Metal silver thermal compound Image Thermalgrease.jpg thumb Metal thermal grease ... IBMxenon.jpg thumb Xenon processor Xenon processor with remaining thermal grease Thermal grease also called thermal gel , CPU cement , thermal compound , thermal paste , heat paste , heat sink paste ..., originally with properties akin to Fat grease , which increases the thermal conductivity of a thermal ... of the components the compound has far greater thermal conductivity than air but far less than metal . In electronics , it is often used to aid a component s thermal dissipation via a heat sink . Thermal conductivities See also List of thermal conductivities For comparison, the approximate thermal conductivities of various materials relevant to heatsinks in W mK are Air 0.034 Water 0.58 Thermal ... values. These are bulk thermal conductivities the thermal resistance of a particular interface e.g., a CPU, a thin layer of compound, and a heatsink is given by the thermal resistance , the temperature rise caused by dissipating 1 W, in K W or, equivalently, C W. For example, a thermal pad of specified area and thickness will be rated by its thermal resistance. A typical value for a pad for a microprocessor ... pressure. ref http www.aosco.com products AOS Product Guide.pdf Datasheet for AOS Thermal Compound Micro Faze ref An informal comparative test of thermal greases was made, examining the thermal ... the bulk conductivity. ref http www.dansdata.com goop.htm dansdata.com Thermal transfer compound comparison ... W. Thermal conductor types Thermal greases use one or more different thermally conductive substances Ceramic based thermal grease has generally good thermal conductivity and is usually composed of a ceramic ... paste or silicone thermal compound . The most commonly used ceramics and their thermal conductivities ... more details
In Thermodynamics , the thermal effusivity of a material is defined as the square root of the product of the material s thermal conductivity and its volumetric heat capacity . ref http www.evitherm.org default.asp?ID 277 ref math e k rho c p 1 2 math Here, k is the thermal conductivity, math rho math is the density and math c p math is the specific heat capacity . The product of math rho math and math c p math is known as the volumetric heat capacity . A material s thermal effusivity is a measure of its ability to exchange thermal energy with its surroundings. If two semi infinite bodies initially at temperatures T sub 1 sub and T sub 2 sub are brought in perfect thermal contact, the temperature at the contact surface T sub m sub will be given by their relative effusivities. ref H. D. Baehr and K. Stephan, W rme und Stoff bertragung 4. Auflage , Springer, 2004 , p 172, ISBN 3 540 40130 X ref math T m T 1 T 2 T 1 e 2 over e 2 e 1 math This expression is valid for all times for semi infinite bodies in perfect thermal contact. It is also a good first guess for the initial contact temperature for finite bodies. See also heat capacity heat equation Laser Flash Analysis laser flash analysis specific heat capacity thermal conductivity thermal diffusivity thermal inertia References references External links http www.evitherm.org default.asp?ID 277 A reference defining various thermal properties http hyperphysics.phy astr.gsu.edu hbase thermo heatra.html Thermal heat transfer on HyperPhysics site Category Thermodynamics Category Physical quantities Category Heat conduction de W rmeeindringkoeffizient fr Effusivit thermique ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2011 Thermal blooming is an atmospheric effect, seen in high energy laser beams. It is the result of the nonlinear interaction of laser radiation with the wave propagation propagation medium, usually air, which is heated by the absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption of a fraction of the radiation. The amount of energy absorbed is a function of the laser wavelength . The term thermal blooming is often used to describe any type of self induced thermal distortion of laser radiation. See also Optical Kerr effect Category Laser science physics stub ... more details
Mergeto Thermal diode date October 2009 A thermal rectifier is a device that preferentially passes heat in one direction a one way valve for heat. The name is by analogy with an electrical rectifier , which performs a similar function for electric current. See also Thermal conductivity External links http www.technologyreview.com blog arxiv 24222 http arxiv.org abs 0910.1153 http www.iop.org EJ abstract 0022 3727 3 9 316 http www.technologyreview.com computing 17822 http www.trnmag.com Stories 2002 061202 One way heat valve possible 061202.html Category Thermodynamics Category Heat transfer physics stub ... more details
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