The circulation problem and its variants is a generalisation of network flow problems, with the added constraint of a lower bound on edge flows, and with flow conservation also being required for the source and sink i.e. there are no special nodes . In variants of the problem, you have multiple commodities flowing through the network, and a cost on the flow. Definition Given is a flow network math G V,E math with math l v,w math , lower bound on flow from node math v math to node math w math , math u v,w math , upper bound on flow from node math v math to node math w math , math c v,w math , cost of a unit of flow on math v,w math and the constraints math l v,w leq f v,w leq u v,w math , math sum w in V f u,w 0 math flow cannot appear or disappear in nodes . Finding a flow assignment satisfying the constraints gives a solution to the given circulation problem. In the minimum cost variant of the problem, minimise math sum v,w in E c v,w cdot f v,w . math Multi commodity circulation In a multi commodity circulation problem, you also need to keep track of the flow of the individual commodities math ,f i v,w math The flow of commodity math i math from math v math to math w math . math ,f v,w sum i f i v,w math The total flow. The conservation constraint must be upheld individually for the commodities math sum w in V f i u,w 0. math Solution For the circulation problem, many polynomial algorithms have been developed e.g., Edmonds Karp algorithm Edmonds and Karp , 1972 Tarjan 1987 1988 . which articles? For the case of multiple commodities, the problem is NP complete for integer flows. ref name EIS76 cite journal author S. Even and A. Itai and A. Shamir title On the Complexity of Timetable ... with the general circulation setup given above. Minimum cost multi commodity circulation problem Using all constraints given above. Minimum cost circulation problem Use a single commodity Multi commodity circulation Solve without optimising cost. Simple circulation Just use one commodity, and no cost ... more details
, long considered to be an important anatomic vascular formation, provides backup circulation ... Cerebral perfusion pressure External links http www.hemodynamic.com Computer Model of the Cerebral Circulation ... circulation Arteries of head and neck Category Neurology Category Cardiology Link GA de de Blutversorgung ... more details
no footnotes date April 2011 The Walker circulation , also known as the Walker cell , is a conceptual model of the air flow in the tropics in the lower atmosphere troposphere . According to this model parcels of air follow a closed circulation in the zonal and vertical directions. This circulation, which ... of, for example, the Hadley Circulation . Walker s methodology Walker determined that the time scale ... circulation is called an autoregressive AR process. Autocorrelation function As background .... Changes in the Walker Circulation with time occur in conjunction with changes in surface temperature ... of the Walker circulation and equatorial cold tongue ref The Walker cell is indirectly related to upwelling ... circulation is seen at the surface as easterly trade winds which move water and air warmed by the sun ... air in the eastern Pacific. The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results ... system over Indonesia . When the Walker circulation weakens or reverses, an El Ni o results, causing .... An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Ni a , resulting in cooler ocean temperatures ... Nature indicates that the Walker circulation has been slowing since the mid 19th Century. The authors ... http www.gfdl.noaa.gov research climate highlights index.html walker A tropical atmospheric circulation ... circulation has not been slowing or increasing from 1871 2008. ref The Twentieth Century Reanalysis ... http www.gfdl.noaa.gov research climate highlights index.html walker Walker Circulation a tropical atmospheric circulation slow down Text and graphics from NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ... circulation due to anthropogenic forcing 4 May 2006 in Nature journal Nature . http www.breitbart.com ... in Wind Shift In line citations Reflist See also Atmospheric circulation Earth s atmosphere Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Walker Circulation Category Tropical meteorology de Walker Zirkulation fr Circulation atmosph rique Circulation de Walker ja no Walkersirkulasjonen nn Walkersirkulasjonen ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Coronary circulation Latin GraySubject GrayPage Width 200 Image Gray492.png Caption An anterior left coronary artery . Image2 Gray491.png Caption2 Base and diaphragmatic surface of heart. Blood Nerve Action Precursor MeshName Coronary Vessels MeshNumber A07.231.114.269 Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessel s of the heart muscle the myocardium . The vessels that deliver oxygen rich blood to the myocardium are known as coronary artery arteries . The vessels that remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as cardiac veins. The coronary arteries that run on the surface of the heart are called epicardial coronary arteries. These arteries, when healthy, are capable of autoregulation to maintain coronary blood flow at levels appropriate to the needs of the myocardium heart muscle . These relatively narrow vessels are commonly affected by atherosclerosis and can become blocked, causing Angina pectoris angina or a myocardial ... are referred to as subendocardial. The coronary arteries are classified as end circulation ... , then the coronary circulation can be classified as right dominant . If the posterior descending ... circulation can be classified as left dominant . If the posterior descending artery PDA is supplied by both the right coronary artery RCA and the circumflex artery, then the coronary circulation can be classified ... perfusion pattern. A hypothesis for ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction journal Circulation volume .... In addition to metabolism, the coronary circulation possesses unique pharmacologic characteristics ... blood pressure. In the coronary circulation, norepinephrine elicits vasodilation, due to the predominance of beta adrenergic receptors in the coronary circulation. Agonists of alpha receptors, such as phenylephrine, elicit very little constriction in the coronary circulation. Anastomoses file ... of chest Veins of the thorax and vertebral column DEFAULTSORT Coronary Circulation Category Cardiac ... more details
atrium, thus bypassing pulmonary circulation . The continuation of this blood flow is into the left ... circulation. ref name Whitaker Some of the blood entering the right atrium does not pass directly ... s heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive its blood through the fetal circulation ... circulation systems publisher Swiss Virtual Campus accessdate June 29, 2011 ref Flow The blood flow ... . ref name kiserud2004 cite journal doi 10.1002 pd.1062 title The fetal circulation year ... bypassing pulmonary circulation, and therefore allow the neonate s blood to become oxygenated in the newly ... of cardiovascular system ar fr Circulation f tale nl Foetale bloedsomloop pl Kr enie ... more details
Infobox journal cover File Circulation Research.gif editor Roberto Bolli discipline Cardiology Vascular systems former names abbreviation Circ. Res. publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins country frequency Biweekly history 1953&ndash present openaccess license impact 9.214 impact year 2009 website http circres.ahajournals.org link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 856122 LCCN 56003239 CODEN CIRUAL ISSN 0009 7330 eISSN 1524 4571 Circulation Research is a biweekly peer review peer reviewed public health journal medical journal published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and edited by Roberto Bolli . It is the official journal of both the American Heart Association and the Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences of the American Heart Association . ref name author http circres.ahajournals.org misc ifora.shtml Instructions to Authors . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. ref The journal was established in 1953 by Carl J. Wiggers . Aims and scope The journal focuses on pure research fundamental research , translational research , translational science , and clinical research on all topics pertaining to circulatory system cardiovascular system issues. Topical coverage includes biochemistry, biophysics, cellular biology, molecular biology, genetics, pathology, physiology, and pharmacology. ref name author ref name PubMed http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov journals?term Circulation 20Research Medline PubMed . Bibliographic information. December 2010. ref History Circulation Research was established in 1953 by Carl J. Wiggers . In total, 11 people have been editor in chief ref http circres.ahajournals.org misc journalhistory.dtl ref ref http circres.ahajournals.org cgi content full 106 2 216 ref Carl J. Wiggers January 1953 &ndash December 1957 Carl F. Schmidt January 1958 &ndash December ... cgi bin jrnlst jlresults.cgi?PC MASTER&Full Circulation 20Research Master Journal List . List ... academic journals Category Biweekly journals nl Circulation Research ... more details
Infobox film name Back in Circulation image caption director Ray Enright producer writer starring music cinematography Arthur L. Todd editing distributor Warner Brothers released 25 September 1937 runtime 81 min. country Film US language English budget Back in Circulation is a 1937 American film directed by Ray Enright . Based on a story by Adela Rogers St. Johns , Blondell plays a fast moving newspaper reporter who senses a story when she spots a young recent widow partying in a night club. Cast Pat O Brien actor Pat O Brien as Bill Morgan Joan Blondell as Timothea Timmy Blake Margaret Lindsay as Arline Wade John Litel as Dr. Eugene Forde Eddie Acuff as Murphy Craig Reynolds actor Craig Reynolds as Snoopy Davis George E. Stone as Mac Walter Byron actor Walter Byron as Carlton Whitney Ben Welden as Sam Sherman Regis Toomey as Buck Raymond Brown as Attorney Bottsford Gordon Hart as Dr. Hanley Granville Bates as The Coroner Herbert Rawlinson as District Attorney Saunders Spencer Charters as Plattstown Sheriff unbilled players include Frank Faylen , Edward Gargan , and Milton Kibbee External links IMDb title id 0028599 Category 1937 films Category American films Category Films directed by Ray Enright Category Warner Bros. films ... more details
Global Circulation.jpg thumb 300px right Highly idealised depiction of the global circulation on Earth. Atmospheric circulation is the large scale movement of air, and the means together with the smaller ocean circulation by which thermal energy is distributed on the surface of the Earth . The large scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic climatological ... today. Latitudinal circulation features Image AtmosphCirc2.png thumb left An idealised view of three large circulation cells. Image Omega 500 july era40 1979.png thumb right Vertical velocity at 500 ... space The Hadley cell mechanism is well understood. The atmospheric circulation pattern that George ... circulation loop, which begins at the equator with warm, moist air lifted aloft in equatorial ... cell The Ferrel cell, theorized by William Ferrel 1817 1891 , is a secondary circulation feature ... circulation cells having taken care of any competition they might have to face, the Westerlies ... eddies, which act as destabilizing influences. Longitudinal circulation features While the Hadley ... in temperature also drive a set of longitudinal circulation cells, and the overall atmospheric motion is known as the zonal overturning circulation . Latitudinal circulation is the consequence of the fact ... increases, reaching its minimum at the poles. Longitudinal circulation, on the other ... fwo IDO60202 IDO60202.2006.pdf Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2007 08 07 ref Walker circulation Main Walker circulation The Pacific cell is of such importance that it has been named the Walker circulation ... of air in the Walker circulation affects the loops on either side. Under normal circumstances, the weather ... blowing Westerlies which would ordinarily be blocked by the Walker circulation and unable to reach such intensities ... astro wolken 200705 en.html Animation showing global cloud circulation for one month ... et ldine huringlus es Circulaci n atmosf rica fr Circulation atmosph rique gl Circulaci n ... more details
Pulmocutaneous circulation is part of the amphibian circulatory system . It is responsible for directing blood to the skin and lungs. Blood flows from the Ventricle heart ventricle into an artery called the conus arteriosus and from there into either the left or right truncus arteriosus . They in turn each split the ventricle s output into the pulmocutaneous circuit and the systemic circuit . ref Biology, Seventh Edition Neil A. Campbell, University of California, Riverside Jane B. Reece, Berkeley California ref See also Double circulatory system References reflist Category Amphibians Category Cardiovascular physiology amphibian stub ... more details
Image Gray531.png 300px thumb right The circulation to and from the kidneys. Image Kidney PioM.png 300px thumb right table width 100 tr td align left width 50 1. Renal pyramid br 2. Interlobular artery br 3. Renal artery br 4. Renal vein br 5. Hilum of kidney Renal hilum br 6. Renal pelvis br 7. Ureter br 8. Minor calyx br 9. Renal capsule td td align left 10. Inferior renal capsule br 11. Superior renal capsule br 12. interlobular vein br 13. cortical nephron in cortex br 14. Minor calyx br 15. Major calyx br 16. Renal papilla br 17. Renal column td tr table The renal circulation receives around 20 of the cardiac output . It branches from the abdominal aorta and returns blood to the ascending vena cava . It is the blood supply to the kidney , and contains many specialized blood vessels. Circulation The table below shows the path that blood takes when it travels through the glomerulus, traveling down the arteries, and up the veins. However, this model is greatly simplified for clarity and symmetry. Some of the other paths and complications are described at the bottom of the table. INTERLOBAR ARTERY & VEIN not to be confused with interlobular are between 2 renal lobes, also known as the renal column cortex region between two pyramids . class wikitable Arteries down Veins up Abdominal aorta Vena cava Renal artery Note 1 Renal vein Segmental arteries Note 2 Lobar arteries Interlobar artery Interlobar vein Arcuate arteries of the kidney Arcuate arteries Arcuate vein Interlobular artery Note 3 Interlobular vein Afferent arterioles Efferent arterioles Note 4 Glomerulus Glomerulus Note 1 The renal artery also provides a branch to the inferior suprarenal artery to supply the adrenal gland . Note 2 Each renal artery partitions into an anterior and posterior branch. The anterior branch further divides into the superior apical , anterosuperior, anteroinferior and inferior segmental arteries. The posterior branch continues as the posterior segmental artery. Note 3 The interlobular ... more details
multiple issues unreferenced July 2010 orphan December 2010 The Circulation of elite is a theory of regime change described by Italian social scientist Vilfredo Pareto 1848 1923 . Changes of regime, revolution s, and so on occur not when rulers are overthrown from below, but when one elite replaces another. The role of ordinary people in such transformation is not that of initiators or principal actors, but as followers and supporters of one elite or another. Assumptions It is a basic axiom for Pareto that people are unequal physically, as well as intellectually and morally. In society as a whole, and in any of its particular strata and groupings, some people are more gifted than others. Those who are most capable in any particular grouping are the elite. The term elite has no moral or honorific connotations in Pareto s usage. It denotes simply a class of the people who have the highest indices in their branch of activity. Pareto argues that It will help if we further divide that elite class into two classes a governing elite , comprising individuals who directly or indirectly play some considerable part in government , and a non governing elite, comprising the rest. His main discussion focuses on the governing elite. Ambiguity There is a basic ambiguity in Pareto s treatment of the notion of the elite. In some passages, as in the one quoted above, it would appear that those occupying elite positions are, by definition, the most qualified. But there are many other passages where Pareto asserts that people are assigned elite positions by virtue of being so labeled. That is, men assigned elite positions may not have the requisite capabilities, while others not so labeled may ..., and the like prevent the free circulation of individuals through the ranks of society, so that those ... from the underlying population, when the circulation of elites is impeded, social equilibrium is upset ..., innovative, and unscrupulous. When imperfections in the circulation of governing elites ... more details
orphan date December 2007 In a natural circulation boiler the circulation is achieved by the difference in density when the water in the boiler is heated. In natural circulation steam boilers the circulation of water is by convection currents , which are set up during the heating of water. In most of the boilers there is a natural circulation of water. See also Controlled circulation Once through Category Boilers engineering stub de Naturumlaufkessel fi Luonnonkiertokattila ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Circle of Willis en.svg Caption Circle of Willis . Anterior circulation represented by top half of diagram. DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 433.1 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID A Total Anterior Circulation Infarct TACI is a type of cerebral infarction affecting the entire anterior Circulatory system circulation supplying one side of the brain . Total Anterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome TACS refers to the symptoms of a patient who clinically appears to have suffered from a total anterior circulation infarct, but who has not yet had any diagnostic imaging e.g. CT Scan to confirm the diagnosis. It is diagnosed when it causes all 3 of the following symptoms Higher disfunction Dysphasia Visuospatial disturbances Decreased level of consciousness Homonymous hemianopia Motor and Sensory Defects 2 3 of face, arm, leg For more information, see stroke . Cerebrovascular diseases DEFAULTSORT Total Anterior Circulation Infarct Category Stroke es Infarto cerebral anterior pl TACI ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Partial anterior circulation infarct Image Circle of Willis en.svg Caption Circle of Willis . Anterior circulation represented by top half of diagram. DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 433.1 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Partial Anterior Circulation Infarct PACI is a type of cerebral infarction affecting part of the anterior circulatory system circulation supplying one side of the brain . Partial Anterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome PACS refers to the symptoms of a patient who clinically appears to have suffered from a partial anterior circulation infarct, but who has not yet had any diagnostic imaging e.g. CT Scan to confirm the diagnosis. It is diagnosed by any one of the following 2 out of 3 features of Higher dysfunction Dysphasia Visuospatial disturbances Homonymous hemianopia Motor and Sensory Defects 2 3 of face, arm, leg Higher dysfunction alone Partial Motor or Sensory Defect If all of the above symptoms are present, a Total Anterior Circulation Infarct is more likely. For more information, see stroke . Cerebrovascular diseases DEFAULTSORT Partial Anterior Circulation Infarct Category Stroke pl PACI ... more details
In fluid dynamics , circulation is the line integral around a closed curve of the fluid velocity . Circulation is normally denoted math Gamma math . If math mathbf V math is the fluid velocity on a small element of a defined curve, and math mathbf dl math is a vector representing the differential length of that small element, the contribution of that differential length to circulation is math d Gamma math math d Gamma mathbf V cdot mathbf dl mathbf V mathbf dl cos theta math where math theta math is the angle between the vectors math mathbf V math and math mathbf dl math . The circulation around a closed curve math C math is the line integral ref cite book title Introduction to Fluid Mechanics author1 Robert W. Fox author2 Alan T. McDonald author3 Philip J. Pritchard edition 6 publisher John Wiley & Sons Wiley year 2003 isbn 0 471 20231 2 ref math Gamma oint C mathbf V cdot mathbf dl math The dimensions of circulation are length squared, divided by time. Circulation was first used independently by Frederick Lanchester , Martin Wilhelm Kutta Wilhelm Kutta , and Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky ... of the circulation math Gamma math about the body, the fluid density math rho math , and the speed ... This equation applies around airfoils, where the circulation is generated by airfoil action, and around spinning objects, experiencing the Magnus effect , where the circulation is induced mechanically. Circulation is often used in computational fluid dynamics as an intermediate variable to calculate forces on an airfoil or other body. When an airfoil is generating lift the circulation around the airfoil ... the vorticity is zero everywhere and therefore the circulation is the same around every circuit, regardless of the length of the circumference of the circuit. Relation to vorticity Circulation can be related ... math mathbf omega nabla times mathbf V math is the vorticity. Thus vorticity is the circulation per ... Biot Savart law Kutta condition Kutta Joukowski theorem Kelvin circulation theorem References ... more details
Infobox company company name Verified Audit Circulation company logo company type Private company foundation ... United States key people Tim Prouty CEO Tim Prouty industry Publishing products Circulation audit ... num employees homepage http www.verifiedaudit.com Verifiedaudit.com Verified Audit Circulation is a U.S. company that conducts circulation audit s of both free and paid print publications and of traffic ... Focus Verified Audit Circulation work Article publisher MagazineLaunch date 13 June 2005 url http www.magazinelaunch.com how to resource focus resource focus verified audit circulation accessdate 2 August 2011 ref Independent audit firms like Verified Audit Circulation work with publication circulation figures provided by their publisher clients, to verify or adjust these circulation numbers, based ... to confirm circulation figures. Circulation audit findings are compiled and released in audit reports ... ref History In the mid 20th century, traditional paid circulation newspapers and magazines were joined by a new publication category free circulation newspapers and magazines, known as trade or controlled circulation publications. As free newspapers and magazines increased in number, Geraldine Knight founded Verified Audit Circulation as the first company dedicated to auditing these publications in 1951. ref Cite web title Company History publisher Verified Audit Circulation url http www.verifiedaudit.com .... ref Cite web title Company History publisher Verified Audit Circulation url http www.verifiedaudit.com .... ref Cite web title Resource Focus Verified Audit Circulation work Article publisher MagazineLaunch.com ... audit circulation accessdate 3 August 2011 ref By 2008, the company was auditing more than 1,000 ... web last Hanzlik first Mark title Print Circulation Audit Firms Continue to Survive in the 21st Century ... circulation audit firms continue to survive in the 21st century accessdate 5 August 2011 ref Its audit clients include The Washington Post , The Chicago Tribune , ref Cite journal title Circulation ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 Infobox Disease Name Posterior circulation infarct Image Circle of Willis en.svg Caption Circle of Willis . Posterior circulation represented by bottom half of diagram. DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 433.0 , ICD9 433.2 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID A Posterior Circulation Infarct POCI is a type of cerebral infarction affecting the Posterior anatomy posterior circulatory system circulation supplying one side of the brain . Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome POCS refers to the symptoms of a patient who clinically appears to have suffered from a posterior circulation infarct, but who has not yet had any diagnostic imaging e.g. CT Scan to confirm the diagnosis. It can cause the following symptoms Cranial nerve palsy AND contralateral motor sensory defect wikt bilateral Bilateral motor or sensory defect Eye movement problems e.g. Pathologic nystagmus nystagmus Cerebellar dysfunction Isolated homonymous hemianopia It has also been associated with deafness . ref name pmid18408371 cite journal author Lee H title Sudden deafness related to posterior circulation infarction in the territory of the nonanterior inferior cerebellar artery frequency, origin, and vascular topographical pattern journal Eur. Neurol. volume 59 issue 6 pages 302 6 year 2008 pmid 18408371 doi 10.1159 000121421 url http content.karger.com produktedb produkte.asp?typ fulltext&file 000121421 ref See also stroke References reflist Cerebrovascular diseases DEFAULTSORT Posterior Circulation Infarct Category Stroke es Infarto cerebral posterior pl POCI ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2012 orphan February 2009 unreferenced September 2008 Minimized extracorporeal circulation MECC is a kind of cardiopulmonary bypass heart lung machine , a part of heart surgery. The introduction of extracorporeal circulation has facilitated open heart surgery. The development of modern techniques in extracorporeal circulation is the result of the combined efforts of physiologists, physicians, and engineers. During the first half of the 20th century scientists refined their methods in the development of extracorporeal circulation so that it could be used in humans. In 1937 Gibbon reports the first successful use of extracorporeal circulation in animals in this case, cats . On May 6, 1953 Gibbon performed his first successful operation using an extracorporeal circuit in an 18 year old woman who had a large atrial septum defect with a large left to right shunt. It was Lillehei who one year later introduced the bubble oxygenator, simple and inexpensive, opening the doors of open heart surgery to all surgeons around the world. The first commercial minimized extracorporeal circulation was the CorX System from Cardiovention, a start up company from the USA. This system included an integrated centrifugal pump polypropylene oxygenator, a complete heparin coated surface and a low priming volume. One of the most effective Mini Systems MECC Maquet was introduced almost at the same time 1999 . The increasing application in clinical practice explains this machine s success. The benefits of this type of extracorporeal circulation are that a lower consumption of blood and blood products is observed in the peri operative and post operative phase and that a lower inflammatory response is being measured in peri operative blood samples in comparison to conventional cardiopulmonary bypass . Category Cardiac surgery surgery stub ... more details
This is a list of ocean circulation models , as used in physical oceanography . class wikitable Acronym Full name ADCIRC AD vanced CIRC ulation model COHERENS CO upled H ydrodynamical E cological model for RE gio N al S helf seas FVCOM F inite V olume C oastal O cean M odel Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation General Circulation Model HOPE The H amburg O cean P rimitive E quation General Circulation Model ref name DKRZ HOPE report Wolff J O, Maier Reimer E, Legutke S 1997 The Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation Model HOPE. DKRZ report 13, Hamburg, Germany, http dx.doi.org 10.2312 WDCC DKRZ Report No13 doi 10.2312 WDCC DKRZ Report No13 . ref HYCOM HY brid Coordinate O cean M odel Hamburg Large Scale Geostrophic Ocean General Circulation Model LSG The Hamburg L arge S cale G eostrophic Ocean General Circulation Model ref name DKRZ LSG report Maier Reimer E, Mikolajewicz U 1992 The Hamburg Large Scale Geostrophic Ocean General Circulation Model Cycle 1 . DKRZ report 2, Hamburg, Germany, http dx.doi.org 10.2312 WDCC DKRZ Report No02 doi 10.2312 WDCC DKRZ Report No02 . ref Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model MICOM M iami I sopycnic C oordinate O cean M odel MITgcm M.I.T. G eneral C irculation M odel MOHID Water Modelling System MOHID MO delo HID rodin mico Modular Ocean Model MOM GFDL M odular O cean M odel Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean NEMO N ucleus for E uropean M odelling of the O cean OPYC The O cean Iso PYC nal General Circulation Model ref name OPYC journal article Oberhuber JM 1993 Simulation of the Atlantic circulation with a coupled sea ice mixed layer isopycnal general circulation model, part I model description. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 23, 808 829 http dx.doi.org 10.1175 1520 0485 1993 023 3C0808 SOTACW 3E2.0.CO 3B2 doi 10.1175 1520 0485 1993 023 0808 SOTACW 2.0.CO 2 . ref ref name DKRZ OPYC report Oberhuber JM 1993 The OPYC Ocean General Circulation Model. DKRZ report 7, Hamburg, Germany, http dx.doi.org 10.2312 WDCC DKRZ Report No07 doi 10.2312 ... more details
Wikify date September 2010 Image Mars General Circulation Model.gif thumb right 370px Mars geneal circulation model, NASA The Mars general circulation model MGCM is the result of a research project by NASA to understand the nature of the general circulation of the atmosphere of Mars, how that circulation is driven and how it affects the climate of Mars in the long term. History Mars climate simulation models date as far back as the Viking missions to Mars. Most Mars climate simulation models were one off models written by individual researchers that never were never reused or open sourced. By the 1990s the need for a unified model codebase came into being, due to the general impact of the internet on climate modelling and research. This current Mars climate simulation model has its origins with the internet era. How it works This Mars climate model is a complex 3 dimensional height, latitude, longitude model, which represents the processes of atmospheric heating by gases and ground air heat transfer, as well as large scale atmospheric motions. ref cite web title Mars General Circulation Model Research author publisher NASA url http www mgcm.arc.nasa.gov mgcm HTML research.html accessdate 2007 02 25 ref The current model has not been modified for use with distributed computing systems like BOINC . Other planets There are global climate simulation models that have been written for Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Venus. http www.gps.caltech.edu tapio animations.html See also Global climate model References references Category Mars Category Climate history Category Numerical climate and weather models mars stub ... more details
The term leptomeningeal refers to the two deep layers of the meninges the pia mater and the arachnoid mater . The leptomeningeal collateral circulation is a network of blood vessels supplying the brain that follows a diffuse course over the superficial surface of the brain. Leptomeningeal Collateral Circulation and Cerebrovascular Accidents If the middle cerebral artery is occluded during a CVA or stroke , there is dramatic loss of blood flow to the area of the brain supplied by this artery the lateral surfaces of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, including the primary motor and sensory cortexes . ref Neuroanatomy An Illustrated Color Text. 3rd Edition. Crossman & Neary. Published by Elsevier. ref The leptomeningeal collateral circulation allows a very limited degree of compensation for this. However, this mild compensatory effect is nowhere near adequate a CVA is a very serious medical emergency. See also The Circle of Willis , the major arterial blood supply to the brain References reflist Category Meninges med stub ... more details
primarysources date October 2010 Circulation Verification Council CVC is an American company which acts as an auditor to create circulation data for various periodical publication periodicals . A common use of their services would be in providing demographic information about the readers of a publication so that the publishers and advertisers would be able to design content for the audience reading that specific publication. Corporate history Tim Bingaman founded CVC in 1992. ref cite web url http www.cvcaudit.com corporate faq.aspx title FAQ author date work publisher accessdate 27 October 2010 ref He is currently the president and CEO. ref name corporate cite web url http www.cvcaudit.com corporate title About the Circulation Verification Council author date work publisher accessdate 27 October 2010 ref Business model CVC is a for profit company. ref name corporate References reflist External links http www.cvcaudit.com official site Category Auditing ... more details
cleanup date July 2010 Infobox Disease Name Persistent foetal circulation Image Caption DiseasesDB 29889 ICD10 ICD10 P 29 3 p 20 ICD9 ICD9 747.83 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj ped eMedicineTopic 2530 MeshID D010547 Persistent fetal circulation is a condition caused by a failure in the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation to convert from the antenatal circulation pattern to the normal pattern. In a fetus, there is high pulmonary vascular resistance and low pulmonary blood flow as the fetus does not use the lungs for oxygen transfer. Once the baby is born, the lungs are needed for oxygen transfer and need high blood flow which is encouraged by low pulmonary vascular resistance. It can be associated with pulmonary hypertension . ref name urlMedcyclopaedia Persistent fetal circulation cite web url http www.medcyclopaedia.com library topics volume vii p persistent fetal circulation.aspx title Medcyclopaedia Persistent fetal circulation format work accessdate ref Because of this, the condition is also known as persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn . ref name urlPERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION OF THE NEWBORN cite web url http depts.washington.edu nicuweb NICU WEB pphn.stm title PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION OF THE NEWBORN format work accessdate ref Epidemiology 1 2 infants per 1000 live births ref 1. Chambers CD, Hernandez Diaz S, Van Marter LJ, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006 354 6 579 587. Available at http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 16467545 ref Types Normal vascular anatomy with functional vasoconstriction Good prognosis as reversible Causes Hypoxia medical hypoxia , meconium aspiration, respiratory distress syndrome Decreased diameter of pulmonary vessels with hypertrophy of vessel walls Poor prognosis as fixed abnormality Causes post term ... and persistent fetal circulation journal Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. volume 70 issue 2 pages ... more details
A circulation control wing CCW is a form of high lift device for use on the main wing of an aircraft to increase the lift coefficient . CCW technology has been in the research and development phase for over sixty years, and the early models were called blown flaps . ref cite web url http www.sae.org technical papers 2005 01 3192 title Circulation Control Wing accessdate 2007 12 15 ref The CCW works by increasing the velocity of the airflow over the leading edge and trailing edge of a specially designed aircraft wing using a series of blowing slots that eject high pressure jet air. The wing has a rounded trailing edge to tangentially eject the air through the Coanda effect thus causing lift. ref cite web url http pdf.aiaa.org preview CDReadyMFLC06 1187 PV2006 3011.pdf title Large Eddy Simulation of a Circulation Control Airfoil. accessdate 2007 12 18 last Slomski first J.F. coauthors date 2006 06 05 format PDF ref The increase in velocity of the airflow over the wing also adds to the lift force through conventional airfoil lift production. ref name cc cite book title FlightWise last Carpenter first Chris year 1996 publisher Airlife Publishing Ltd location UK ref Image Circulation Control .... Purpose The main purpose of the circulation control wing is to increase the lifting force of an aircraft ..., they do so at a high cost of drag. ref name cc The benefit of the circulation control wing is that no extra ... www.airspacemag.com issues 2007 april may custer channel wing.php?page 2 title Circulation Control ... issues 2007 april may custer channel wing.php?page 2 title Circulation Control Technology ... 1187 PV2006 3011.pdf title Large Eddy Simulation of a Circulation Control Airfoil. accessdate ... custer channel wing.php?page 2 title Circulation Control Technology accessdate 2007 12 15 ref Powering the wing The main problem with the circulation control wing is the need for high energy air to be blown ... 2005 01 3192 title Circulation Control Wing accessdate 2007 12 15 ref References references See also ... more details
Image Nimbus ozone Brewer Dobson circulation.jpg right Brewer Dobson circulation is a Model abstract model of atmospheric circulation, proposed by Alan West Brewer Alan Brewer in 1949 and Gordon Dobson in 1956, which attempts to explain why tropical air has less ozone than polar air, even though the tropical stratosphere is where most atmospheric ozone is produced. It is a simple circulation model that posits the existence of a slow Air current current in the winter Sphere hemisphere which redistributes air. References cite book chapter Chapter 6 Stratospheric Dynamics and the Transport of Ozone and Other Trace Gases title Stratospheric Ozone An Electronic Textbook chapterurl http www.ccpo.odu.edu lizsmith SEES ozone class Chap 6 index.htm accessdate 25 Jan 12 last Cordero first Eugene coauthors Paul A. Newman, Clark Weaver, and Eric Fleming See also Chapman cycle Dobson unit Category Atmospheric sciences climate stub ja fi Brewerin Dobsonin kiertoliike ... more details
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