Pagondas lang el son of Aeolidas, was a Thebes, Greece Theban general and statesman, who is best known for his command of the Boeotia n forces at the Battle of Delium during the Peloponnesian War . His modification of the standard hoplite Tactical formation formation and his use of reserve cavalry in that battle constitute what most historians agree is the first recorded use of formal military military tactics tactics in human history. Biographical information Little is known of Pagondas s life. He is mentioned by Pindar as having been born to a noble Theban family, and we know that he was in his early sixties at Delium. He was evidently a fiery and persuasive speaker, purportedly moving the disparate Boeotian contingents to unify and attack their Athens, Greece Athenian enemies through rhetoric alone. Apart from a brief mention by Thucydides , however, there is very little extant information about Pagondas or his life. He seems to have appeared and abruptly disappeared solely for the Battle of Delium. Delium see details Battle of Delium At the battle, the Boeotians faced off against a group of Athenians led by Hippocrates. The Boeotians charged down a hill at the Athenian army, while the Athenians, having been surprised by their sudden appearance, got themselves together and charged up the hill. On the Boeotian left were men from the town of Thespiae . On their right, Pagondas had placed his own Thebans. Remarkably though, he chose to stack his Thebans twenty five shields deep, rather than the standard eight, to give them more pushing power and punch. This marks the first recorded instance of any Greek general ever changing the standard depth of a hoplite unit. This novel technique worked wonders, as the Thebans rapidly broke through the Athenian left, and moved to encircle the rest of the Athenian army. However, the Thespians on the Boeotian left were up against the Athenians crack troops, and were themselves quickly overwhelmed, surrounded, and killed al ... more details
File Alexandre Cabanel Echo.jpg thumb The nymph Echo painting by Alexandre Cabanel , 1887 In Greek mythology , Ekho lang el , kh from ch , echo , ref http www.perseus.tufts.edu hopper text?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.04.0057 3Aentry 3Dh 29xw 2F , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon , on Perseus ref itself from chos , sound ref http www.perseus.tufts.edu hopper text?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.04.0057 3Aentry 3Dh 29 3Dxos , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon , on Perseus ref was an Oread a mountain nymph who loved her own voice . Zeus loved consorting with beautiful nymphs and visited them on Earth often. Eventually, Zeus s wife, Hera , became suspicious, and came from Mount Olympus Mt. Olympus in an attempt to catch Zeus with the nymphs. History Sometimes the young and beautiful nymph Echo would distract and amuse Zeus wife, Hera, with long and entertaining stories while Zeus took advantage of the moment to ravish the other mountain nymphs. When Hera discovered the trickery, she was so annoyed she punished the talkative Echo by taking away her voice, except in foolish repetition of another s shouted words. Thus, all Echo could do was repeat the voice of another. ref name ovid Ovid, Metamorphoses . New york Oxford University Press Inc., 1998. Print. Trans. Melville, A.D. pages 61 66 ref Echo fell in love with a vain youth named Narcissus mythology Narcissus , who was the son of the Nymph Liriope nymph Liriope of Thespiae . The river god Cephissus mythology Cephisus had once encircled Liriope with the windings of his streams, trapping her, and seduced the nymph. Concerned about her infant son s future, Liriope consulted the seer Teiresias . The nymph asked the seer if her son would live to see the old age of senescence, to which Teiresias replied if he does not know himself. ref name ovid One day when Narcissus was out hunting stags, Echo stealthily followed the handsome youth through the woods lo ... more details
Use mdy dates date February 2011 Year nav 480 BCE year in topic 480 File Persian invasion.png thumb The Persian invasion of Greece in 480 479 BCE NOTOC Year 480 BCE was a year of the Roman calendar pre Julian Roman calendar . At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vibulanus and Cincinnatus or, less frequently, year 274 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 480 BCE for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events onlyinclude By place Greece May &ndash King Xerxes I of Persia Xerxes I of Achaemenid Empire Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace and Macedon ia. The Greek congress decides to send a force of 10,000 Greeks, including hoplites and cavalry, to the Vale of Tempe , through which they believe the Persian army will pass. The force includes Lacedaemon ians led by Euanetos and Athens Athenians under Themistocles . Warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale can be bypassed elsewhere and that the army of Xerxes is overwhelming, the Greeks decide not to try to hold there and vacate the vale. August 11 &ndash The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Achaemenid Empire Persians under Xerxes. His army engulfs a force of 300 Sparta ns and 700 Thespiae under the Sparta n King, Leonidas I . The Ancient Greece Greeks under Leonidas resist the advance through Thermopylae of Xerxes vast army. For two days Leonidas and his troops withstand the Achaemenid Empire Persian attacks he then orders most of his troops to retreat, and he and his 300 member royal guard fight to the last man. A member of the Kings of Sparta Agiad royal family, and the son of King Cleombrotus regent Cleombrotus and nephew of King Leonidas, Pausanias general Pausanias becomes regent for Leonidas son, Pleistarchus , after Leonidas I is killed at Thermopylae . Phocis and the coasts of Euboea are devastated by the Achaemenid Empire Persians . Thebes, Greece Thebes and m ... more details
Infobox mountain name Mount Helicon photo photo caption elevation m 1749 elevation ref map Greece map caption map size 250 label position right location Boeotia , Greece range Helicon lat d 38 lat m 21 lat s 10 lat NS N long d 22 long m 49 long s 21 long EW E coordinates ref File Helikonmountainascent.JPG thumb Ascent on Mountain Helikon Mount Helicon lang grc is a mountain in the region of Thespiae Thespiai in Boeotia , Greece , ref Kerenyi, 1951 172. ref celebrated in Greek mythology . With an elevation of convert 1749 m ft 0 , it is located just off the Gulf of Corinth . Greek mythology In Greek mythology , the mountain was celebrated by Hesiod because two springs sacred to the Muses were located here the Aganippe and the Hippocrene , both of which bear horse hippos in their names. In a related myth, the Hippocrene spring was created when the winged horse Pegasus aimed his hoof at a rock, striking it with such force that the spring burst from the spot. On Helicon too was the spring where Narcissus mythology Narcissus was inspired by his own beauty. ref Michael Grant and John Hazel. Who s Who in Classical Mythology . Oxford University Press, USA reprinted 1993. ref In Greek myth, Helicon was sacred especially to the divinely inspiring Muses in his Aitia , Callimachus recounts his dream in which he was young once more and conversed with the Muses on Helicon. ref Callimachus, Aitia , noted by Richard Hunter, The Shadow of Callimachus Studies in the Reception of Hellenistic Poetry at Rome 2006 16. ref There had been a temple built on Helicon in their honor which contained statues of these Muses. ref Grimal, Pierre. The Dictionary of Classical Mythology . Blackwell Publishing Limited, 1996. ref The Hippocrene spring was considered to be a source of poetic inspiration. In the late seventh century BCE, the poet Hesiod sang how in his youth he had pastured his sheep on the slopes of Helicon ref Hesiod, Theogony , 23. ref where Eros mythology Eros and the Mus ... more details
, 900 Helots , and 700 Thespiae Thespians who refused to leave. Another 400 Thebes, Greece Thebans ... that they would not abandon Leonidas and his followers. Their leader was Demophilus of Thespiae ... more details
Infobox military conflict conflict Battle of Leuctra partof the post Peloponnesian War conflicts image caption date July 6, 371 BC ref http www.strategikon.com en battles battle1.htm The Battle of Leuctra , retrieved 1 08 2006 ref place Boeotia result Decisive Thebes, Greece Theban victory combatant1 Boeotian League Thebes, Greece Thebes combatant2 Sparta commander1 Epaminondas commander2 Cleombrotus I strength1 6,000&ndash 7,000 hoplites br 1,500 cavalry strength2 10,000&ndash 11,000 hoplites br 1,000 cavalry casualties1 300 according to Diodorus , 47 according to Pausanias casualties2 1,000 according to Xenophon , 4,000 According to Diodorus Campaignbox Greek wars of the 4th century BC The Battle of Leuctra or Leuktra was a battle fought on July 6, 371 BC , between the Boeotia ns led by Thebes Greece Thebans and the History of Sparta Sparta ns along with their allies amidst the post Corinthian War conflict. The battle took place in the neighbourhood of Leuctra , a village in Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae . Theban victory shattered Sparta s immense influence over the Greek peninsula which Sparta had gained since its victory in the Peloponnesian War . Prelude Main Boeotian War In 379 BC the newly established democracy of Thebes had elected 4 Boeotarch s, the traditional title of the generals of the Boeotian League and so proclaimed their intention of reconstituting the League that Sparta had disbanded. ref name tritle80 Tritle 1987, p. 80 ref During this period Thebes had had an ally in Athens but Athens was far from happy with the treatment Plataea had received. ref name tritle80 When it came to swearing an oath to respect the treaty, Sparta swore on behalf of herself and her allies. When Epaminondas came forward asking to swear on behalf of the whole Boeotian League, the Spartans refused saying he could swear as the representative of Thebes or not at all. This Epaminondas refused. ref History of Greece , G. Grote vol. 9 p. 155 6 ref According to Xenophon, t ... more details
Sparta josh hall been the topic of cultural inspiration. Such admiration of the Spartans is referred to as Laconophilia . In modern popular culture this is typically centered on the Battle of Thermopylae , which is perhaps the most famous military last stand of all time. Battle of Thermopylae in popular culture main Battle of Thermopylae in popular culture The Battle of Thermopylae has long been the topic of cultural inspiration, as it is perhaps the most famous military last stand of all time. This against all odds story is passed to us from the writings of the Greek Herodotus , who was not present at the battle himself. He relates the story of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae defending the Pass of Thermopylae against almost 2 million sic Persians for three days. ref Histories Herodotus Histories ref Other The development of the public school UK English Public School s was influenced by the schooling of Spartan children. ref http www.icons.org.uk theicons collection stiff upper lip biography spartans and stoics with stiff upper lips spartans and stoics with stiff upper lips ref Novels class wikitable Author Novel Description Jerry Pournelle Novels set in the Empire of Man Universe Go Tell the Spartans 1991 Prince of Sparta 1993 . The seat of the Empire of Man is located on the planet Sparta, not Earth. An Emperor at the time of the Mote in God s Eye 1974 stories co authored with Larry Niven is named Leonidas. Jonathan Swift Gulliver s Travels , 1726 In the third book, in a part dealing with summoned spirits, Gulliver writes A helot of Agesilaus II Agesilaus made us a dish of Black soup Spartan broth , but I was not able to get down a second spoonful. Gene Wolfe Soldier of the Mist , 1986 br Soldier of Arete , 1989 Narrated by Latro, a soldier who fought on the Persian side at Plataea after Thermopylae and suffered a serious head wound there, which makes him forget everything after 24 hours. Steven Pressfield Gates of Fire ,1998 Focuses on a boy, Citizen of a destroyed ... more details
, and remained to guard the rear with 300 Spartan hoplite Spartans , 700 Thespiae Thespians , 400 Thebes ... left Thespiae Thespians 700 align left Malis Malians 1,000 align left Thebes, Greece Thebans 400 ...?doc Hdt. 7.220.1 VII, 220 ref The contingent of 700 Thespiae Thespians , led by their general Demophilus Thespiae Demophilus , refused to leave with the other Greeks but committed themselves to the fight ... which had not submitted to the Persians, Plataea and Thespiae , before marching on the now evacuated ... more details
About the asteroid 5983 Praxiteles the crater on Mercury Praxiteles crater Image Aphrodite Braschi Glyptothek Munich 258.jpg thumb 200px Villa of the Quintilii Venus Braschi , a Roman variant of the Aphrodite of Cnidus Knidian Aphrodite , Munich Glyptothek Praxiteles IPAc en icon p r k s t l i z Ancient Greek of Athens , the son of Cephisodotus the Elder , was the most renowned of the Attica Attic sculptors of the 4th century BC. He was the first to sculpt the nude Woman female form in a life size statue. While no indubitably attributable sculpture by Praxiteles is extant, numerous copies of his works have survived several author s, including Pliny the Elder , wrote of his works and coins engraved with silhouette s of his various famous statuary types from the period still exist. A supposed relationship between Praxiteles and his beautiful model, the Thespiae Thespian courtesan Phryne , has inspired speculation and interpretation in works of art ranging from painting Jean L on G r me G r me to comic opera Camille Saint Sa ns Saint Sa ns to shadow puppet ry Charles Maurice Donnay Donnay . Some writers have maintained that there were two sculptors of the name Praxiteles. One was a contemporary of Pheidias , and the other his more celebrated grandson. Though the repetition of the same name in every other generation is common in Greece , there is no certain evidence for either position. Date Accurate dates for Praxiteles are elusive, although he likely was no longer working in the time of Alexander the Great , as evidenced by the lack of any data showing that Alexander employed Praxiteles, as he likely would have done. Pliny the Elder Pliny s date, 364 BC , is probably that of one of his most noted works. The subjects chosen by Praxiteles were either Human human being s or the less elderly and dignified deities such as Apollo , Hermes and Aphrodite rather than Zeus , Poseidon or Themis . Praxiteles and his school worked almost entirely in marble . At ... more details
strength made it a suitable capital other major towns were Orchomenus, Plataea , and Thespiae .... Thespiae, Thisvi Thisbe , and Eutresis supplied two between them. Haliartus , Lebadea and Coronea ... more details
cities as well. ref They attacked twice Thespiae Beck, Politics of Power , 97 . ref In short ..., he camped at Leuctra , in the territory of Thespiae . Here, the Boeotian army came to meet him. The Spartan ... more details
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