of the T cell receptor rearranged by the thymocyte must retain the structural properties allowing it to be presented on the surface of the thymocyte with pre TCR . This eliminates thymocytes with gross ..., differentiation and T lineage commitment occurs within the DN thymocyte population. Commitment ... MHC . The purpose of thymocyte development is to produce mature T cells with a diverse array of functional ..., due to an inability to bind MHC . The next major stage of thymocyte development is positive selection ... allows the thymocyte to undergo a number of maturational changes during the transition to a single ... Inhibition of Notch signaling biases rat thymocyte development towards the NK cell lineage journal ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 457132392 IUPAC name image Clinical data pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number ATC prefix L04 ATC suffix AA03 ATC supplemental ATC L04 AA04 PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 1201596 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID NA Chemical data chemical formula molecular weight Anti thymocyte globulin ATG is an infusion of horse or rabbit derived antibodies against human T cells which is used in the prevention and treatment of Transplant rejection acute rejection in organ transplant ation and therapy of aplastic anemia . Uses Two antithymocyte globulin ATG agents licensed for clinical use in the United States are Thymoglobulin rabbit ATG, rATG, Genzyme and Atgam equine ATG, eATG, Pfizer . Thymoglobulin and Atgam are currently licensed for use in the treatment of renal allograft rejection Atgam is additionally licensed for use in the treatment of aplastic anemia. Both drugs are used in off label applications, especially as immunosuppression induction agents before and or during kidney transplantation. An rATG product made by Fresenius is marketed outside of the United States. ATG administration very substantially reduces immune competence in patients with normal immune systems, through a combination of actions, some explicitly understood and some more hypothetical. rATG in particular effects large reductions through cell lysis in the number of circulating T lymphocytes, hence preventing or at least delaying the cellular rejection ... more details
Positive selection may refer to Positive selection as an Thymocyte Events during maturation event during thymocyte maturation Directional selection , a particular mode or mechanism of natural selection. disambig immunology T cells that express TCR can bind weakly to self antigenson MHC are selected in positive selection ... more details
Thymocyte antigen 1 or CD90 a GPI anchored cell surface glycoprotein discovered in Thymocytes. Thymidylate synthase complementing protein 1 which complements but shows no homology to thymidylate synthase. Letter NumberCombDisambig ... more details
PBB geneid 387357 Protein THEMIS is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THEMIS gene . ref name pmid19597499 cite journal author Fu G, Vall e S, Rybakin V, McGuire MV, Ampudia J, Brockmeyer C, Salek M, Fallen PR, Hoerter JA, Munshi A, Huang YH, Hu J, Fox HS, Sauer K, Acuto O, Gascoigne NR title Themis controls thymocyte selection through regulation of T cell antigen receptor mediated signaling journal Nat. Immunol. volume 10 issue 8 pages 848 56 year 2009 month August pmid 19597499 doi 10.1038 ni.1766 url issn ref ref name pmid19597498 cite journal author Lesourne R, Uehara S, Lee J, Song KD, Li L, Pinkhasov J, Zhang Y, Weng NP, Wildt KF, Wang L, Bosselut R, Love PE title Themis, a T cell specific protein important for late thymocyte development journal Nat. Immunol. volume 10 issue 8 pages 840 7 year 2009 month August pmid 19597498 doi 10.1038 ni.1768 url issn ref ref name pmid19597497 cite journal author Johnson AL, Aravind L, Shulzhenko N, Morgun A, Choi SY, Crockford TL, Lambe T, Domaschenz H, Kucharska EM, Zheng L, Vinuesa CG, Lenardo MJ, Goodnow CC, Cornall RJ, Schwartz RH title Themis is a member of a new metazoan gene family and is required for the completion of thymocyte positive selection journal Nat. Immunol. volume 10 issue 8 pages 831 9 year 2009 month August pmid 19597497 doi 10.1038 ni.1769 url issn ref Function This protein plays a regulatory role in both positive and negative T cell selection during late thymocyte development. The protein functions through T cell antigen receptor signaling, and is necessary for proper lineage commitment and maturation of T cells. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene thymocyte selection associated url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 387357 accessdate ref The name THEMIS is an acronym for thymocyte expressed molecule. Themis is also the name of a Titan in Greek mythology who weighed the fates of humans, an apt choice since protein is important in deciding the ... more details
DNT can refer to Norwegian Trekking Association , In Norwegian, Den Norske Turistforening DNT Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour Dinitrotoluene Denotified tribes of India Duke Nukem Trilogy , a computer game Dent railway station National Rail station code DNT. Dallas North Tollway Duluth News Tribune , a newspaper in Duluth, Minnesota , USA. Do not track header , a nonstandard HTTP header, to prevent tracking by web services Double negative T cell Development in the thymus T cell , a thymocyte in an early stage of development disambig da DNT de DNT fr DNT it DNT no DNT nn DNT ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 29087 Thymocyte nuclear protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THYN1 gene . ref name pmid14601557 cite journal author Jiang XZ, Toyota H, Yoshimoto T, Takada E, Asakura H, Mizuguchi J title Anti IgM induced down regulation of nuclear Thy28 protein expression in Ramos B lymphoma cells journal Apoptosis volume 8 issue 5 pages 509 19 year 2003 month Nov pmid 14601557 pmc doi 10.1023 A 1025594409056 ref ref name pmid12384300 cite journal author Miyaji H, Yoshimoto T, Asakura H, Komachi A, Kamiya S, Takasaki M, Mizuguchi J title Molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse thymocyte protein gene journal Gene volume 297 issue 1 2 pages 189 96 year 2002 month Oct pmid 12384300 pmc doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 02 00886 7 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene THYN1 thymocyte nuclear protein 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 29087 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene encodes a protein that is highly conserved among vertebrates and plant species and may be involved in the induction of apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene THYN1 thymocyte nuclear protein 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 29087 accessdate ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB title Normalization and subtraction two approaches to facilitate gene discovery journal Genome Res. volume 6 issue 9 pages 791 806 year 1997 pmid 8889548 doi 10.1101 gr.6.9.791 cite journal author Zhang QH, Ye M, Wu XY, et al. title Cloning and functional ... Jiang X, Toyota H, Takada E, et al. title Modulation of mThy28 nuclear protein expression during thymocyte ... more details
ATG may refer to Methionine ATG , the triplet code for the amino acid methionine Anti thymocyte globulin , antibodies to prevent and treat transplant rejection ATG Stores , an e tail site ISO 3166 1 alpha 3 Antigua and Barbuda , using its ISO 3166 1 alpha 3 country code Alexander the Great , king of Macedon, in northern Greece Tape gun Adhesive Transfer Gun , the formal name for a tape gun Advanced Technology Group , a division of Apple Computer Alaska Territorial Guard , a military reserve force in World War II Alternative Tourism Group , a Palestinian NGO Ambassador Theatre Group , a theatre group in the UK Anti tank warfare Anti tank gun , a mobile weapon used against armoured vehicles Anti Tank Guitar , a string instrument Art Technology Group , a software developer Art Theatre Guild , a Japanese film production company At the Gates , a melodic death metal band Aviation Technology Group , the defunct developer of the Javelin Very Light Jet VLJ disambig de ATG eo ATG es ATG fr ATG it ATG lt ATG nl ATG ja ATG ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Infobox neuron neuron name Precursor Cell image neuron caption neuron location function neurotransmitter morphology afferents efferents NeuroLex Precursor Cell NeuroLexID sao467424240 In Cell biology cytology , a precursor cell , also called a blast cell or simply blast , is a type of partially differentiated, usually Unipotency unipotent cell that has lost most or all of the stem cell multipotency . Usually precursor cells are cells capable of differentiating into one or two closely related final forms. Sometimes precursor cell is used as an alternative term for multipotent stem cells. A blastoma is a type of cancer created by malignancies of precursor cells. In embryology , precursor cells are group of cells that differentiate later into one organ. Cytological types Oligodendrocyte precursor cell Myeloblast Thymocyte Meiocyte Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Melanoblast Lymphoblast Bone marrow precursor cells Normoblast Angioblast endothelial precursor cells Myeloid precursor cells References http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 474470 precursor cell Precursor cell Britannica Online Encyclopedia External links http www.neuinfo.org nif nifgwt.html?query 22Precursor 20Cell 22 NIF Search Precursor Cell via the Neuroscience Information Framework Stem cells Category Cell biology Category Stem cells Cell biology stub fr Blaste pl kom rka blastyczna ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox disease Name Cytokine release syndrome Image Caption DiseasesDB 34296 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Cytokine release syndrome is a common immediate complication occurring with the use of anti T cell antibody infusions such as Anti thymocyte globulin ATG , OKT3 and TGN1412 , but also with the CD 20 antibody rituximab . Severe cases are known as cytokine storm s. The pathogenesis is that the antibody antibodies bind to the T cell receptor, activating the T cells before they are destroyed. The cytokine s released by the activated T cells produce a type of systemic inflammatory response syndrome systemic inflammatory response similar to that found in severe infection characterised by hypotension , pyrexia and rigor medicine rigors . The patient feels very unwell, as if in a high fever &ndash indeed, the cytokine release syndrome is effectively a type of non infective fever. Deaths due to cytokine release syndrome with OKT3 muromonab CD3 have been reported, and it can cause life threatening pulmonary edema if the patient is fluid overloaded. However, if treated appropriately it is usually not dangerous, just extremely unpleasant for the patient. The effect is greatly reduced by using low dose OKT3 e.g. 2 mg instead of 5 mg, slow infusion instead of rapid injection, intravenous administration of an anti histamine such as chlorphenamine and a corticosteroid such as hydrocortisone prior to starting the ATG OKT3 infusion, with further doses of anti histamine and steroid given during the infusion if necessary, Acetaminophine 500 mg by mouth 1 hour before infusion to prevent fever. Moreover, it is recommended that any overhydration to be corrected before the administration the 1st dose either by dialysis or with intravenous furosemide, to prevent the possible development of pulmonary oedema. See also cytokine storm , life threatening massive release of cytokines DEFAULTSORT Cytokine R ... more details
Anti lymphocyte globulin ALG is an infusion of horse derived or more commonly rabbit derived antibody antibodies against human T cell s which is used in the treatment of Transplant rejection acute rejection in organ transplant ation, especially in kidney transplants. It was developed at the University of Minnesota by Dr. John Najarian . It has also been used in the treatment of aplastic anemia . ref name pmid16126887 cite journal author Kaya B, Davies CE, Oakervee HE, Silver NC, Gawler J, Cavenagh JD title Guillain Barr syndrome precipitated by the use of antilymphocyte globulin in the treatment of severe aplastic anaemia journal J. Clin. Pathol. volume 58 issue 9 pages 994 5 year 2005 month September pmid 16126887 pmc 1770826 doi 10.1136 jcp.2004.020354 url http jcp.bmj.com cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 16126887 ref It is less commonly used than the similar anti thymocyte globulin ATG , and like ATG it is associated with cytokine release syndrome in the short term and an increased risk of post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in the long term. ALG is more likely to cause Adverse effect medicine side effects than ATG, but is safer than OKT3 . One notable source of ALG was a horse called Volcano, who lived in South America. ref name pmid10705153 cite journal author Heimpel H title Aplastic anemia before bone marrow transplantation and antilymphocyte globulin journal Acta Haematol. volume 103 issue 1 pages 11 5 year 2000 pmid 10705153 doi 10.1159 000040998 url http content.karger.com produktedb produkte.asp?typ fulltext&file aha03011 ref At one point in the mid 1990s, the world s entire supply of ALG came from this horse. Citation needed date September 2008 References reflist Immunosuppressants DEFAULTSORT Anti Lymphocyte Globulin Category Polyclonal antibodies bg ... more details
File Apoptotic DNA Laddering.png alt White DNA bands against a dark grey background, resembling the rungs of a ladder thumb right upright DNA laddering left visualised in an agarose gel by ethidium bromide staining. A Base pair Length measurements 1 kb DNA ladder marker middle and Scientific control control DNA right are included. DNA laddering is a phenomenon seen in laboratory tests it is a sensitive indicator of programmed cell death , specifically of apoptosis . It was first described in 1980 by Andrew Wyllie at the University of Edinburgh Medical School . ref cite journal author Wyllie AH date 1980 04 10 title Glucocorticoid induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation journal Nature journal Nature volume 284 issue 5756 pages 555 556 issn 0028 0836 doi 10.1038 284555a0 pmid 6245367 url http www.nature.com nature journal v284 n5756 abs 284555a0.html ref Endonuclease activation is a characteristic feature of apoptosis. This degrades genomic DNA at internucleosomal linker regions and produces 180 to 185 base pair DNA fragments. On Agarose gel electrophoresis , these give a characteristic laddered appearance. The dying cell s Morphology biology morphological changes are short lived and difficult to detect. DNA laddering has therefore become a sensitive method to distinguish apoptosis from Ischemia ischemic or necrosis toxic cell death . ref cite journal author Iwata M, Myerson D, Torok Storb B, Zager RA. year 1994 month December title An evaluation of renal tubular DNA laddering in response to oxygen deprivation and oxidant injury journal Journal of the American Society of Nephrology volume 5 issue 6 pages 1307 1313 issn 1046 6673 doi pmid 7893995 url http jasn.asnjournals.org cgi content abstract 5 6 1307 ref References reflist www.chemeurope.com See also Apoptotic DNA fragmentation Caspase activated DNase Nicoletti assay TUNEL assay Category Apoptosis Category Biological techniques and tools Category Cell biology Category Elec ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Nezelof syndrome Image Caption DiseasesDB 29571 ICD10 ICD10 D 81 4 d 80 ICD9 ICD9 279.13 ICDO OMIM 242700 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshName MeshNumber Nezelof syndrome also known as Thymic dysplasia with normal immunoglobulins ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 85 is an autosomal recessive ref OMIM 242700 ref congenital immunodeficiency condition due to underdevelopment of the thymus . An association with CD44 has been proposed. ref name pmid8734358 cite journal author Knutsen AP, Wall D, Mueller KR, Bouhasin JD title Abnormal in vitro thymocyte differentiation in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency Nezelof s syndrome journal J. Clin. Immunol. volume 16 issue 3 pages 151 8 year 1996 month May pmid 8734358 doi 10.1007 BF01540913 url ref History It was characterized in 1964. ref name pmid14195287 cite journal pmid 14195287 year 1964 month Oct author Nezelof C, Jammet ML, Lortholary P, Labrune B, Lamy M title Hereditary Thymic Hypoplasia Its Place And Responsibility In A Case Of Lymphocytic, Normoplasmocytic And Normoglobulinemic Aplasia In An Infant volume 21 issue pages 897 920 issn 0003 9764 journal Archives francaises de pediatrie ref It is considered to be a form of combined immunodeficiency in ICD 10 but a deficiency of cell mediated immunity in ICD 9 . Presentation It causes severe infections and malignancies. Treatment Treatment includes antimicrobial therapy, IV immunoglobulin, bone marrow transplantation , thymus transplantation and thymus factors. External links GPnotebook 1597308962 References reflist 2 Immune disorders Category Immunodeficiency Category Noninfectious immunodeficiency related cutaneous conditions Category Autosomal recessive disorders Category Syndromes disease stub pl Zesp Nezelofa sr ... more details
protein Name chemokine C C motif ligand 25 caption image width HGNCid 10624 Symbol CCL25 AltSymbols SCYA25, TECK, Ckb15 EntrezGene 6370 OMIM 602565 RefSeq NM 005624 UniProt O15444 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 19 Arm p Band 13.2 LocusSupplementaryData Chemokine C C motif ligand 25 CCL25 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as TECK Thymus Expressed Chemokine . CCL25 is believed to play a role in the development of T cell s. ref Vacari et al., TECK a novel CC chemokine specifically expressed by thymic dendritic cells and potentially involved in T cell development. Immunity, 1997, 7 291 301. ref It is chemotactic for thymocyte s, macrophage s, and dendritic cell s. CCL25 elicits its effects by binding the chemokine receptor s CC chemokine receptors CCR9 CCR9 . ref Zaballos et al., Identification of the orphan chemokine receptor GPR 9 6 as CCR9, the receptor for the chemokine TECK. J. Immunol., 1999, 162 5671 5675. ref ref Gosling et al., Cutting edge identification of a novel chemokine receptor that binds dendritic cell and T cell active chemokines including ELC, SLC, and TECK. J Immunol. 2000, 164 2851 6. ref Human CCL25 is produced as a protein precursor containing 151 amino acid s. The gene for CCL25 scya25 is located on human chromosome 19. ref Nomiyama et al., The human CC chemokine TECK SCYA25 maps to chromosome 19p13.2. Genomics, 1998, 51 311 312. ref References references Chemokines Category Cytokines gene 19 stub sr CCL25 ... more details
of the human thymocyte antigens CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ... C title A physical map linking the five CD1 human thymocyte differentiation antigen genes. journal ... Aruffo A, Seed B title Expression of cDNA clones encoding the thymocyte antigens CD1a, b, c demonstrates ... of the human thymocyte CD1 antigen genes to chromosome 1. journal EMBO J. volume 7 issue 9 pages ... more details
exclusively in immature CD4 sup sup CD8 sup sup thymocyte s and in lymphoid tissue inducer LTi cells ... for RORgamma in thymocyte survival and lymphoid organ development journal Science volume 288 issue 5475 ... in thymocyte survival and lymphoid organ development journal Science volume 288 issue 5475 ..., more particularly by reducing apoptosis of thymocyte s and promoting thymocyte differentiation ... more details
PBB geneid 9760 Thymocyte selection associated high mobility group box protein TOX is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TOX gene . ref name pmid9872452 cite journal author Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Suyama M, Kikuno R, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O title Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XI. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro journal DNA Res volume 5 issue 5 pages 277 86 year 1999 month Apr pmid 9872452 pmc doi 10.1093 dnares 5.5.277 ref ref name pmid11850626 cite journal author Wilkinson B, Chen JY, Han P, Rufner KM, Goularte OD, Kaye J title TOX an HMG box protein implicated in the regulation of thymocyte selection journal Nat Immunol volume 3 issue 3 pages 272 80 year 2002 month Mar pmid 11850626 pmc doi 10.1038 ni767 ref ref name entrez 9760 cite web title Entrez Gene thymocyte selection associated high mobility group box gene TOX url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 9760 accessdate ref Structure and function The TOX gene encodes a protein that belongs to a large superfamily of chromatin associated proteins that share an approximately 75 amino acid DNA binding domain DNA binding motif , the HMG box HMG high mobility group box named after that found in the canonical member of the family, high mobility group protein 1 . Some high mobility group HMG box proteins e.g., LEF1 contain a single HMG box motif and bind DNA in a sequence specific manner, while other members of this family e.g., HMGB1 have multiple HMG boxes and bind DNA in a sequence independent but structure dependent manner. While TOX has a single HMG box motif, ref name entrez 9760 it is predicted to bind DNA in a sequence independent manner. ref name OFla cite journal author O Flaherty E, Kaye J title TOX defines a conserved subfamily of HMG box proteins journal BMC Genomics volume 4 pages 13 year 2003 month April pmid 12697058 pmc 155677 doi 10.1186 ... more details
regulate endogenous IPP DMAPP. Development in the thymus This section is linked from apoptosis See Thymocyte ... cell begins to express CD25 and becomes a DN2 thymocyte. At this point a T cell will either progress ... CD3 and stops expressing c kit and CD44 becoming a DN3 thymocyte. At this stage the thymocyte ... known as a DP thymocyte. Positive selection Unreferenced section date June 2010 Positive selection selects for T cells capable of interacting with MHC. Double positive thymocyte s CD4 sup sup CD8 sup .... A thymocyte s fate is also determined during positive selection. Double positive cells CD4 ... more details
C title A physical map linking the five CD1 human thymocyte differentiation antigen genes. journal EMBO ... to human chromosomes using biotin labelled probes assignment of the human thymocyte CD1 antigen genes ... more details
Thymocyte Selection and T Cell Activation and Causes Downregulation of Cd8 When Overexpressed in Cd4 ... pmc 20949 cite journal author Kirchner J, Bevan MJ title Itm2a Is Induced during Thymocyte ... more details
events in thymocyte development, where T cell receptor gene rearrangement and positive selection ..., and they are of minute size. The medulla is the location of the latter events in thymocyte development ... genetic rearrangement during thymocyte maturation, resulting in each T cell bearing a unique ... defect in thymic genesis or a defect in thymocyte development can lead to a profound T cell ... in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome SCIDs . Acquired T cell deficiencies can also affect thymocyte ... s of thymocyte origin are classified as Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia lymphoma T ALL . People ... more details
of thymocyte energy metabolism journal Biochim Biophys Acta volume 1412 pages 129 38 pmid ... doi 10.1083 jcb.59.1.134 ref rat thymocyte s, ref cite journal author Capo C, Garrouste F, Benoliel AM, Bongrand P, Ryter A, Bell GI title Concanavalin A mediated thymocyte agglutination a model ... more details
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