timepreference is focused substantially on his well being in the present and the immediate future relative to the average person, while someone with low timepreference places more emphasis than average ... function . The higher the timepreference, the higher the discount placed on returns receivable or costs payable in the future. The timepreference that an individual exhibits at any given moment ... but cannot do so in the present, he is still considered to have a low timepreference. One of the factors that may determine an individual s timepreference is how long that individual has lived. An older individual may have a lower timepreference relative to what he had earlier in life due to a higher ... education or a house . The timepreference theory of interest is an attempt to explain interest through ... determines the relative price of present and future consumption. Timepreference, in conjunction with relative ... economics the rate of timepreference is usually taken as a parameter in an individual ... is constant, which pins down the rate of interest as equal to the rate of timepreference, with the marginal ... production. By contrast, George Reisman says that timepreference arises because of the possibility ... the goods as much as they can be enjoyed now. The root of timepreference in Reisman s view is an internal ... that timepreference is unavoidable and hence a minimum rate of return on that capital such as in interest ... Moseley, W.G. 2001. African Evidence on the Relation of Poverty, TimePreference and the Environment ..., 2002. Time Discounting and TimePreference A Critical Review, Journal of Economic Literature, vol ... DEFAULTSORT TimePreference Category Intertemporal economics Category Economic theories Category Interest ...Refimprove date July 2011 For business or finance applications Discount disambiguation In economics, timepreference or discounting pertains to how large a premium a consumer places on enjoyment nearer in time over more remote enjoyment. There is no absolute distinction that separates high and low time ... more details
http www.icrsurvey.com docs Customer 20Preference 20Formation 1205.doc Customer preference formation ... ca Prefer ncia cs Preference de Pr ferenz es Preferencia fr Pr f rence ko it Preferenza kk ... more details
Preference learning is a subfield in machine learning in which the goal is to learn a predictive Preference economics preference model from observed preference information. In the view of supervised learning , preference learning trains on a set of items which have preferences toward labels or other items and predicts the preferences for all items. While the concept of preference learning has been emerged for some time in many fields such as economics , ref name SHOG00 it s a relatively new topic in Artificial Intelligence research. Several workshops have been discussing preference learning and related topics in the past decade. ref name WEB WORKSHOP Tasks The main task in preference learning concerns problems in learning to rank . According to different types of preference information observed, the tasks are categorized as three main problems in the book Preference Learning ref name FURN11 ... of labels math Y y i i 1,2, cdots,k , math . The preference information is given in the form math y i succ x y j , math indicating instance math x , math shows preference in math y i , math rather than math y j , math . A set of preference information is used as training data in the model. The task of this model is to find a preference ranking among the labels for any instance. It was observed some ... Y , math and thus the model can extract a set of preference information math y i succ x y j y i in L, y j in Y backslash L , math . Training a preference model on this preference information and the classification .... Given a set of pairwise preference information in the form math x i succ x j , math and the model ... of the preference information math A succ B , math . One is assigning math A , math and math ... is well developed in machine learning. Preference relations The binary representation of preference information is called preference relation. For each pair of alternatives instances or labels , a binary ..., there is an early approach by Cohen et al. ref name COHE98 Using preference relations to predict the ranking ... more details
theory of liquidity preference. In his book America s Great Depression , Rothbard argued that interest rates are instead determined by timepreference . Says Rothbard, Increased hoarding can either ...About liquidity preference in macroeconomic theory Liquidity preference Venture capital In macroeconomic theory , liquidity preference refers to the Money demand demand for money , considered as liquidity . The concept was first developed by John Maynard Keynes in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1936 to explain determination of the interest rate by the supply and demand for money. The demand for money as an asset was theorized to depend on the interest foregone by not holding bond finance bonds . Interest rates, he argues, cannot be a reward for saving as such because, if a person hoards his savings in cash, keeping it under his mattress say, he will receive no interest, although he has nevertheless refrained from consuming all his current income. Instead of a reward for saving, interest in the Keynesian analysis is a reward for parting with liquidity. According to Keynes, demand for liquidity is determined by three motives the transactions motive people prefer ... and vice versa . The liquidity preference relation can be represented graphically as a schedule of the money ... preference curve in theory interact to determine the interest rate at which the quantity of money demanded ... the old consumption investment proportion unchanged. Unless time preferences change, the last alternative will be the one adopted. Thus, the rate of interest depends solely on timepreference, and not at all on liquidity preference. In fact, if the increased hoards come mainly out of consumption, an increased demand for money will cause interest rates to fall because time preferences have fallen ... Edition. Carlo Panico 2008 . liquidity preference, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd ... Preference Curve DEFAULTSORT Liquidity Preference Category Keynesian economics Category Macroeconomics ... more details
unreferenced date March 2008 Imperial Preference was a proposed system of reciprocally enacted tariff s or free trade agreements between the dominion s and colony colonies of the British Empire . As Commonwealth Preference , the proposal was later revived in regard to the members of the Commonwealth of Nations . Especially during the early 1900s, Imperial Preference was considered a method of promoting unity within the British Empire and sustaining Britain s position as a global power as a response to increased competition from the protectionist Germany and United States . The idea was associated particularly with Joseph Chamberlain , who resigned from the government of Arthur Balfour during September 1903 in order to be free to campaign for tariff reform. Among those opposing Chamberlain was the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Charles Thomson Ritchie , who, guided by the free trade ideas of the main economists of the time, such as Sir William Ashley , was vigorously opposed to any scheme of Imperial Preference. This ultimately resulted in a damaging rift within Balfour s Conservative Party UK Conservative Liberal Unionist Party Unionist coalition government, contributing to its defeat in the United Kingdom general election, 1906 1906 elections . During the 1920s, Imperial Preference became popular once more. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin Baldwin 1924 29 was an uncertain endorser. His Secretary of State for the Colonies Colonial and Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Dominions ... operation in Ottawa , Canada . There was initial agreement on Imperial Preference, but the incompetence ... , R. B. Bennett , a Conservative Party of Canada historical Conservative who endorsed Imperial Preference ... of State Cordell Hull and abandoned Imperial Preference. The United States was determined to maintain ..., there was overwhelmingly preference for a system based on the United Kingdom rather than the U.S. ... policy protectionism imperial preference.htm Policy, protectionism and imperial preference The National ... more details
selfref For user preferences on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia Preferences . Wiktionary preferencePreference is a term used in the scientific literature. Preference may also refer to Preference economics , as the term is used in economics Preferred stock , preference stock or preference shares, a form of corporate equity ownership Pr f rence , a card game played in Austria, Hungary and the West Balkans Preferans , the sophisticated Russian version of Pr f rence Unfair preference , a legal term Preferences mag , French gay periodical usually styled PREF mag disambig ... more details
In United States agricultural policy, a grazing preference is the status of qualified holders of grazing permits acquired by grant, prior use, or purchase, that entitles them to special consideration over applicants who have not acquired preference. A grazing privilege is the benefit or advantage enjoyed by a person or company beyond the common advantage of other citizens to graze livestock on federal lands. Privilege may be created by permit, license, lease, or agreement. Grazing permits or licenses or leases provide this official written permission to graze a specific number, kind, and class of livestock for a specified time period on defined federal rangeland. http www.law.cornell.edu uscode 43 usc sup 01 43 10 8A 20 I.html References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
Intensity of preference is a term popularized by the work of the economist Kenneth Arrow , who was a co recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics Laureates 1972 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics . This term is used in reference to models for aggregating ordinal rankings. This term is used in economics , politics , marketing , management science and other areas in which methods to derive the consensus ranking are developed. ref Cook, Wade D. and Moshe Kress, http www.jstor.org pss 2631671 Ordinal Ranking with Intensity of Preference, Management Science US , Vol. 31, No. 1 Jan., 1985 , pp. 26 32. ref In an analysis of voting, for example, the intensity of preference is a measure of an individual voter s or group of voters willingness to incur the costs or inconvenience of the act of officially registering a preferential choice at the time and place required, not the vote itself. ref Arrow, Kenneth J. 1963 . Google books Lo2uCECV 8C Social Choice and Individual Values, p. 114. page 114 ref Social choices The intensity of preference can be a factor in aggregating individual choices into social choices. ref name tulane Tulane University http www.tulane.edu dnelson COURSES IntroPE arrow.pdf Proof of Arrow s Impossibility Theorem, citing J. Kelly, Social Choice Theory An Introduction ref Independence of irrelevant alternatives ... does not rule out intensity of preference in making social choices. 1 It is part of our definition of a social choice rule function that the choices are based only on the information in a profile of ordinal preference relations. 2 These preference relations do not contain any intensity information that could be used by social choice rules, whether or not they violate the independence axiom. ref name tulane See also Arrow s impossibility theorem Storable Voting Majority rule Notes reflist References Arrow, Kenneth J. 1951 . Social Choice and Individual ... Preferences DEFAULTSORT Intensity of preference Category Economics theorems Category Voting theory ... more details
refimprove date January 2012 Revealed preference theory , pioneered by United States American economist ... assume that the Preference economics preferences of consumers can be revealed by their purchasing habits. Revealed preference theory came about because existing theories of consumer demand were ... with great certainty. Revealed preference theory was a means to reconcile demand theory by defining ... equation of revealed preference is as stated below p1x1 p2x2 p1y1 p2y2. From the preceding ... preference WARP states that if A is revealed as good as B, then it is never the case that B is revealed ... is known as a reversal of preference . Completeness and Strong axiom If A is directly revealed ... other at the same time, creating a loop . In mathematical terminology, this says that transitivity ... . One way to do so is to impose completeness on the revealed preference relation with regards to the situations ... preferred over each other at the same time thus it would be impossible for loops to form. Another way to solve this is to impose the strong axiom of revealed preference SARP which ensures transitivity ... functions while the strong axiom imposes conditions on the output. Motivation Revealed preference ... that the consumer s preferences are stable over the observed time period, i.e. the consumer will not reverse ... of Paul Samuelson s Revealed Preference Theory A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction publisher Routledge year 1978 ref argued that revealed preference theory was a failed research program. According to Wong, in 1938 Samuelson presented revealed preference theory as an alternative ... to say what good or set of goods or behavioral options were discarded in preference of purchasing an orange. In this sense, preference is not revealed at all in the sense of ordinal utility. ref name ... of the revealed preference theory states that Instead of replacing metaphysical terms such as desire ... preference methods Notes Reflist 2 References Nicholson, W. 2005 Microeconomics , Thomson, Southwestern ... more details
An unfair preference or voidable preference is a legal term arising in bankruptcy law where a person or company law company transfers assets or pays a debt to a creditor shortly before going into bankruptcy ... or trustee in bankruptcy as an unfair preference or simply a preference. ref See for example, section 239 of the Insolvency Act 1986 of the United Kingdom , which uses the term Preference rather than Unfair Preference section 565 of the Corporations Act 2001 of Australia http www.austlii.edu.au au ... as an unfair preference, the liquidator will need to show that the person or company was insolvent at the time the payment was made either on the cash flow test, or on the balance sheet test it varies from country to country the person or company then went into bankruptcy within a specified time thereafter ... a preference. ref This is the position in the United Kingdom although section 239 6 says that a preferential ... countries an application to have a transaction set aside as a preference can only be made by the liquidator ... to have a transaction declared as an unfair preference varies. Inevitably the creditor which received ... s. An unfair preference has some of the same characteristics as a fraudulent conveyance , ref In the United ... the preference does not. Also, procedurally, it is not necessarily for the paying party to go into bankruptcy ..., and most legal systems do not require intention to defraud in order to establish an unfair preference ... an unfair preference application. However, similar to fraudulent conveyance applications, unfair ... States A preference in Bankruptcy in the United States U.S. federal bankruptcy law ref UnitedStatesCode ... transaction takes place within a specified period of time before the filing of bankruptcy ... Sec. 547 c ref All of the following examples assume that the requirements for a preference that are set out above exist at the time the transfer is made. Securing a previously unsecured debt. Substituting ... take place at the time when they are made if they are perfected within 30 days thereafter. Otherwise ... more details
Preferred number Revealed preference Second order desire Strict weak ordering Timepreference theory ...In economics and other social science s, preference refers to the set of assumptions related to ordering ... Frisch gave the first rigorous axiomatic introduction of a preference relation in 1926. ref name ... even further by revealed preference revealed preference theory . Since the pioneer efforts of Frisch ... of a preference structure with a real valued function. This has been achieved by mapping ... from an abstract preference relation to an abstract utility scale results in a new mathematical framework, allowing new kinds of conditions on the structure of preference to be formulated and investigated ... is meant by ranked set of preferences , and thus gives an unambiguous definition of order . A preference ... B geqslant A math , implies math A B math which does not always holds in preference relations ... . A system of preferences or preference structure refers to the set of qualitative relations ... Banana In this example, a preference structure would be The apple is at least as preferred as the orange ... certain desirable properties over the binary relation these are the axioms of preference order ... let X be endowed with a topology. A preference relation math succsim math is continuous if math y in X ... function representation clarify date October 2010 . Although continuity of the preference relation ... of the preference sets Linear space convex preferences convexity , homogeneity, translation invariance ... domain of alternatives that present themselves from time to time. ref name Shapley 1974 ... are maximizing a utility function. Consumers whose preference structures Voting paradox violate transitivity ... not have enough money to go on holiday anyway then it is not necessary to attach a preference order ... . However, preference can be interpreted as a hypothetical choice that could be made rather ... curve s. Based on the preference relation on S we have a preference relation on S . As opposed ... more details
in only two countries Britain and Denmark . ref name Vitali See also Decision theory Liquidity preference Revealed preferenceTimepreference References Reflist offset br DEFAULTSORT Preference Theory ...Multiple issues lead rewrite December 2010 wikify December 2010 primarysources June 2011 Preference theory is a multidisciplinary mainly sociology sociological theory developed by Catherine Hakim . ref name Rabusic Rabusic, L. & Manea, B E., http www.czso.cz eng redakce.nsf i ladislav rabusic beatrice elena chromkova manea hakim s preference theory in the czech context demografie 2007 2 File Rabu ic Chromkov .pdf Hakim s preference theory in the Czech context . Czech Demography, 2008, 48 2 , pp 46 55. ref It seeks both to explain and predict women s choices regarding investment in productive or reproductive contributions to society. ref name Marshall http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1O88 preferencetheory.html Preference Theory , in cite book last1 Scott first1 John last2 Marshall first2 Gordon authorlink2 Gordon Marshall sociologist title A Dictionary of Sociology publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford Oxfordshire year 2009 isbn 0199533008 ref The theory sets out five socio economic conditions which it posits jointly create a new scenario for women ref cite book last Hakim first Catherine title Work Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford Oxfordshire year 2000 isbn 0199242097 ref page number date December 2010 The contraceptive revolution gives women reliable control over their own fertility for the first time in history. The equal ... time in history The expansion of white collar occupations, which are more attractive to women. The creation of jobs for secondary earners, such as part time jobs, working at home, teleworking ... Journal of Sociology, 54 339 45, September 2003. ref page number date December 2010 Hakim s preference ... F C, Prskawetz A and Testa M R, http ideas.repec.org p vid eudgrp 0702.html Preference Theory and Low ... more details
Deleted image removed Image Preference Pane 10.4.png framed right Preference Pane icon Deleted image removed File Perianpane.tiff thumb right A typical third party Preference Pane A Preference Pane often abbreviated as prefpane is a special dynamic loading dynamically loaded Plug in computing plugin in Mac OS X . Introduced in Mac OS X v10.0 , the purpose of a Preference Pane is to allow the user to set preferences for a specific application or the system by means of a graphical user interface . Preference Panes are the OS X replacement to control panel Mac OS control panel s. Prior to Mac OS X v10.4 , collections of Preference Panes featured a Show All button to show all the panes in the collection and a customizable toolbar to which frequently used preference panes could be dragged. In Mac OS X v10.3 , the currently active pane would also be highlighted in the toolbar when it was selected. With Mac OS X v10.4 , this functionality was dropped in favor of a plain Show All button and back forward history arrows. System Preferences Mac OS X System Preferences is an application whose sole purpose is the loading of various preference panes, for system configuration. Any application can be written to use prefpanes. Preference panes carry the .prefpane file extension . External links http developer.apple.com documentation UserExperience Conceptual PreferencePanes index.html Apple Developer Connection Preference Panes Mac OS X Category Mac OS X mac stub ... more details
One of the indicators of the strength of a brand in the hearts and minds of customers, brand preference represents which brands are preferred under assumptions of equality in price and availability. Purpose Measures of brand preference attempt to quantify the impact of marketing activities in the hearts and minds of customers and potential customers. Higher brand preference usually indicates more revenues sales and profit, also making it an indicator of company financial performance. Construction There are at least three classes of methodologies to measure brand preference directly Statistical survey Survey questions self report, unaided preference Brand choice measures choice of preferred brand from a competitive set of brands Constant sum measures planned purchases amongst a competitive set of brands Methodologies ARS Persuasion ref Blair, Margaret H., and Allan R. Kuse. Better Practices in Advertising Can Change a Cost of Doing Business to Wise Investments in the Business . Journal of Advertising Research. March 2004. ref ref Shepard, Barry. Developing and Managing Advertising for StarKist Tuna in a Pouch. Quirk s Marketing Research Review. March 2003. ref ref name Shirley Shirley, Dan. From Copy Testing and Diagnostics to Process driven Improvement. The Advertiser ANA . April May 1999. ref ref Stewart, David W. Advertising Wearout What and How You Measure Matters. Journal of Advertising Research. September October 1999. ref ref Masterson, Peggy. The Wearout Phenomenon Advertising s Selling Power Declines Predictably, Based on the Underused Wearout Finding. Marketing Research. Fall 1999. ref ref Ashley, Susan R. How to Effectively Compete Against Private Label Brands. Journal of Advertising Research. January February 1998. ref ref Blair, Margaret Henderson, and Michael ... about mmap MMAP. cited 7 February 2011 ref Brand Preference Monitor BPM tracks the impact of all marketing activity over time. References Reflist External links http www.themasb.org MASB ... more details
referencing date December 2011 A trade preference is when one country prefers buying goods from some other country more than it would from other countries. It grants special support to one country over another. It is the opposite of a trade prohibition . See also Trade mandate Trade prohibition Trade sanctions National treatment Most favored nation Category International trade DEFAULTSORT Trade Preference International trade stub ... more details
Common preference is a term used to describe an everyone wins situation in a number of places wiktionary Zero sum Game theory Non zero sum Non zero sum, in game theory Taking Children Seriously Win win situation disambiguation ... more details
Utilitarianism Preference utilitarianism is one of the most popular forms of utilitarianism in contemporary philosophy. Citation needed date November 2010 Unlike classical utilitarianism, which defines right actions as those that maximize pleasure and minimize pain, preference utilitarianism promotes actions that fulfill the interests preferences of those beings involved. fact date February 2012 The beings may be rational agent rational , that is to say, their interests may be carefully selected based on future projections, but this is not compulsory here, the definition of party extends to all sentient beings, even those living solely in the present. clarifyme Why does party need to be defined here? date February 2012 ref name Krantz2002 cite book author Susan F. Krantz title Refuting Peter Singer s ethical theory the importance of human dignity url http books.google.com books?id H923FD34 9MC&pg PA28 accessdate 30 November 2010 date January 2002 publisher Greenwood Publishing Group isbn 9780275970833 pages 28 29 ref Since what is good and right depends solely on individual preferences, there can be nothing that is in itself good or bad for preference utilitarians, the source of both morality and ethics in general is subjective preference. ref name Krantz2002 Preference utilitarianism therefore can be distinguished by its acknowledgement that every person s experience of satisfaction is unique. The theory, as outlined by R. M. Hare in 1981, is controversial, insofar as it presupposes ... Gr ne Yanoff author2 Sven Ove Hansson title Preference Change Approaches from Philosophy, Economics ... of preference utilitarianism and himself influenced by the views of Hare, has been criticised for giving ... writes in regard to killing in general, times when the preference of the victim could sometimes ... Sobel on full information preference utiilitarianism Use dmy dates date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Preference Utilitarianism Category Utilitarianism Philosophy stub de Pr ferenzutilitarismus ... more details
Personal Preference is a 1987 board game created by Donal Carlson that involves guessing the order in which a player prefers foods, activities, people, and other items compared to one another. The game was published by Br derbund Games in the United States, Playtoy Industries in Canada, and Parker Brothers International in Britain. ref Donal Carlston, May 2008 ref The game contains cards in four categories Food & Drink, Activities, People, and Potpourri miscellaneous . Each card has a photo or drawing on each side and text indicating what that side represents e.g., chocolate clairs, climbing a mountain, Harrison Ford, spy novels . Each round, one player draws four cards from one category, or one from each category, depending on the player s position on the board. Each card is placed in a colored quadrant of the board. The player then ranks these four items according to his or her preference using color coded cards that are placed in an envelope. Next, other players or teams use numbered tiles to guess that player s order, and move forward one space for each correct guess when the order is revealed. If players choose to double a guess by placing a tile towards the center of the board, they move forward two spaces if correct and back one space if incorrect. Players take turns drawing and ranking cards until someone reaches the end of the board. References Reflist Category Party board games Board game stub tl Personal Preference ... more details
unreferenced date February 2008 Image PerceptualMap3.png thumb right Perceptual map of competing products with ideal vectors Preference regression is a statistical technique used by marketers to determine consumers preferred core benefits. It usually supplements positioning marketing product positioning techniques like multi dimensional scaling in marketing multi dimensional scaling or factor analysis and is used to create ideal vectors on perceptual mapping perceptual maps . Application Starting with raw data from surveys, researchers apply positioning techniques to determine important dimensions and plot the position of competing product business products on these dimensions. Next they regression analysis regress the survey data against the dimensions. The independent variables are the data collected in the survey. The dependent variable is the preference datum. Like all regression methods, the computer fits weights to best predict data. The resultant regression line is referred to as an ideal vector because the slope of the vector is the ratio of the preferences for the two dimensions. If all the data is used in the regression, the program will derive a single equation and hence a single ideal vector. This tends to be a blunt instrument so researchers refine the process with cluster analysis in marketing cluster analysis . This creates clusters that reflect market segment s. Separate preference regressions are then done on the data within each segment. This provides an ideal vector for each segment. Alternative methods Self stated importance method is an alternative method in which direct survey data is used to determine the weightings rather than statistical imputations. A third method is conjoint analysis marketing conjoint analysis in which an additive method is used. See also Marketing Product management Positioning marketing Marketing research Perceptual mapping Multidimensional scaling Factor analysis Linear discriminant analysis Marketing Preference rank t ... more details
refimprove date March 2012 Preference elicitation refers to the problem of developing a decision support system capable of generating recommendation s to a user, thus assisting him in decision making. It is important for such a system to model user s preferences accurately, find hidden preferences and avoid redundancy. This problem is sometimes studied as a computational learning theory problem. Another approach for formulating this problem is POMDP Partially observable Markov decision process . The formulation of this problem is also dependent upon the context of the area in which it is studied. Overview With the explosion of on line information new opportunities for finding and using electronic data have been generated, these changes have also brought the task of eliciting useful information to the forefront. Researchers as well as major online catalog companies have come up with algorithms and prototype s of systems that can aid a user to be able to navigate through a complex and huge information space using some information from the user in the form of answers to certain queries or ratings to certain items etc. depending upon the domain of the information space. See also Cold start Collaborative filtering Collective intelligence Personalized marketing Product Finder s The Long Tail External links http www.aaai.org ojs index.php aimagazine issue view 184 Special Issue on Preferences. AI Magazine Vol 29, No 4 Winter 2008 Category Electronic commerce Category Marketing Category Information systems ... more details
Conditioned place preference also known as environmental place conditioning is a technique commonly used in animal testing to evaluate preferences for environmental Stimulus physiology stimuli that have been associated with a positive or negative reward. The technique is often used to determine the Substance dependence addiction potential of drugs. The procedure involves several trials where the animal is presented with the positive stimulus e.g., food, neurotransmitters or the effects of a drug ..., and or olfactory . When later tested in the normal state, approaches and the amount of time spent in the compartments previously associated with the positive stimulus serves as an indicator of preference ... in the conditioned place preference paradigm is the process by which the animal that has learned ... food stimulus when in one place compartment and established a preference for this place, the extinction ... eliminate an association, because the time it takes to elicit an assosiation of the conditioned .... ref In the context of conditioned place preference, after a place preference has been extinguished ... for which reinstatement occurs in the conditioned place preference paradigm. One is by introducing ... stimulus. In the case of CPP, when drugs are used to establish conditioned place preference ... preference CPP paradigm update of the last decade. Addiction Biology. 12, 227 462. ref . Stress Induced Reinstatement In the conditioned place preference paradigm, stress has shown to reinstate conditioned place preferences in rats for whom the preference had been extinguished . This has implications ... place preference model, once behavior has been extinguished, the animals are exposed to stress and tested to observe whether or not the conditioned place preference is reinstated. Common stressors ... reflist http nbc.jhu.edu protocols ConditionedPlacePreferenceProtocol.aspx Conditioned Place Preference Protocol Thomas M. Tzschentke, Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm a comprehensive ... more details
mothers, preference was granted provided they were widowed at the time of death or disability ... modifications of the VP law of 1944. In 1966, legislation was passed which granted peace timepreference ... through a date designated by the Secretary of Defense . Time line of Veterans Preference in the Federal ...The Veterans Preference Act is a United States federal law passed in 1944. It required the Federal government ... in an attempt to recognize their service, sacrifice, and skills. Preference before the Civil War The use of preference in Federal appointments extends back to the days of the American Revolutionary ..., certain soldiers were rewarded for their service by the Federal government. Early forms of preference ... veterans preference legislation. This act provided that quote Persons honorably discharged ... this legislation, preference in appointments was limited to disabled veterans who were otherwise qualified for the work to be performed. This 1865 law stood as the basic preference legislation until ..., another Congressional amendment gave preference for RIF retention to veterans, their widows, and their orphans. This amendment marked the introduction of the use of preference as RIF protection ... soldiers and sailors. Determination of the equal qualifications of a person entitled to preference ... gave absolute preference to all disabled veterans over all other eligibles. In other words, they would ... to be reinstated without time limit. This was the first appearance of reinstatement eligibility .... The reinstatement provision was the last significant addition to preference legislation until 1919. Preference between the World Wars The first major expansion of Veterans Preference benefits ... Act of 1919 granted preference to all honorably discharged veterans, their widows, and the wives ... preference shall be given to honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines, and widows ... emphasized a service connected disability as the primary basis for granting veterans preference ... more details
The Cargo Preference Act or Cargo Preference refers generally to legal requirements for the carriage ... of promoting a national merchant marine. Cargo Preference is commonplace among the world s seafaring ... Trade at 4 5 July 19, 2010 . ref Cargo Preference in the United States United States law includes two main pieces of Cargo Preference legislation The Cargo Preference Act of 1954 ref 46 U.S.C. 55305 ref the 1954 Act pertaining to the carriage of civilian cargoes and the Military Cargo Preference Act of 1904 the 1904 Act , ref 10 U.S.C. 2631 ref which governs military cargoes. Cargo preference ... regulations governing cargo preference shipments by the other agencies. Section 27 of the 1970 Act added explicit cargo preference authority, which was amended in 2008 to provide MARAD with the authority ... shipments not otherwise subject to Cargo Preference in equivalent amounts to cargo determined to have been shipped on foreign carriers in violation of Cargo Preference and b impose on any person that violates the Cargo Preference Act or a MARAD implementing regulation , a civil penalty of not more ... cargo preference contains exceptions where U.S. flag vessels are unavailable, as discussed infra , shipper ... and reasonable rates determined by the U.S. Maritime Administration . ref Purpose of Cargo Preference ... the merchant marine as a bulwark against future failures. The purpose of Cargo Preference is encapsulated ... at all times, B capable of serving as a naval and military auxiliary in time of war or national ... fleet needs our nation s cargo preference laws. Whether it is carrying needed goods to those overseas ... Promar International have conducted studies which determined that Cargo Preference is essential ... Office, Maritime Industry Cargo Preference Laws Estimated Costs and Effects, GAO RCED 95 34 Nov. 1994 ... of Representatives, Economic Effects of Cargo Preference Laws at Headnote Jan. 31, 1984 . ref In 2008, preference cargoes accounted for 49.6 percent of all cargo carried by the U.S. flag merchant ... more details
a vast bibliography of research that correlated the origins of same sex preference with the time ...Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Sexual Preference Its Development in Men and Women image Image Sexual Preference.jpg 200px image caption The 1981 Indiana University Press edition author Alan P. Bell, Martin S. Weinberg, Sue Kiefer Hammersmith country United States of America language English language English genre Psychology publisher Indiana University Press release date 1981 media type pages isbn Sexual Preference Its Development in Men and Women is a 1981 book about the development of sexual orientation by Alan P. Bell, Martin S. Weinberg, and Sue Kiefer Hammersmith. ref name Sexual Preference Bell, Alan P, Weinberg, Martin S., Hammersmith, Sue Kiefer. Sexual Preference Its Development in Men and Women . Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1981. John Heidenry incorrectly gives the date of publication as 1982 in What Wild Ecstasy , p.272 ref Together with its separately published Statistical Appendix , it was the culmination of a series of books, the previous two having been Homosexuality An Annotated Bibliography and Homosexualities A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women , both authored jointly by Bell and Weinberg. ref name Sexual Preferencep238 Bell, Alan P, Weinberg, Martin S., Hammersmith, Sue Kiefer. Sexual Preference Its Development in Men and Women . Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1981, p.238 ref John Heidenry calls Sexual Preference perhaps the most important book on sexuality published in the early 1980s, writing that Its explanations for the causes of homosexuality refuted or cast doubt on most lay and professional assumptions and beliefs. Such beliefs included the views of Sigmund Freud who claimed that homosexuality was caused by unresolved difficulties with the Oedipus complex and his successors who pointed to possessive mothers .... they observed that most people s sexual identities are determined by the time they reach ... more details
broad tv drama taste index.html Personal Preference Official Website ko hancinema drama Personal Preference Personal Preference DEFAULTSORT Personal Preference Tv Series Category South Korean television drama ko id Personal Preference serial TV it Personal Preference ms Personal Preference ... more details
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