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Encyclopedia results for Time sharing

Time sharing





Encyclopedia results for Time sharing

  1. Time-sharing

    , time sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users by means of multiprogramming .... By allowing a large number of users to interact concurrently with a single computer, time sharing ... as human computer interaction . Time sharing Time sharing was developed out of the realization that while ... in size of core memory in which users states were retained, the overhead of time sharing continually ... of an article in Automatic Control Magazine . The first project to implement a time sharing system ... and other projects, one of the results of the project, known as the Compatible Time Sharing System or Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS , was demonstrated in November 1961. CTSS has a good claim to be the first time sharing system and remained in use until 1973. Another contender for the first demonstrated time sharing system was PLATO computer system PLATO II, created by Donald Bitzer at a public ... long said that the PLATO project would have gotten the patent on time sharing if only the University ... time sharing system was the Dartmouth Time Sharing System . Development Throughout the late 1960s ... computers, many were in fact used as particularly smart terminals for time sharing systems. With the rise of microcomputing in the early 1980s, time sharing faded into the background because the individual ... of time sharing back into popularity. Expensive corporate server farms costing millions can host ... in communications until the servers start to get very busy. Time sharing business In the 1960s, several companies started providing time sharing services as service bureau s. Early systems used Teletype ... of CPU time, and a charge for kilobyte months of disk storage. Common systems used for time sharing ... driven by the time sharing industry and its customers. Citation needed date April 2010 The same issues .... Time sharing systems Significant early timesharing systems Also see Time sharing system evolution Allen Babcock RUSH Time sharing System BBN PDP 1 Time sharing System Massachusetts General Hospital ...   more details



  1. Time Sharing Operating System

    unreferenced date July 2008 Time Sharing Operating System , or TSOS , was an operating system for Radio Corporation of America RCA mainframe computer s of the RCA Spectra 70 Spectra 70 series. RCA was in the computer business until 1971. Then it sold its computer business to Sperry Corporation Sperry offered TSOS renaming it to VS 9 . In the mid seventies, an enhanced version of TSOS called BS2000 was offered by the German company Siemens . While Sperry Unisys after the company was renamed discontinued VS 9 in the early 80 s, BS2000 , now called BS2000 OSD is still offered by Fujitsu Siemens Computers and used on their mainframe customers primarily in Europe. TSOS was the first operating system that supported virtual addressing of the main storage. As the name suggests, it provided time sharing features. Beyond that it provided a unique user interface for both time sharing and batch which was a big advantage over IBM s OS 360 or their successors MVS , OS 390 and z OS . See also Timeline of operating systems Category Time sharing operating systems Category UNIVAC software de TSOS ...   more details



  1. Livermore Time Sharing System

    The Livermore Time Sharing System LTSS was a supercomputer operating system originally developed by the Lawrence Livermore Laboratories for the CDC 7600 series of supercomputers. ref Frontiers of supercomputing 1986 by Nicholas Metropolis ISBN 0520051904 page 250 http books.google.com books?id ED28cp2LtYcC&pg PA250&dq Livermore Time Sharing System&hl en&ei x2I TvCaD470sgb7mvDxAg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 5&ved 0CEAQ6AEwBA v onepage&q&f false ref LTSS resulted in the Cray Time Sharing System and then the Network Livermore Timesharing System NLTSS . ref Virtualization with Xen by David E. Williams 2007 ISBN 1597491675 page 5 http books.google.com books?id nquBOlkR9BsC&pg PA5&dq Livermore Time Sharing System&hl en&ei x2I TvCaD470sgb7mvDxAg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4&ved 0CDsQ6AEwAw v onepage&q Livermore 20Time 20Sharing 20System&f false ref See also UNICOS References Reflist Category Supercomputing Category Operating systems ...   more details



  1. Time Sharing Option

    History of IBM mainframe operating systems In computing , Time Sharing Option TSO is an interactive time sharing environment for IBM mainframe operating systems, including OS 360 and successors MVT OS 360 MVT , OS VS2 SVS , MVS , OS 390 , and z OS . Overview TSO fulfills a similar purpose to Unix login sessions. Time sharing means that many persons can access the operating system concurrently, while unaware that others are also accessing the operating system. It appears to each TSO user that they are the only user on the system. TSO is most commonly used by mainframe system administrator s and programmers. It provides A text editor Batch job support, including completion notification Debugger s for some programming languages used on System 360 and later IBM mainframes Support for other vendors end user applications, for example for querying Information Management System IMS and IBM DB2 DB2 databases The name Time Sharing Option derives from the fact that, when it was originally introduced in 1971, ref http www.tsotimes.com articles archive spring04 TSO Times Spring04.pdf TSO Times , Spring 2004, p.5, Chicago Soft, LTD., Hanover, NH ref IBM considered time sharing an optional feature, as compared to standard batch processing , and hence offered TSO as an option for OS 360 and successors MVT OS 360 MVT . With the introduction of MVS in 1974, IBM made it a standard component of their top end mainframe operating system. TSO E Time Sharing Option Extensions is a set of extensions to the original TSO. TSO E is a base element of z OS. Before z OS, TSO Extensions TSO E was an element of OS 390 and was a licensed program for the MVS and MVS ESA System Products. ref http publib.boulder.ibm.com ... Category IBM mainframe operating systems Category Time sharing operating systems ca Time Sharing Option de Time Sharing Option es Time Sharing Option fr Time Sharing Option nl Time Sharing Option ja Time Sharing Option sv Time sharing option ...   more details



  1. Dartmouth Time Sharing System

    Infobox OS name Dartmouth Time Sharing System screenshot caption developer Dartmouth College family source model kernel type supported platforms GE 200 series working state Historic latest release version latest release date marketing target prog language Dartmouth BASIC , ALGOL 60 , FORTRAN , COBOL , APL programming language APL , DXPL, DYNAMO programming language DYNAMO , GMAP, LISP , MIX, PL I , SNOBOL ui Command line interface license website http dtss.dartmouth.edu DTSS reborn site The Dartmouth Time Sharing System , or DTSS for short, was the first large scale time sharing system to be implemented successfully. DTSS was inspired by a PDP 1 based time sharing system at BBN Technologies Bolt, Beranek and Newman . In 1962, John George Kemeny John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz at Dartmouth College submitted a grant for the development of a new time sharing system to National Science Foundation NSF funded in 1964 . ref name Darmouth Its implementation began in 1963 by a student team ref http web.archive.org web 20071009062028 http www.kemenyskids.com Kemeny s Kids ref under the direction of Kemeny and Kurtz with the aim of providing easy access to computing facilities for all members of the college ... of 1999. ref http dtss.dartmouth.edu timeline.php Dartmouth Time Sharing System DTSS timeline. ref ref http www.bitsavers.org pdf dartmouth The Dartmouth Time Sharing System 1980.pdf Description ... interactive time sharing to up to nearly 300 simultaneous users in the 1970s, a very large number at the time. Because of the educational aims, ease of use was a priority in DTSS design. DTSS implemented ... they were part of the time sharing system and were also used when preparing ALGOL ref http dtss.dartmouth.edu ... Category Time sharing operating systems Category 1960s software Category Dartmouth College history es Dartmouth Time Sharing System ja DTSS fi Dartmouth Time Sharing System ... between users and real time chat via a precursor to the Unix talk software talk program ...   more details



  1. Compatible Time-Sharing System

    This article is about the MIT Computation Center operating system. CTSS may also stand for the Cray Time Sharing System , a separate system developed for Cray Research Cray supercomputers. Infobox OS name Compatible Time Sharing System logo screenshot caption developer Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT s Computation Center source model kernel type supported platforms modified IBM 7094 ui family ... manager working state Historic license website The Compatible Time Sharing System , or the CTSS , was one of the first time sharing operating system s it was developed at Massachusetts Institute ... could access tapes normally, but could not interfere with foreground time sharing processes or the resources used to support them. CTSS was very influential. It showed that time sharing was viable it fostered ... of time sharing systems notably CP CMS and its direct successor, Multics , pioneered many core concepts ... for the time sharing supervisory program, the other for user programs. Central processing ... T imesharing S ystem , another early, revolutionary, and influential MIT time sharing system, was produced ... larch www.lcs.mit.edu 8001 corbato sjcc62 An Experimental Time Sharing System IFIPS 1962 Robert ... The Compatible Time Sharing System A Programmer s Guide MIT Press, 1963 ISBN 978 0 262 03008 ... time sharing system.pdf Compatible Time Sharing System 1961 1973 Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative ... on the History of Time Sharing presents the origin of the concept of time sharing http purl.umn.edu ... of Minnesota. Discusses computer developments at MIT including time sharing. http www.multicians.org ... and run CTSS. Site also contains CTSS source and kits to run CTSS. Category Time sharing operating ... operating systems ca Compatible Time Sharing System da CTSS de Compatible Time Sharing System es Compatible Time Sharing System fr Compatible Time Sharing System it CTSS nl Compatible Time Sharing ... until 1973. During part of this time, MIT s Project MAC had a second copy of CTSS, but the system ...   more details



  1. Time-sharing system evolution

    main time sharing As of the middle 1960 s, all computer systems were single program systems known as batch ... to major early time sharing operating systems, showing their subsequent evolution. To avoid listing ... details all had many direct and indirect influences. About the term time sharing In the 1960s, time ..., virtually all operating systems are time sharing systems. Time sharing system families See ... middle margin 6pt padding 6pt Family tree of major time sharing operating system families br Influences ...   some influence precedence rowspan 99 style border right 1px solid Compatible Time Sharing System ... 1px solid Time Sharing Option OS MVT TSO Time Sharing Option OS VS2 TSO Time Sharing Option MVS TSO Time Sharing Option z OS TSO colspan 99 style border top 1px solid Transactional systems CICS , Transaction ... solid br Major Digital Equipment Corporation DEC time sharing systems colspan 99     TOPS ... VMS OpenVMS colspan 99     Dartmouth Time Sharing System DTSS colspan 99 style border bottom ... style font size smaller text align center width 100 table layout fixed Important time sharing and interactive ... Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS br CP 67 CANDE Burroughs large systems 1965? present ... DOS microcomputer system TOPS 10 br CP CMS br 86 DOS QDOS MS DOS Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS Compatible Time Sharing System modified IBM 7094 1961 1973 MIT Computation Center First generation grandfather of time sharing systems History of IBM mainframe operating systems FORTRAN Monitor System ... Dartmouth Time Sharing System DTSS Dartmouth Time Sharing System GE 200 series GE 200 1964 1999 Dartmouth College Early time sharing system running Dartmouth BASIC and other tools the first commercial time sharing system History of IBM mainframe operating systems FORTRAN Monitor System FMS br IBM ... , and other important applications Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS br numerous later systems ... Time Sharing System CTSS br UNIX br many other systems Time Sharing Option MVS TSO System 370 and successors ...   more details



  1. Time Sharing (novel)

    orphan date August 2010 Refimprove date May 2009 Time Sharing is a 1986 novel by Richard Krawiec , published by Viking Press . Taking place in Philadelphia , its main characters are Artie, a purse snatcher, and Jolene, a single mother. Artie hopes that by pretending to befriend Jolene he can profit from her. Jolene tries to see good in Artie and hopes he can act as a father for her son, Dandy. In time, Artie genuinely cares for Jolene. The novel ends moments after Artie accidentally shoots a cashier in a holdup. As he waits to be apprehended, Artie feels no remorse for shooting the cashier, but he grieves over the impending loss of his relationship with Jolene. Another novel by Richard Krawiec is Faith In What? . DEFAULTSORT Time Sharing Novel Category 1986 novels Category 20th century American novels Category Novels set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1980s novel stub ...   more details



  1. Cray Time Sharing System

    New Livermore Time Sharing System to embody advanced concepts for operating systems to better integrate ... links Category Fortran software Category Time sharing operating systems Category Proprietary operating ...   more details



  1. Scientific Time Sharing Corporation

    Scientific Time Sharing Corporation STSC was a pioneering timesharing and consulting service company which offered APL from its datacenter in Bethesda, MD to users in the United States and Europe. History File Embassy of Moldova Washington, D.C. .JPG thumb Scientific Time Sharing Corporation s former headquarters in Washington, D.C. Scientific Time Sharing Corporation STSC was formed in 1969 in Bethesda, Maryland by Dan Dyer, Burton C. Gray , and some of the people who originally implemented the APL programming language , notably Philip S. Abrams and Lawrence M. Breed . ref http alumninet.yale.edu classes yc1962 obituaries grayb.html Burton C. Gray s Yale obituary ref In 1970, STSC released APL PLUS , a version of the APL 360 language with many practical extensions oriented toward fostering business usage of APL. Together with I. P. Sharp Associates , STSC made numerous enhancements to the APL language, such as FMT formatting VR and FX, APL program reflection computer science reflection features a file system for storing APL variables outside of the APL environment STSC continued to make enhancements to the interpreter, notably improving the performance of many of the primitive functions. Dan Dyer of STSC and Ian Sharp of I. P. Sharp Associates jointly received the Iverson Award for their outstanding contributions to APL in 1985. The timesharing market started to collapse in the early 1980s, mostly due to the appearance of relatively inexpensive IBM mainframes, such as the IBM 4300 , in the marketplace. STSC quickly changed its focus to supply APL services for in house and the rapidly developing personal computer market. In 1982, STSC released APL Plus PC , which was an extremely successful APL interpreter for the IBM personal computer. In the mid 1980s, STSC developed the APL PLUS Unix interpreter, a full 32 bit interpreter which was the basis of further APL development ... APLNow formerly APL2000 interpreter product line. Timeline 1969 Scientific Time Sharing Corporation ...   more details



  1. Universal Time-Sharing System

    The SDS Sigma 7 Category Operating systems Operating systems Category Time sharing operating ... accessdate 2011 10 16 ref CP R CP R Control Program for Real Time was a realtime variant of CP ...   more details



  1. Multiple Console Time Sharing System

    Infobox OS name GM Multiple Console Time Sharing System logo screenshot caption website developer General Motors Research General Motors Research Laboratories family source model released latest release version latest release date preceded by succeeded by latest preview version latest preview date frequently updated marketing target language kernel type N A userland ui license none working state supported platforms Control Data Corporation CDC STAR 100 STAR 100 updatemodel package manager The Multiple Console Time Sharing System MCTS was an operating system developed by General Motors Research Laboratory in the 1970s for the Control Data Corporation CDC STAR 100 STAR 100 supercomputer. MCTS was built to support GM s Computer aided design CAD applications. ref Elshoff, James L., and Ward, Mitchel R. http doi.acm.org 10.1145 775314.775317 The MCTS operating system . SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 10, 1 January 1976 , 18 38. DOI 10.1145 775314.775317 ref MCTS was based on Multics . ref name o54 Krull , pg. 54 ref References Notes reflist Bibliography refbegin F.N. Krull, The origin of computer graphics within General Motors , Annals of the History of Computing , IEEE, Volume 16 Issue 3, Fall 1994 pp.40 Category Discontinued operating systems Category Proprietary operating systems Category Time sharing operating systems Operating system stub ...   more details



  1. Sharing

    . For example time sharing is an approach to interactive computing in which a single computer is used to provide apparently simultaneous interactive general purpose computing to multiple users by sharing processor time. Sharing of resources between Process computer science processes and Thread ...Other uses Share disambiguation File Viola and Mina share food.jpg thumb Sharing food Wiktionary Sharing ... as a nonrival good , such as information. Still more loosely, sharing can actually mean giving something .... Sharing in the marketplace Sharing disjoints the connection between usage and ownership of a Product ... intends to sell it to someone who will use it, thus sharing a product may reduce the product s demand by reducing the number of people who intend to acquire it in order to use it. Though sharing is touted ... the work publicly to curb sharing. The effect on profitability is difficult if not impossible ... on the sales of products given away. Sharing figures prominently in gift economy gift economies , but also can play a significant role in market economy market economies , for example in car sharing . Share housing is a common and informally negotiated example of sharing of householders labour for example, in the form of housework and communal household goods. Sharing in computer and internet culture File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digitally stored information ... methods of file sharing incorporate manual sharing using removable media , centralized computer file ... of distributed peer to peer networking see peer to peer file sharing . Sharing is a key feature ..., as well as new approaches like Creative Commons and the GNU General Public License GPL . Sharing ... sharing is also used in some functional programming communities to refer specifically to sharing of memory between different data items in order to save space, otherwise known as hash consing . Sharing ... and copying sharing information is sacred. Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit The seven gifts ...   more details



  1. Job sharing

    Job sharing is an employment arrangement where typically two people are retained on a part time or reduced time basis to perform a job normally fulfilled by one person working full time . Remuneration Compensation is apportioned between the workers, thus leading to a net reduction in per employee income. Citation needed date August 2009 Job sharing should not be confused with the more pejorative term featherbedding , which describes the deliberate retention of excess workers on a payroll. Citation needed date August 2009 History The news media began reporting in earnest on job sharing in the 1970s and 1980s. ref name mckay cite web url http careerplanning.about.com od jobsharing a job sharing.htm title Job Sharing An Interview accessdate 2009 08 13 ref The practice was most often described ... Employment and Benefits WorkLife WorkplaceFlexibilities JobShare title OPM Part time Job Sharing accessdate 2009 08 13 Employment DEFAULTSORT Job Sharing Category Working time Category Human resource ... housework and full time employment . ref name boston ap cite web url http news.google.com newspapers ... Google News Archive Search accessdate 2009 08 13 ref Job sharing became even more prevalent during the 2000s ... are cited as more commonly using job sharing. Some companies that use job sharing include New ... use job sharing? Labor & Employment Working Hours & Patterns from AllBusiness.com accessdate 2009 08 13 ref Advantages and disadvantages For employees seeking more free time for themselves, job sharing may be a way to take back more control of their personal lives. ref name javitch cite web ... ixzz0JPCmZEYt&C title The Pros and Cons of Job Sharing Entrepreneur.com accessdate 2009 08 13 ... in making job sharing work for the rest of the company s stakeholders. The handoff or handover communication between those sharing the job is essential, and co workers must adapt to working with each .... See also Work sharing Work sharing Work sharing Employment rate Jobless recovery Personnel selection ...   more details



  1. Revenue sharing

    Internet Marketing Revenue sharing has multiple, related meanings depending on context. In business, revenue sharing refers to the sharing of Profit accounting profits and losses among different groups. One form shares between the general partner s and limited partners in a limited partnership . Another form shares with a company s employees, and another between companies in a business alliance. On the Internet, revenue sharing is also known as Pay Per Sale cost per sale , and accounts for about 80 of Affiliate marketing affiliate compensation programs . ref http www.affstat.com survey.shtml AffStat Report 2007 &mdash a study based on survey responses from almost 200 affiliate managers in the marketing industry ref E commerce web site operators using revenue sharing pay affiliates a certain percentage of sales revenues usually excluding tax, shipping and other 3rd party cost that the customer pays generated by customers whom the affiliate refer via various advertising methods. Another form of online revenue sharing consists in people working together and registering online in a way similar to that of a corporation, and sharing the proceeds. A third form of revenue sharing on the internet consists of enticing internet users to sign up and create content by offering a share of advertising revenue. In US taxation Federal government of the United States United States government revenue sharing was in place from 1972 1986. Under this policy , United States Congress Congress gave an annual ... States counties and Township United States townships . Revenue sharing was extremely popular with state officials, but it lost federal support during the Reagan Administration . In 1987, revenue sharing ... make a one time sale.Unlike PPS, the sale is not generated by an advertisement, but by a real life selling effort. http www.reviewerofsites.com the internets largest list of adsense revenue sharing sites A categorized list of internet revenue sharing sites Internet revenue sharing sites share via ...   more details



  1. Fate-sharing

    Fate sharing is an engineering design philosophy where related parts of a system are yoked together, so that they either fail together or not at all. Fate sharing is an example of the end to end principle . The term fate sharing was defined by David D. Clark in his 1988 paper The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols as follows The fate sharing model suggests that it is acceptable to lose the state information associated with an entity if, at the same time, the entity itself is lost. Specifically, information about transport level synchronization is stored in the host which is attached to the net and using its communication service. A good example of fate sharing is the transmission of routing messages in routing protocol s such as BGP , where the failure of a link or link interface automatically has the effect of terminating routing announcement s through that interface, ultimately resulting in the tearing down of the state for that route at each end of the link. Similar considerations apply to Transmission Control Protocol TCP . External links cite web url http ccr.sigcomm.org archive 1995 jan95 ccr 9501 clark.html title The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols author David Clark date 1995 accessdate 2010 01 31 network stub Category Internet architecture Category Programming paradigms Category TCP IP ...   more details



  1. Photo sharing

    refimprove date April 2009 Photo sharing is the publishing or transfer of a user s digital photography ... up and managed by individual users, including photoblog s. Sharing means that other users can view but not necessarily ... photo sharing sites originated during the mid to late 1990s primarily from services providing ... only to display a chronological view of user selected medium sized photos, most photo sharing sites ..., as well as add annotations such as captions or Tag metadata tags and comments. Some photo sharing ... applications may include their own photo sharing features or integration with sites for uploading images to them. There are also desktop applications whose sole function is sharing photos, generally using peer to peer networking. Basic photo sharing functionality can be found in applications that allow ... format templates . Photo sharing is not confined to the web and personal computers, but is also possible ... transfer photos as you take them, to photo sharing sites and photoblogs, either directly ... networking and similar sharing functionality themselves. Revenue models Photo sharing sites can be broadly broken up into two groups sites that offer photo sharing for free and sites that charge consumers directly to host and share photos. Of the sites that offer free photo sharing, most can be broken up into advertising supported media plays and online photo finishing sites, where photo sharing is a vehicle ... peer to peer photo sharing using applications. Peer to peer photo sharing often carries a small one time cost for the software. Some sites allow you to post your pictures online and they will then project ... Because printing at home for consumers is potentially time consuming, costly, or low quality, a number ..., these sites typically offer a limited form of photo sharing. Because the primary revenue model ... sites is to sell prints and gifts, the photo sharing service is free and hence attractive to many consumers. Subscription based photo sharing In return for a fee, subscription based photo ...   more details



  1. Application sharing

    instantly apparent changes in real time. Application sharing has been included in every version of Windows ...Unreferenced date December 2009 Application sharing is an element of remote access , falling under the collaborative software umbrella, that enables two or more users to access a shared application or document from their respective computers simultaneously in real time. Generally, the shared application or document will be running on a host computer, and remote access to the shared content will be provided to other users by the host user. Granting access Access is typically granted in one of three ways, depending on the architecture of the application sharing software. 1. If the software allows the shared content to be accessed from the web, the host user will usually define and provide a username password combination to the remote users he she wishes to grant access to they can then enter the log in information on the appropriate website and access the shared material. One example of software that features application sharing in this manner is Qnext . 2. If the software is required on both ends to access the shared content, granting access will be governed by the mechanisms of that particular software, but will usually require some sort of user authentication as well. One example of software that features application sharing in this manner is MSN Messenger . 3. The shared content being an application or entire desktop can be accessed using a permission based software approach. This technique helps to ensure that the application or desktop being controlled cannot be accessed without ..., and manipulate the shared content most application sharing software allows the host to revoke control access at any time. During the remote control session, keyboard and mouse are remotely controlled ... Remote access Open Xchange DEFAULTSORT Application Sharing Category Collaboration Category Groupware de Desktop Sharing Application Sharing ...   more details



  1. Data sharing

    sharing should be brought to the attention of the editors at the time of submission so that appropriate ...Data sharing is the practice of making data used for scholarly research available to other investigators ... have policies regarding data sharing because transparency and openness are considered by many .... A great deal of scientific research is not subject to data sharing requirements, and many of these policies have liberal exceptions. In the absence of any binding requirement, data sharing is at the discretion ... prohibit or severely limit data sharing to protect proprietary interests, national security, and subject patient victim confidentiality. Data sharing especially photographs and graphic descriptions ... years after publication. In order to encourage data sharing and prevent the loss or corruption ... on data sharing and archiving, data withholding still happens. Authors may fail to archive data ... CJ, Vickers AJ, 2009 Empirical Study of Data Sharing by Authors Publishing in PLoS Journals. PLoS ... H.R. 2272 http commdocs.house.gov reports 110 h2272.pdf America COMPETES Act ref NIH data sharing policy ... Final Statement of Sharing of Research Data says Quote NIH reaffirms its support for the concept of data sharing. We believe that data sharing is essential for expedited translation of research results into knowledge, products, and procedures to improve human health. The NIH endorses the sharing ... the timely release and sharing of final research data from NIH supported studies for use by other ... in benefiting from their investment of time and effort. We have therefore revised our definition of the timely release and sharing to be no later than the acceptance for publication of the main findings ... notice files NOT OD 03 032.html Final NIH statement on sharing research data . ref name Grants http grants.nih.gov grants policy data sharing index.htm NIH Data Sharing Policy . ref NSF Policy from Grant General Conditions Quote 36. Sharing of Findings, Data, and Other Research Products a. NSF expects ...   more details



  1. Garden sharing

    Garden sharing is a local food and urban farming arrangement where a landowner allows a gardener access ... cases, garden sharing projects are launched as a way to shorten community garden waiting lists that are common ... http www.thestar.com article 663813 Garden sharing program bears fruit The Star , July 10, 2009 ref Organisation Garden sharing arrangements take two main forms. The simplest is an agreement ... Like an eager vine, urban garden sharing spreads its roots The Oregonian , June 04, 2009 ref The specifics addressed by a garden sharing agreement are potentially numerous, and the contract ... about gardens Growing Relations Urban Garden Share, US ref However, garden sharing organisations often ... books?id 6utl5IWTV6QC&pg PT271&lpg PT271&dq garden sharing agreement&source bl&ots pJoRY 0Lp&sig wUOkRDsbBcEMo0yXrMGeoEsxags&hl en&ei eUJvSqzBIZLqMd62tOAI&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1 The Sharing ... news Grassroots garden sharing scheme blooms article 1026442 detail article.html Grassroots garden sharing scheme blooms thisisbath.co.uk The Bath Chronicle . May 27, 2009. ref Garden sharing projects The Web is frequently used as a platform for initiating garden sharing arrangements. Web sites ... with gardeners, and facilitates the set up of neighbourhood produce exchanges and other sharing projects ... 2009577894 pacificpfoothoods02.html Saving the planet, one block, one small project at a time by Mary ... sharing project in England, spearheaded by celebrity chef and TV personality Hugh Fearnley Whittingstall ... article.html Garden sharing scheme to fight credit crunch . thisislincolnshire.co.uk Lincolnshire ... sharing projects are also incorporated into larger sustainability schemes. Transition Town Totnes Totnes ... September 30, 2011 ref have instituted garden sharing projects as part of their Transition Towns ... 5053449 Gardeners plant seeds of sharing WRAL.com WRAL TV . April 30, 2009 http www.telegraph.co.uk ... by Nancy Trejos. Washington Post , July 17, 2009 DEFAULTSORT Garden Sharing Category Horticulture ...   more details



  1. Frictionless sharing

    The term frictionless sharing is used to describe the transparent sharing of resources using social media services. The term became popularised following Mark Zuckerberg s announcement at the F8 developers conference in 2011 in which he described developments to Facebook which would allow real time serendipity in a friction less experience . ref cite web author Sheila Shayton year 2011 accessdate 15 January 2012 title Facebook Unveils Timeline for Friction less Serendipity url http www.brandchannel.com home post 2011 09 22 Facebook f8 Timeline Announcement.aspx ref Facebook applications which implemented such frictionless sharing announced at the F8 conference included the news sharing application developed by the Guardian newspaper. ref cite web year 2011 title Guardian launches Facebook app, compel url http www.guardian.co.uk media 2011 sep 22 the guardian launches facebook app publisher The Guardian author Josh Halliday accessdate 15 January 2012 ref The growth in importance is indicated by the ReadWrite Web article which described the development as a top trend for 2011 ref cite web author Alicia Eler year 2012 accessdate 15 January 2012 title Top Trends of 2011 Frictionless Sharing url http www.readwriteweb.com archives top trends of 2011 frictionless sharing.php ref Although the term became popular following Mark Zuckerberg s announcement at the F8 Conference, the term has previously been used in an application independent way to describe sharing that occurs without any additional effort required, for example, if a scholar is gathering resources for her own research, then using a social bookmarking tool is an effective tool for her as well as making the list public . ref cite book author Martin Weller DOI 10.5040 9781849666275 year 2011 accessdate 17 January 2012 title The Digital Scholar How Technology Is Transforming Scholarly Practice url http www.bloomsburyacademic.com ... sharing of research data, while allowing researchers to choose when and if they make data publicly ...   more details



  1. Secret sharing

    of secret sharing nodes on the network will decrease naturally over time, therefore causing ... is the point at which three shares intersect. Two shares yield only a line intersection. Secret sharing ... sharing scheme there is one dealer and n players . The dealer gives a secret to the players, but only ... it is written as an n, t threshold scheme . Secret sharing was invented independently by Adi Shamir and George Blakley in 1979. Importance of Secret Sharing Schemes Secret sharing schemes are ideal ... there are more opportunities for a copy to fall into the wrong hands. Secret sharing schemes address ... sharing scheme A secure secret sharing scheme distributes shares so that anyone with fewer than ... secret sharing scheme in which the secret phrase password is divided into the shares pa , ss , wo , and rd ... on as more persons collude. This system is not a secure secret sharing scheme, because a player .... Limitations of secret sharing schemes Several secret sharing schemes are said to be information ... sup . Common to all unconditionally secure secret sharing schemes, there are limitations Each share ... secret sharing schemes use random bit s. To distribute a one bit secret among threshold t people .... Trivial secret sharing There are several t, n secret sharing schemes for t n , when all ... be accomplished by a secret sharing scheme with t 3 and n 15, where 3 shares are given to the president, and 1 is given to each board member. Shamir s scheme main Shamir s Secret Sharing In this scheme ... Remainder Theorem main Secret Sharing using the Chinese Remainder Theorem The Chinese Remainder Theorem can also be used in secret sharing, for it provides us with a method to uniquely determine a number ... i 1 k m i math . There are two secret sharing schemes that make use of the Chinese Remainder Theorem , Mignotte s and Asmuth Bloom s Schemes. They are threshold secret sharing schemes, in which the shares ... sharing main Proactive secret sharing If the players store their shares on insecure computer servers ...   more details



  1. Dream sharing

    No footnotes date August 2010 Dream sharing is the process of documenting or discussing both night and day dreams with others. One of the primary purposes of sharing dreams is dream interpretation . The sharing of dreams dates back at least as far as 3000 4000 BC in permanent form on clay tablets. In ancient Egypt, dreams were among the items recorded in the form of hieroglyphics. In ancient Egyptian culture dream sharing had a religious context as priests doubled as dream interpreters. Those whose dreams were especially vivid or significant were thought to be blessed and were given special status in these ancient societies. Likewise, people who were able to interpret dreams were thought to receive these gifts directly from the gods, and they enjoyed a special status in society as well. The respect for dreams changed radically early in the 19th century, and dreams in that era were often dismissed as reactions to anxiety, outside noises or even bad food and indigestion. During this period of time, dreams were thought to have no meaning at all, and interest in dream interpretation all but evaporated. This all changed, however, with the arrival of Sigmund Freud later in the 19th century. Sigmund Freud stunned the world of psychiatry by stressing the importance of dreams, and he revived the once dead art of dream interpretation. See also Dream journal Dream interpretation References C.G. Jung II, Beyond & Through the Personal Freud, Sigmund, The Interpretation of Dreams Krippner, Stanley Ed., Dreamtime and Dreamwork MacKenzie, Norman, Dreams and Dreaming Parkaman, Susan, Dream and Culture. An Anthropological Study of the Western Intellectual Tradition. See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the ref and ref tags and the tag below references Category Dreaming ...   more details



  1. Nuclear sharing

    legend0 FF8800 Nuclear sharing legend0 dddd00 Neither, but Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty NPT Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATO s policy of nuclear Deterrence theory deterrence , which involves ... these weapons in the event of their use. As part of nuclear sharing, the participating countries ... Kingdom and the United States , only the United States has provided weapons for nuclear sharing ... of NATO s nuclear sharing policy. ref name RUSI 2010 Citation url http www.rusi.org publications ... . In Peace peace time , the nuclear weapons stored in non nuclear countries are guarded by United ... s of the 480 U.S. nuclear weapons believed to be deployed in Europe fall under the nuclear sharing arrangement ... of nuclear sharing, the NATO Multilateral Force was a plan to equip NATO surface ships of the member ..., and it is unclear what nuclear sharing role, if any, Germany will then retain. ref name RUSI ... inside NATO believe that NATO s nuclear sharing violates Articles I and II of the Nuclear Non Proliferation ... nuclear war have already been made by supposedly non nuclear weapon states. At the time the NPT was being negotiated, the NATO nuclear sharing agreements were secret. These agreements were disclosed to some ... known about these agreements and interpretations at that time. ref name BASIC 20090423 citation ... NATO nuclear burden sharing and NPT obligations date 23 April 2009 author Laura Spagnuolo publisher ... 1997.htm NATO Nuclear Sharing and the NPT Questions to be Answered , joint PENN BASIC BITS CESD ... of Command and Control NATO, Nuclear Sharing and the NPT , PENN Research Report 2000.1, Martin Butcher et al., 2000 http www.ieer.org sdafiles vol 9 9 3 nato.html Nuclear Sharing in NATO Is it Legal ... globalbeat nuclear PENN0300.html Questions of Command and Control NATO, Nuclear Sharing and the NPT ... http www.ased.org artman publish article 64.shtml NATO Nuclear Power Sharing and the NPT , Denise ... 1998criticismnato.htm Opposition to Nuclear Sharing Leads to Proposed Senate Amendment on NATO Expansion ...   more details



  1. Sharing the Secret

    Infobox television film name Sharing the Secret image Sharing the Secret.jpg 235 334.jpg alt caption DVD cover UK director Katt Shea producer Philip Kleinbart writer Lauren Currier starring Alison Lohman ... 90 minutes country United States language English Sharing the Secret is a 2000 television drama film ... url http www.imdb.com title tt0240894 title Sharing the Secret TV 2000 IMDb accessdate 2011 01 07 publisher ... sharing secret title Sharing the Secret Official Show Site accessdate 2011 01 07 publisher Lifetime ... www.peabody.uga.edu winners details.php?id 1263 title Sharing the Secret accessdate 2011 01 07 publisher ... compliments, Beth is afraid to grow up and at the same time struggles to fit in with her ... Lohman date 2000 title Sharing the Secret url format medium language publisher Nightstar Productions location archiveurl archivedate accessdate time id isbn oclc quote ref ref All through the film ... her mother of signs of improvement such as after meal supervision time being down to two hours. Release Sharing the Secret first aired on American CBS networks on May 10, 2000, ref name secret8 cite web url http www.fandango.com sharingthesecret v275674 summary title Sharing the Secret Synopsis accessdate ... B000PSUOSK title Sharing the Secret NON USA FORMAT, PAL, Reg.2 Import Great Britain accessdate 2011 ... secret9 cite web url http www.amazon.co.uk gp product B00008MIZD title Sharing The Secret DVD 2000 ... ref ref name secret11 cite web url http www.amazon.co.uk gp product B000FDFXGS title Sharing The Secret ... light... ref name secret5 cite web url http disorderedtimes.com ?p 337 title Movie review Sharing ... usercomments title IMDb user reviews for Sharing the Secret accessdate 2011 01 07 publisher Amazon.com ... Counselor References Reflist External links Allmovie title sharing the secret 275674 IMDb title 0240894 rotten tomatoes id sharing the secret Category 2000 television films Category American television films Category CBS Films films Category Peabody Award winning broadcasts nl Sharing the Secret ...   more details




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