This article presents a Chronology timeline of hypertexttechnology , including hypermedia and related human computer interaction projects and developments from 1945 on. The term hypertext is credited to the author and philosopher Ted Nelson . See also Graphical user interface , Multimedia also Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine s Mundaneum , a massively cross referenced card index system established in 1910. 1940s 1945 Memex concept 1960s 1960 Project Xanadu concept 1967 Hypertext Editing System HES 1968 File Retrieval and Editing System FRESS File Retrieval and Editing System, successor to HES NLS computer system NLS oN Line System 1970s 1972 ZOG hypertext ZOG 1973 Xerox Alto Xerox Alto desktop 1976 Problem Oriented Medical Information System PROMIS 1978 Aspen Movie Map 1979 PERQ 1980s 1980 ENQUIRE not released 1981 Electronic Document System EDS, aka Document Presentation System Wes Kussmaul Kussmaul Encyclopedia Xerox Star Xerox Star desktop 1982 Guide hypertext Guide 1983 KMS hypertext Knowledge Management System KMS, successor to ZOG The Interactive Encyclopedia System TIES The Interactive Encyclopedia System, later HyperTies 1984 NoteCards 1985 Intermedia hypertext Intermedia successor to FRESS and EDS Symbolics Document Examiner Symbolics workstation s 1986 TEXTNET TextNet a network based approach to text handling Neptune hypertext Neptune a hypertext system for CAD applications 1987 Macromedia Authorware Canon Cat Leap function, interface HyperCard 1989 Macromedia Director The Sun Link Service http www.w3.org History 1989 proposal.html Information Management a proposal , Tim Berners Lee , CERN 1990s 1990 World Wide Web 1991 Gopher protocol Gopher 1995 Wiki 1998 Everything2 XML 2000s 2001 Wikipedia DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of HypertextTechnology Category Computing timelines Hypertext Category Hypertext Category History of the Internet de Chronologie der Hypertext Technologien pt Anexo Cronologia da tecnologia hipertexto ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Timeline of particle physics technology 1896 Charles Wilson physicist Charles Wilson discovers that energetic particles produce droplet tracks in supersaturation supersaturated gases 1908 Hans Geiger and Ernest Rutherford invent the Geiger counter 1911 Charles Wilson finishes a sophisticated cloud chamber 1934 Ernest Lawrence and Stan Livingston invent the cyclotron 1945 Edwin McMillan devises a synchrotron 1952 Donald Glaser develops the bubble chamber 1968 Georges Charpak and Roger Bouclier build the first multiwire proportional mode particle detection chamber DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Particle Physics Technology Category Technology timelines Particle physics Category Physics timelines Particle physics Category Particle physics ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2008 Timeline of time measurement technology 270 BC Ctesibius builds a popular water clock , called a water clock clepsydra 46 BC Julius Caesar and Sosigenes develop a solar calendar with leap years 11th century Sets of hourglass es were maintained by ship s pages to mark the progress of a ship during its voyage 11th century Large town clock s were used in Europe to display local time , maintained by hand 1335 First known mechanical clock, in Milan 1502 Peter Henlein builds the first pocketwatch 1582 Pope Gregory XIII , Aloysius Lilius , and Christopher Clavius introduce a Gregorian calendar with an improved leap year system 1655 Giovanni Domenico Cassini Cassini builds http cis.alma.unibo.it NewsLetter 090496Nw Heilbron.htm the heliometer of San Petronio in Bologna , to standardise Solar noon . 1656 Christian Huygens builds the first accurate pendulum clock 1676 Motion works and minute hand introduced by Daniel Quare 1680 Second hand introduced 1737 John Harrison The first three marine timekeepers John Harrison presents the first stable marine chronometer , thereby allowing for precise longitude determination while at sea 1850 Aaron Lufkin Dennison starts in Roxbury, Mass.U.S.A. the Waltham Watch Company and develops the American System of Watch Manufacturing . 1884 International Meridian Conference adopts Greenwich Mean Time for consistency with Nevil Maskelyne s 18th century observations for the Method of Lunar Distances 1893 Introduction by Webb C. Ball of the General Railroad Timepiece Standards in North America Railroad chronometers 1928 Joseph Horton and Warren Morrison build the first quartz clock quartz crystal oscillator clock 1946 Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell Edward Purcell develop nuclear magnetic resonance 1949 Harold Lyons develops ... 2010 09 timeline for horology.html www.germanclocks.org for a comprehensive view of a timeline of horology DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Time Measurement Technology Category Technology timelines ... more details
File Eclairage.jpg thumb Lighting through the ages File Eclairage.jpg legend Timeline of lighting technologyTimeline of lighting technology Antiquity 70,000 BCE A hollow rock, shell, or other natural found object was filled with moss or a similar material that was soaked in animal fat and then ignited. c. 4500 BCE oil lamp s c. 3000 BCE candle s are invented. c. 900 CE Muhammad ibn Zakar ya R zi Rhazes invents kerosene lamp ref Zayn Bilkadi University of California, Berkeley , The Oil Weapons , Saudi Aramco World , January February 1995, pp. 20 27. ref c. 1000 The first street lamp s appear in C rdoba, Spain Cordoba , Al Andalus ref Fielding H. Garrison , History of Medicine ref 18th century 1780 Aim Argand invents central draught fixed oil lamp 1784 Argand adds glass chimney to central draught lamp 1792 William Murdoch begins experimenting with gas lighting and probably produced the first gas light in this year. 19th century 1800 French watchmaker Bernard Guillaume Carcel overcomes the disadvantages of the Argand type lamps with his clockwork fed Carcel lamp . 1800 1803 Humphry Davy remarks first carbon arc when using Voltaic piles Batteriey for his electrolse experiments. First electric lamp, over 10000 lm and thus 1000times brighter than candles arc lamp, arc lighting . Demonstrated to the public at the Royal Society 1809 ref Dr.Thomas Klett, Geschichte der Lichttechnik History of Lighting ref 1802 William Murdoch illuminated the exterior of the Soho Foundry with gas. 1805 Philips and Lee s Cotton Mill, Manchester was the first industrial factory to be fully lit by gas. 1813 National Heat and Light Company formed by Fredrich Winzer Winsor 1815 Humphry Davy invents the Davy ... date June 2008 Category Lighting Timeline Category Technology timelines Lighting Category Lamps Timeline ... Kock and calls their versions CDM Ceramic Discharge Metal. Sales begin 1994. This technology improves to be the superior lighting technology with up to 150 lm W with good color rendering and 20.000h ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Timeline of communication technology Prior to 3500BC Communication was carried out through paintings of indigenous tribes. 35th century BC 3500s BC The Sumer ians develop Cuneiform script cuneiform writing and the Egypt ians develop Egyptian hieroglyphs hieroglyph ic writing 16th century BC The Phoenicia ns develop an alphabet AD 26 37 Roman Emperor Tiberius rules the empire from island of Capri by signaling messages with metal mirrors to reflect the sun 105 Tsai Lun invents paper 7th century Hindu Malayan empires write legal documents on copper plate scroll s, and write other documents on more perishable media 751 Paper is introduced to the Muslim world after the Battle of Talas 1305 The Chinese develop wooden block movable type printing 1450 Johannes Gutenberg finishes a printing press with metal movable type 1520 Ships on Ferdinand Magellan s voyage signal to each other by firing cannon and raising flags. 1793 Claude Chappe establishes the first long distance Semaphore line semaphore telegraph line 1831 Joseph Henry proposes and builds an electric Telegraphy telegraph 1835 Samuel Morse develops the Morse code 1843 Samuel Morse builds the first long distance electric telegraph line 1844 Charles Fenerty produces paper from a wood pulp, eliminating rag paper which was in limited supply 1849 Associated Press organizes Nova Scotia pony express to carry latest European news for New York newspapers 1876 Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson exhibit an electric telephone in Boston 1877 Thomas Edison patents the phonograph 1889 Almon Strowger patents the direct dial telephone 1901 Guglielmo Marconi transmits radio signals from Cornwall to Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland 1925 John Logie Baird transmits the first television signal 1942 ... SMS or text message . 1994 Internet2 organization created DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Communication Technology Category Technology timelines Communication Category Communication es Anexo Cronolog a ... more details
thermodynamics cTopic History and Culture This Timeline of heat engine technology describes how heat engine s have been known since antiquity but have been made into increasingly useful devices since the seventeenth century as a better understanding of the processes involved was gained. They continue to be developed today. In engineering and thermodynamics , a heat engine performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work by exploiting the temperature gradient between a hot source and a cold sink . Heat is heat transfer transferred to the sink from the source, and in this process some of the heat is converted into energy work . A heat pump is a heat engine run in reverse. Work is used to create a heat differential. The timeline includes devices classed as both engines and pumps, as well as identifying significant leaps in human understanding. Pre Eighteenth century Prehistory The fire piston used by tribes in southeast Asia and the Pacific islands to kindle fire. c. 450 BC Archytas Archytas of Tarentum used a jet of steam to propel a toy wooden bird suspended on wire. ref name Hellemans Hellemans, Alexander et al. 1991 . The Timetables of Science A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science . New York Touchstone Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1991 ... and the Mongols. see Timeline of rocket and missile technology for a view of rocket development ... 2011 ref See also Timeline of rocket and missile technology Rockets can be considered to be heat engines ... History of the internal combustion engine Timeline of motor and engine technologyTimeline of steam power Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology References http www.history.rochester.edu ... Ahmad Y Hassan work History of Science and Technology in Islam ref 1629 Giovanni Branca demonstrates ... technology Category Technology timelines Heat engine technology Category Transport timelines Heat engine technology Category History of thermodynamics ... more details
History of agriculture Neolithic founder crops New World Crops Timeline of genetically modified organisms Timeline of historic inventions References Reflist External links http www.foodtimeline.org Global food timeline http www.hup.harvard.edu features gabwea timeline.html US only food timeline Prehistoric technology DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Agriculture And Food Technology Category Technology timelines ...Expert subject multiple Agriculture History date February 2009 Timeline of History of agriculture agriculture and food technology Neolithic Revolution 12,000 BC Neolithic Revolution , the first agricultural revolution , begins in the ancient Near East 12,000 BC Natufian s in the Levant begin harvesting wild grasses. 9800 BC Earliest evidence for domesticated wheat at Pre Pottery Neolithic A PPNA sites in the Levant. 8500 BC PPNB sites across the Fertile Crescent growing domestic wheat, barley , chickpea s, pea s, bean s, flax and bitter vetch . Sheep and goat domesticated. 7000 BC agriculture had reached southern Europe with evidence of emmer and einkorn wheat , barley, sheep, goats, and pigs suggest that a food producing economy is adopted in Greece and the Aegean. 7000 BC Cultivation of wheat , sesame , barley , and eggplant in Mehrgarh History of Pakistan Pakistan . 7000 BC Domestication ... water for irrigation ref Ahmad Y Hassan , Donald Routledge Hill 1986 . Islamic Technology An illustrated ... 2008 03 29 last Hassan first Ahmad Y authorlink Ahmad Y Hassan work History of Science and Technology ... s and Spring hydrosphere springs , ref name Glick Thomas F. Glick 1977 , Noria Pots in Spain , Technology ... , History of Science and Technology in Islam ref 1100 Bridge mill water mill built as part of the superstructure ... Lucas 2006 , Wind, Water, Work Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology , p. 62. BRILL, ISBN 90 04 14649 ... Adam Lucas 2006 , Wind, Water, Work Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology , p. 65. BRILL, ISBN 90 ... 1206 A.D. History of Science and Technology in Islam . ref 1250 Crank driven screw and screwpump ... more details
Timeline of Electric motor motor and engine technology c. 30 70 AD Hero of Alexandria describes the first documented steam powered device, the aeolipile . 1698 Thomas Savery builds a steam powered water pump for pumping water out of mines. 1712 Thomas Newcomen builds a Newcomen steam engine piston and cylinder steam powered water pump for pumping water out of mines. 1769 James Watt patents his first improved steam engine . 1806 Fran ois Isaac de Rivaz invented a de Rivaz engine hydrogen powered engine , the first successful internal combustion engine . 1807 Nic phore Ni pce and his brother Claude build a fluid piston internal combustion engine, the Pyr olophore and use it to power a boat up the River Saone . 1816 Robert Stirling invented his hot air Stirling engine , and what we now call a regenerator . 1821 Michael Faraday builds an electric motor electricity powered motor . 1824 Nicolas L onard Sadi Carnot first publishes that the efficiency of a heat engine depends on the temperature difference between an engine and its environment. 1837 First American patent for an electric motor US patent 132 . 1850 The first explicit statement of the first law of thermodynamics first and second law of thermodynamics , given by Rudolf Clausius . 1877 Nikolaus Otto patents a four stroke internal combustion engine US patent 194047 . 1882 James Atkinson inventor James Atkinson invents the Atkinson cycle engine, now common in some hybrid vehicles. 1885 Gottlieb Daimler patents the first supercharger . 1888 Nikola Tesla patents the induction motor US patent 381968 . 1892 Rudolf Diesel patents the Diesel engine US patent 608845 . 1899 Ferdinand Porsche creates the first hybrid vehicle . 1905 ... combustion engine ICE and an electric motor charged by regenerative braking . See also Timeline of heat engine technology for a view of the human understanding of the interchangeability of work and heat. Category Technology timelines Motor bn hi ... more details
The following is a timeline of Refrigeration low temperature technology and Cryogenics cryogenic technology refrigeration down to 150 C, 238 F or 123 K and cryogenics . ref http www.springerlink.com content k468837771683266 Low temperature technology ref 16th century BC 17th century 1700 BC Zimri Lin , ruler of Mari in Syria commanded the construction of one of the first Ice house building ice house s near the Euphrate, additional ice houses built until 17th century AD, i.e. by Tj n Sje Hwang ti , ... 500 BC The yakhchal meaning ice pit in Persian is an ancient Persian type of refrigerator. The structure was formed from a mortar resistant to heat transmission, in the shape of a dome. Snow and ice was stored beneath the ground, effectively allowing access to ice even in hot months and allowing for prolonged food preservation. Often a badgir was coupled with the yakhchal in order to slow the heat loss. 17th century 1650 Otto von Guericke designed and built the world s first vacuum pump and created the world s first ever vacuum known as the Magdeburg hemispheres to disprove Aristotle s long held supposition that Nature abhors a vacuum . 1656 Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke built an air pump on this design. 1662 Boyle s law gas law relating pressure and volume is demonstrated using a vacuum pump 1665 Boyle theorizes a minimum temperature in New Experiments and Observations touching Cold . 1679 Denis Papin safety valve 18th century 1702 Guillaume Amontons first calculates absolute zero to be 240 C using an air thermometer, theorizing at this point the gas would reach zero volume and zero ... pump concept ref http www.avs.org pdf timelineD.pdf Vacuum Science & TechnologyTimeline ref 1957 ... Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technologyTimeline of thermodynamics ... history.html Refrigeration History DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Low Temperature Technology Category Technology timelines Category Cryogenics Category Cooling technology ja ... more details
Timeline of microscope technology Image Igmicro.jpg thumb right 1852 microscope 1590 Dutch spectacle makers Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias Jansen , claimed by later writers Pierre Borel 1620 1671 or 1628 1689 and Willem Boreel 1591 1668 to have invented a Microscope compound microscope . 1609 Galileo Galilei develops a Microscope compound microscope with a convex and a concave lens. 1612 Galileo presents occhiolino to Polish king Sigismund III Vasa Sigismund III . 1619 Cornelius Drebbel 1572 1633 presents, in London, a compound microscope with two convex lenses. c.1622 Drebbel presents his invention in Rome. 1624 Galileo presents his occhiolino to Prince Federico Cesi , founder of the Accademia dei Lincei in English, The Linceans . 1625 Giovanni Faber of Bamberg 1574 1629 of the Linceans coins the word microscope by analogy with telescope . 1665 Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia , a collection of biological micrographs. He coins the word cell for the structures he discovers in cork material cork bark. 1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek improves on a simple microscope for viewing biological specimens. 1863 Henry Clifton Sorby develops a metallurgical microscope to observe structure of meteorites. 1860s Ernst Abbe discovers the Abbe sine condition , a breakthrough in microscope design, which until then was largely based on trial and error. The company of Carl Zeiss exploited this discovery and becomes the dominant microscope manufacturer of its era. 1931 Ernst Ruska starts to build the first electron microscope . It is a Transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscope TEM 1936 Erwin Wilhelm M ller invents the field emission microscope . 1938 James Hillier builds another Transmission electron microscopy TEM 1951 Erwin Wilhelm M ller invents the field ion microscope and is the first to see atom s. 1953 Frits Zernike , professor of theoretical physics , receives ... microscope 1991 Kelvin probe force microscope invented. References references Category Technology ... more details
reflist DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Materials Technology Category Technology timelines Materials Technology ...Major innovations in Materials science materials technology Expand list date February 2011 BC 29,000 25,000 BC First pottery appears 3rd millennium BC Copper metallurgy is invented and copper is used for ornamentation 2nd millennium BC Bronze is used for weapon s and armour 16th century BC The Hittites develop crude History of ferrous metallurgy iron metallurgy 13th century BC Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined properly 10th century BC Glass production begins in ancient Near East 1st millennium BC Pewter beginning to be used in China and Egypt 3rd century BC Wootz steel , the first crucible steel , is invented in History of India ancient India 50s BC Glassblowing techniques flourish in Phoenicia 20s BC Rome Roman architecture built environment architect Vitruvius describes low water content method for mixing concrete 1st millennium 3rd century Cast iron widely used in Han Dynasty China 4th century Iron pillar of Delhi is the oldest surviving example of corrosion resistant steel 8th century Porcelain is invented in Tang Dynasty China 8th century Tin glazing of ceramics invented by Alchemy and chemistry in Islam Arabic chemists and Islamic pottery potters in Basra , Iraq ref cite journal last Mason first Robert B. title New Looks at Old Pots Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World journal Muqarnas Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture year 1995 volume XII publisher Brill Academic Publishers pages 1 isbn 90 04 10314 7 ref 9th century Stoneware Stonepaste ceramics invented in Iraq ref cite journal last Mason first Robert B. title New Looks at Old Pots Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World journal Muqarnas Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture year 1995 volume XII ... by scientists at Rice University see also Timeline of carbon nanotubes See also Timeline of historic ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 This article gives a concise timeline of rocket and missile technology . 1st Century 1st century CE aeolipile steam rocket on a bearing 13th Century 13th century CE Rockets and fireworks evolved with use in weaponry in China. 15th Century 1448 During the era of Sejong the Great , the 4th King of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, Koreans invented the World s first gunpowdered multi missile launchers called Singijeon or Hwacha . 17th Century 1650 Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima Great Art of Artillery, the First Part is printed in Amsterdam, about a year before the death of its author, Kazimierz Siemienowicz . 18th century 1798 Tipu Sultan , the King of the state of Mysore in India, develops and uses iron rockets against the British Army. 19th century 1803 The British Army develops the Congreve rocket based on weapons used against them by Tipu Sultan . 1806 Claude Ruggieri an italian living in France launched animals on rockets, and recovered them using parachutes. He was prevented from launching a child by police. His rockets were capable of launching rams. ref http history.msfc.nasa.gov rocketry 14.html ref 1813 A Treatise on the Motion of Rockets by William Moore British mathematician William Moore first appearance of the rocket equation 1865 Jules Verne publishes From the Earth to the Moon as a humorous science fantasy story about a space gun launching a manned spacecraft equipped with rockets for landing on the Moon, but eventually used for another orbital maneuver . 20th century 1903 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of papers discussing the use of rocket ry to reach outer space, space suit s, and colonization of the solar system . Two key points discussed in his works are liquid fuel s and staging rocketry staging . 1922 Hermann Oberth ... List of missiles List of rockets Timeline of heat engine technology References reflist Spaceflight lists and timelines DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Rocket And Missile Technology Category Timelines of spaceflight ... more details
Timeline of clothing and textile s technology . Prehistory spindle textiles spindle used to create yarn from fiber fibre s. unknown loom . c. Upper Paleolithic 28000 BC Sewing needles in use at Kostenki in Russia. c. Upper Paleolithic 27000 BC Impressions of textiles and basketry and nets left on little pieces of hard clay. ref name Chang http www.textile technology.com stone age clothing more advanced than thought Stone Age clothing more advanced than thought by Gloria Chang, February 3, 2000 ref c. Upper Paleolithic 25000 BC Venus figurines depicted with clothing. ref name Chang c. 8000 BC Evidence of flax cultivation in the Near East . ref name Cambridge 1 Cambridge History of Western Textiles p. 39 47 ref c. 6500 BC Approximate date of Naalebinding examples found in Nehal Hemar cave , Israel . This technique, which uses short separate lengths of thread, predated the invention of knitting textiles knitting with its continuous lengths of thread and requires that all of the as yet unused thread be pulled through the loop in the sewn material. ref Barber 1991. ref This requires much greater skill than knitting in order to create a fine product. ref name Theaker 2006 Theaker 2006. ref c. 6000 BC Evidence of woven textiles used to wrap the dead at atalh y k in Anatolia . ref name Cambridge 1 c. 5000 BC Production of linen cloth in Ancient Egypt , along with other bast fiber s including Juncaceae rush , Reed plant reed , Arecaceae palm , and papyrus . ref name Cambridge 2 Cambridge ... developed in Czechoslovakia. See also Clothing technologyTimeline of historic inventions Notes ... is in this category, but the rest is not DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Clothing And Textiles Technology Category Technology timelines Clothing Category Weaving Category History of clothing Category Textiles ... in Denmark, marking spread of technology to Northern Europe . ref Bender 1990. ref c. 3000 BC Breeding ..., Leipzig, 1978 Spencer, J. David Knitting Technology . Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983. ISBN 0 08 024763 ... more details
Lead missing date January 2011 Timeline of photography technology Image View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nic phore Ni pce.jpg thumb right The first photograph of a scene, by Ni pce, 1826 ref name utexas cite web title The First Photograph Heliography url http www.hrc.utexas.edu exhibitions permanent wfp heliography.html quote from Helmut Gernsheim s article, The 150th Anniversary of Photography, in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977 ... In 1822, Ni pce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later. accessdate 2009 09 29 ref Image Boulevard du Temple by Daguerre.jpg thumb right First photograph including a person, by Daguerre, 1838 or 1839 Image Tartan Ribbon.jpg thumb right First color image, Maxwell, 1861 Image Duhauron1877.jpg thumb An 1877 color photo by Louis Ducos du Hauron , a French pioneer of color photography. The overlapping yellow, cyan, and red subtractive color elements can clearly be seen. Image Muybridge horse gallop animated 2.gif thumb right High speed photography, Muybridge, 1878 1822 Nic phore Ni pce takes the first fixed, permanent photograph , of an engraving of Pope Pius VII, using a non lens contact printing heliographic process , but it was destroyed later the earliest surviving example is from 1825. ref name utexas 1826 Nic phore Ni pce takes the first ... technology reduction of photographic images to signals that can be transmitted by wire to other locations ... at U.S. National Bureau of Standards now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology ... the production of all instant film products, citing the rise of digital imaging technology ... See also Timeline of historic inventions List of inventions named after people Notes reflist External links http www.photohistorytimeline.com The Photo History Timeline Collection http www.theanswerbank.co.uk ... s and Gabor s Revolutionary Approach to Imaging photography subject Category Technology timelines Photography ... more details
2007 2.html Science in Poland, 2001 05 DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Polish Science And Technology Category Polish history timelines Category Technology timelines Polish Category Science timelines Polish Category Science and technology in Poland Category Lists of inventions or discoveries Polish pl Nauka ... some 91,000 scientists and scholars. Timeline This isn t really a timeline, just a list grouped into very ... more details
Refimprove date August 2007 Chronology Timeline of telescope technology c.2560 BC c.860 BC Egyptian artisans polish rock crystal , semi precious stones , and latterly glass to produce facsimile eyes for statuary and mummy cases. The intent appears to be to produce an optical illusion. ref cite journal author Enoch J title First known lenses originating in Egypt about 4600 years ago journal Hindsight volume 31 issue 2 pages 9 17 year 2000 month April pmid 11624467 ref ref http www.io.cfmac.csic.es PDFs Semi IyV seminario enoch.PDF search 22Egyptian 20rock 20crystal 20lens 20illusion 22 Studies of the oldest Known Lenses at the Louvre 4600 Years Before the Present ref ref http home.comcast.net hebsed enoch.htm Remarkable Old Kingdom Lenses and the Illusion of the Following Eye ref c.470 BC c.390 BC Chinese philosopher Mozi writes on the use of concave mirrors to focus the sun s rays. Citation needed date October 2007 424 BC Aristophanes lens is a glass globe filled with water. Seneca Disambiguation needed date June 2011 says that it can be used to read letters no matter how small or dim ref harvnb King 2003 p http books.google.com books?id KAWwzHlDVksC&pg PA25 25 ref 3rd century BC Euclid is the first to write about reflection and refraction and notes that light travels in straight lines ref harvnb King 2003 p http books.google.com books?id KAWwzHlDVksC&pg PA26 26 ref 2nd century AD Ptolemy in his work Optics wrote about the properties of light including Reflection physics reflection , refraction , and color colour . 984 Ibn Sahl completes a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses , describing plano convex and biconvex lenses, and parabolic and ellipsoidal mirrors. ref cite journal ... Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology History of telescopes Refracting telescope ... Publications isbn 9780486432656 ref harv DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Telescope Technology Category Technology ... of Mining and Technology Resurfacing the convert 100 in mm sing on Telescope by George Zamora ref ... more details
Timeline of the history of medicine and medical technology . Antiquity 2600 BC Imhotep wrote texts on ancient Egyptian medicine describing diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases in 3rd dynasty Egypt. 1500 BC Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece 500 BC Bian Que becomes the earliest physician known to use acupuncture and pulse diagnosis 420 BC Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath , marking the birth of medicine in the west 400 BC the Sushruta Samhita is published, laying the framework for Ayurveda Ayurvedic medicine c. 400 BC 1 BC The Huangdi Neijing Yellow Emperor s Classic of Internal Medicine is published, laying the framework for traditional Chinese medicine 280 BC Herophilus studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves 270 BC Huangfu Mi writes the Zhenjiu Jiayijing The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture , the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture 250 BC Erasistratus studies the Human brain brain and distinguishes between the telencephalon cerebrum and cerebellum 220 BC Zhang Zhongjing publishes Shang Han Lun On Cold Disease Damage , the oldest medical textbook in the world 200 BC the Charaka Samhita uses a rational approach to the causes and cure of disease and uses objective methods of clinic al examination 180 BC Galen studies the connection ... resources04 history timeline.cfm Interactive timeline of medicine and medical technology requires Flash plugin DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Medicine And Medical Technology History of medicine Category Medicine timelines Category History of medicine Category Technology timelines Medical es Anexo Cronolog a ... Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non western cultures year 1997 publisher ... II 18 2008 Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant See also Timeline of antibiotics Timeline of vaccines Footnote 1. The dates given for these medical works are uncertain. http www.atributetohinduism.com ... more details
Use dmy dates date October 2010 Timeline of transport technology Antiquity Stone Age Dugout boat Dugout canoes 3500 BC Wheel ed carts are invented in Mesopotamia 3500 BC River boat s are invented Citation needed date December 2009 3100 BC Horse s are tamed and used for transport Botai Egypt Citation needed date December 2009 2000 BC Chariot s built by Indo Iranians 6th century BC Diolkos wagonway is built across the isthmus of Corinth . 500 BC Postal system developed in Achaemenid Empire Persian Empire 332 BC First documented use of divers or submersible s, during the siege of Syracuse. Alexander the Great , according to medieval legends, used a submersible or diving bell in 332 BC, during the siege of Tyre. 312 BC One of the earliest paved roads, the Appian Way , is built the Ancient Rome Romans eventually built over 50,000 miles of paved Roman road s 236 BC The date ascribed by Vitruvius for the first documented elevator , which he reports as having been built by Archimedes . Citation needed date December 2009 214 BC Lingqu Canal is built in China 200 BC The Kongming lantern , is invented in China Middle Ages 800 The streets of Baghdad are paved with tar . Late 9th century Kamal navigation Kamal invented in History of India India . 1044 Compass invented in China 13th century or before Rocket invented in Afghanistan . 1350 Compass dial invented by Ibn al Shatir . late 15th century Europe an sailing ships become advanced enough to reliably cross oceans. 17th century 1620 Cornelius Drebbel builds the world s first known submarine , which is propelled by oars although there are earlier ideas for and depictions of submarines . 1662 Blaise Pascal invents a horse drawn public bus which has a regular route, schedule, and fare system 1672 Ferdinand Verbiest may have built what ... , the first privately funded human spaceflight 21 June 2004 . Notes Reflist DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Transportation Technology Category Transport timelines Transportation technology de Verkehrsgeschichte ... more details
This is a timeline of underwater technology . The entries marked are about decompression table s. ref Entries marked are about decompression table s. ref Pre industrial Several centuries BC Relief carvings made at this time show Assyria n soldiers crossing rivers using inflated goatskin floats. Several modern authors have wrongly said that the floats were crude breathing sets and that they show frogmen in action. Citation needed date June 2010 Ancient Ancient Rome Roman and Ancient Greece Greek times, etc. There have been many instances of men swimming or diving for combat, but they always had to hold their breath, and had no diving equipment, except sometimes a hollow plant stem used as a Snorkel swimming snorkel . See http www.tropaselite.hpg.ig.com.br mergulhadores de combate.htm this link in Portuguese . About 500 BC Information originally from Herodotus During a naval campaign the Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner by the Persian King Xerxes I of Persia Xerxes I . When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to attack a Greek flotilla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis surfaced at night and made his way among all the ships in Xerxes s fleet, cutting each ship loose from its moorings he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved. Then he swam nine miles 15 kilometers to rejoin the Greeks off Cape Artemisium . The use of diving bell s is recorded by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC ...they enable the divers to respire equally well by letting down a cauldron , for this does not fill with water, but retains the air, for it is forced straight down into the water. ref Arthur J. Bachrach , History of the Diving Bell , Historical Diving Times , Iss. 21 Spring 1998 ref 1300 or earlier Persian divers were using diving goggles with windows made of the polished ... with the technology of the time could only hold 30 atmospheres, allowing dives of only 30 minutes at no more ... more details
proto hypertext systems predating electronic computer technology. For example, in the early 20th ... of 1945 technology microfilm recording and retrieval in this case. However, the modern story of hypertext ... of hypertexttechnology History of the Internet HTML References Reflist 2 External links http www.mprove.de ... A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology DEFAULTSORT History Of Hypertext Category ...Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other electronic device with references hyperlinks to other ... Early precursors to hypertext Recorders of information have long looked for ways to categorize and compile ... dictionaries, encyclopedias also developed a precursor to hypertext the setting of certain words ... . Janet Murray has referenced Jorge Luis Borges The Garden of Forking Paths as a precursor to the hypertext ... book and maze of Ts ui Pen is that of a novel that can be read in multiple ways, a hypertext novel ... digital computer. Borges also mentions how hypertext has similarities to a labyrinth ... did he invent the hypertext novel Borges went on to describe a theory of the universe based upon the structure ... intensive, Brute force search brute force methods. Paul Otlet proposed a proto hypertext concept based ... record without including the link model which distinguishes the modern concept of hypertext ... histories of what we now call hypertext start in 1945, when Vannevar Bush wrote an article in The Atlantic ... men generally credited with the invention of hypertext, Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart . The invention of hypertext Starting in 1963, Ted Nelson developed a model for creating and using linked content he called hypertext and hypermedia first published reference 1965 ref http faculty.vassar.edu mijoyce Ted sed.html Did Ted Nelson first use the word hypertext at Vassar College? ref . He later worked with Andries van Dam to develop the Hypertext Editing System in 1967 at Brown University . Douglas ... features were not completed until 1968. In December of that year, Engelbart demonstrated a hypertext ... more details
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology . A history of temperature measurement and pressure measurement technology. Timeline 1400s 1450 &mdash Leone Battista Alberti developed a swinging plate anemometer . 1500s 1592 1593 &mdash Galileo Galilei builds a device showing variation of hotness known as the thermoscope using the contraction of air to draw water up a tube. ref Vincenzo Viviani 1654 Racconto istorico della vita del Sig. sup r sup Galileo Galilei ref 1600s 1612 &mdash Santorio Sanctorius puts thermometer to medical use 1617 &mdash Giuseppe Biancani published the first clear diagram of a thermoscope 1624 &mdash The word thermometer in its French form first appeared in La R cr ation Math matique by J. Leurechon, who describes one with a scale of 8 degrees. ref name B R. P. Benedict 1984 Fundamentals of Temperature, Pressure, and Flow Measurements, 3rd ed, ISBN 0 471 89383 8 page 4 ref 1629 &mdash Joseph Solomon Delmedigo describes in a book an accurate sealed glass thermometer which uses brandy 1638 &mdash Robert Fludd the first thermoscope showing a scale and thus constituting a thermometer. 1643 &mdash Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer 1654 &mdash Ferdinando II de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany , made sealed tubes part filled with alcohol , with a bulb and stem, the first modern style thermometer, depending on the expansion of a liquid, and independent of air pressure ref name B 1661 &mdash Christiaan Huygens built the U tube. ref Attila Imre, W. Alexander van Hook http www.rsc.org delivery ArticleLinking DisplayArticleForFree.cfm?doi a827117z&JournalCode CS Liquid liquid equilibria in polymer solutions at negative pressure page ... temperature History History of thermodynamic temperature Timeline of heat engine technology ... and Flow Measurements , 3rd ed ISBN 0 471 89383 8 DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Temperature And Pressure Measurement Technology Category Technology timelines Category Thermometers Category Pressure gauges ... more details
unreferenced date February 2012 Guide was a hypertext system originally developed by Peter J. Brown at the University of Kent in 1982. The original Guide implementation was for Three Rivers PERQ workstation s running Unix . The Guide system was also the third hypertext system to be sold commercially, after it was taken over by Office Workstations Ltd . OWL in 1984. Unlike most hypertext systems, the main link mechanism in Guide is based on replacement , meaning that when following a link, the current node breaks open, making room for the destination node. The anchor of the link is replaced by the contents of the destination node. One can close the destination node, which means that it is once again replaced by the text of the anchor. Thus, the basic method of navigation using Guide was the expansion button , in which a section was replaced when selected and in which an expansion would provide additional levels of detail. This allowed the user, whether they were a document author or a reader, to expand and contract a document, viewing the desired level at any time, not unlike viewing methods used in Adobe Acrobat files. Using this method means that the structure of the document must be strictly hierarchical. Guide supported pop ups for small annotations, and so called jumps, which behave like the follow link operation in most hypertexts as in van Dam s FRESS system . The jumps allow for the creation of non hierarchical links. In September 1986, Guide was ported by OWL to the Apple Macintosh , and in July 1987, a Microsoft Windows version was made available. External links http www.cs.kent.ac.uk pubs 1992 106 University of Kent Computer Science Showing the destination of hypertext links a new approach for Guide Category Hypertext Category University of Kent da OWL Guide ... more details
Hypertext fiction is a genre of electronic literature , characterized by the use of hypertext links which provide a new context for non linearity in literature and reader interaction. ref Bishop, J. 2009 . Enhancing the understanding of genres of web based communities The role of the ecological cognition framework. International Journal of Web Based Communities, 5 1 , 4 17. Available http www.jonathanbishop.com ... and Julio Cort zar s Rayuela 1963 translated as Hopscotch are early examples predating the word Hypertext History hypertext , while a common pop culture example is the Choose Your Own Adventure series in young adult fiction and other similar gamebook s. The Garden of Forking Paths is both a hypertext story and a description of a fictional hypertext work. History The first hypertext fictions were ... by Eastgate Systems in 1991, is generally considered one of the first hypertext fictions. Afternoon was followed by a series of other Storyspace hypertext fictions from Eastgate Systems , including ... s Quibbling , Shelley Jackson s Patchwork Girl hypertext Patchwork Girl and Deena Larsen s Marble ... for the 2000 Whitney Biennial ref Some other web examples of hypertext fiction include Adrienne ... also Interactive novel Cybertext Hypertext poetry Storyspace References references Cite journal last ... Cite journal last Allen first Michael title This Is Not a Hypertext, But... A Set of Lexias on Textuality ... page1.html The hypertext Tristram Shandy page , David R. Hammontree s page http www3.iath.virginia.edu ... Hypertext Explorations and Constructions . London Continuum. External links External links date ... RYOH &mdash Roll Your Own Hypertext. http www.cisenet.com cisenet writing essays hypernarrative.htm ... Organization for more on hypertext literature http www.dichtung digital.com Dichtung Digital. Journal ... catalog Fiction.html Eastgate catalog catalog of historically significant Hypertext fiction, nonfiction and poetry Fiction writing DEFAULTSORT Hypertext Fiction Category Hypertext Category Narrative ... more details
refimprove date April 2012 ZOG was an early hypertext system developed at Carnegie Mellon University during the 1970s by Donald McCracken and Robert Akscyn. ZOG was first developed by Allen Newell and George Robertson to serve as the front end for AI and Cognitive Science programs brought together at CMU for a summer workshop. The ZOG project was as an outgrowth of long term artificial intelligence research led by Allen Newell and funded by the Office of Naval Research . ZOG consisted of frames that contained a title, a description, a line containing ZOG system commands, and selections menu items that led to other frames. ZOG pioneered the frame or card model of hypertext later popularized by HyperCard . In such systems, the frames or cards cannot scroll to show content that is part of the same document but held offscreen. Instead, text that exceeds the capacity of one screen must be placed in another which then constitutes a separate frame or card . The ZOG database became fully functional around 1977. Beginning in 1980, ZOG was ported from DEC VAX version written in an experimental language called L to the Pascal programming language Pascal based PERQ Three Rivers PERQ workstation and was used for a shipwide local area network on the American aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson . In 1981, Rob Akscyn and Donald McCracken, two principals from the ZOG project, founded Knowledge Systems to develop and market a commercial follow on to ZOG called KMS hypertext KMS Knowledge Management System . References cite book coauthors Robertson, C. K., D. L. McCracken and A. Newell title The ZOG approach to man machine communication, Technical Report CMU CS 79 148 publisher Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Computer Science location Pittsburgh, PA, USA year 1979 Category Hypertext pl ZOG ... more details
Intermedia was the third notable hypertext project to emerge from Brown University , after Hypertext Editing System HES 1967 and FRESS 1969 . Intermedia was started in 1985 by Norman Meyrowitz , who had been associated with earlier hypertext research at Brown. The Intermedia project coincided with the establishment of the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship IRIS . Intermedia ran on A UX version 1.1. Intermedia was programmed using an object oriented toolkit and standard DBMS functions. Intermedia supported bi directional, dual anchor hyperlink links for both text and graphics. Small icons are used as anchor markers. Intermedia properties include author, creation date, title, and keywords. Link information is stored by the system apart from the source text. More than one such set of data can be kept, which allows each user to have their own web of information. Intermedia has complete multi user support, with three levels of access rights read, write, and annotate, which is similar to Unix permissions. As promising as Intermedia was, it used a lot of resources for its time it required 4 MB of Random access memory RAM and 80 MB of hard drive space in 1989 . It was also highly tied to A UX, a less popular Unix like operating system that ran on Apple Macintosh computers thus, it wasn t very portable. In 1991, changes in A UX and lack of funding ended the Intermedia project. References Nicole Yankelovich, Karen E. Smith, L. Nancy Garrett and Norman Meyrowitz. Issues in Designing a Hypermedia Document System The Intermedia Case Study in Learning Tomorrow Journal of the Apple Education Advisory Council, n3 p35 87 Spring 1987. Karen E. Smith and Stanley B. Zdonik. Intermedia A case study of the differences between relational and object oriented database systems . ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Volume 22 , Issue 12 December 1987 Pages 452 465. Paul Kahn. Linking Together ... Category Hypertext pl Intermedia ... more details
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