effects of the Toba eruption. The supporters of the Tobacatastrophetheory suggest that the eruption ... with the Tobacatastrophetheory which suggests that a Population bottleneck bottleneck of the human ... largest known eruptions . The related catastrophetheory holds that this event plunged the planet into a 6 ... anywhere from 60,000 to 2 million years ago. This does not contradict the Tobatheory, however, because ..., including present day levels of human genetic variation , allows the theory of a Toba induced human ..., a 2010 geneticists study seems to question the foundations of the Toba bottleneck theory analysis ...Infobox eruption name Toba supereruption photo Image Tobaeruption.png photo size caption Illustration ... Simeulue . date Between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago volcano Lake Toba type Ultra Plinian location Sumatra ...,title VEI 8 map File Toba zoom.jpg location map map size map caption Lake Toba is the resulting .... The Toba supereruption Youngest Toba Tuff or simply YTT ref Toba erupted four times during the Quaternary. This eruption was the strongest one, and it is known as the Youngest Toba Tuff YTT . See ... of volcanic eruptions eruption that occurred some time between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago at Lake Toba ... breeding pairs, creating a Population bottleneck bottleneck in human evolution . The Toba event is the most ... and Stephen Self of the University of Hawaii at Manoa quickly lent their support to the idea. The theory ... Champaign . Supereruption The Toba eruption or Toba event ref name T1 Harvnb Chesner others 1991 , p ... Global Volcanism Program. ref occurred at what is now Lake Toba about val 73000 4000 u years ref Harvnb ... ref ago. The Toba eruption was the latest of the three major eruptions which occurred at Toba in the last .... 837. ref Although the Toba eruption took place in Indonesia , it deposited an ash layer approximately ... cool period stadial could have been caused by the eruption, and that the longevity of the Toba stratospheric ... robock2009 Harvnb Robock others 2009 . ref the Toba incident did not initiate an ice age . Using an emission ... more details
about the study of dynamical systems catastrophe disambiguation In mathematics , catastrophetheory is a branch of bifurcation theory in the study of dynamical system s it is also a particular special ... timing and magnitude mathematics magnitude of a landslide . Catastrophetheory, which originated with the work ..., catastrophetheory reveals that such bifurcation points tend to occur as part of well defined qualitative geometrical structures. Elementary catastrophes Catastrophetheory analyses degenerate critical ... , http www.gaianxaos.com pdf dynamics zeeman catastrophe theory.pdf CatastropheTheory , Scientific ... Xu, F. Application of catastrophetheory to the G sup sup to G relationship in electron transfer reactions ... geometry are by far the most important practical consequences of catastrophetheory. They are patterns ... symmetry breaking Chaos theory Bibliography Vladimir Arnold Arnold, Vladimir Igorevich . Catastrophe .... Arnold, et al., Bifurcation Theory And CatastropheTheory, ISBN 3540653791 Castrigiano, Domenico P. L. and Hayes, Sandra A. CatastropheTheory, 2nd ed. Boulder Westview, 2004. ISBN 0 8133 4126 4 Gilmore, Robert. CatastropheTheory for Scientists and Engineers. New York Dover, 1993. Petters, Arlie ..., 2001. ISBN 0 8176 3668 4 Postle, Denis. CatastropheTheory Predict and avoid personal disasters ... Stewart, Ian . CatastropheTheory and Its Applications. New York Dover, 1998. ISBN 0 486 69271 X. Sanns, Werner. CatastropheTheory with Mathematica A Geometric Approach. Germany DAV, 2000. Saunders, Peter Timothy. An Introduction to CatastropheTheory. Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press ... Richard and Davis, Monte. CatastropheTheory. New York E. P. Dutton, 1978. ISBN 0525078126. Erik Christopher Zeeman Zeeman, E.C. CatastropheTheory Selected Papers 1972&ndash 1977. Reading, MA Addison ... catastrophe.html CompLexicon CatastropheTheory http perso.wanadoo.fr l.d.v.dujardin ct eng index.html Catastrophe teacher Category Bifurcation theory Category Singularity theory Category Systems theory ... more details
Toba may refer to People Toba people , indigenous peoples of the Gran Chaco in South America Toba or the Tuoba people, Asia Toba Sur language , spoken in South America Places Lake Toba , a lake in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and site of the volcanic Toba eruption 75,000 years ago Tobacatastrophetheory , according to which modern human evolution was affected by the Toba eruption Toba, Mie , a city in Mie prefecture, Japan Toba Nova Crnja , a village near Nova Crnja, Serbia Toba, Ethiopia Toba, Tibet Toba, Jhelum , a village in Pakistan Other Batak Toba , spoken in Indonesia Emperor Toba , emperor of Japan Crataegus mordenensis Crataegus mordenensis Toba , cultivar of the Morden Hawthorn Theater Owners Bookers Association T.O.B.A. , a major black vaudeville circuit Month of Tobi , or Touba, the fifth month of the Coptic calendar Torsion Bar Antenna TOBA , or TOrsion Bar Antenna, a proposed gravitational wave detector Tob , a traditional Romanian sausage disambig ca Toba cy Toba de Toba es Toba desambiguaci n fr Toba hr Toba razdvojba id Toba lt Toba reik m s nl Toba ja pl Toba pt Toba ru sk Toba sv Toba tr Toba ... more details
Wiktionary catastrophe A catastrophe is an extremely large scale disaster , a horrible event. The term may also refer to Catastrophe book Catastrophe book , a non fiction book by Dick Morris and Eileen McGann Catastrophe drama , the climax and resolution of a plot in ancient Greek drama and poetry Catastrophe, the main antagonist in The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs Catastrophe play Catastrophe play , a 1982 short play by Samuel Beckett Catastrophe TV series Catastrophe TV series , a five part science series on Channel 4 The Asia Minor Catastrophe, a Greek name for the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey Catastrophic failure , complete failure of a system from which recovery is impossible e.g. a bridge collapses Catastrophic band , rock band featuring Trevor Peres See also Katastrophe disambiguation Disambig Category Greek loanwords ca Cat strofe eo Katastrofo io Katastrofo it Catastrofe hu Katasztr fa ja ... more details
image Ambarita2.jpg 1400px Panoramic view of the town of Ambarita on Samosir, Lake Toba left File Lake Toba Aerial View.JPG right thumb Lake Toba Aerial View File LakeTobaSEShore.jpg right thumb Aerial view of the southern shore with Sibandang Island visible in the background. The eruption Main Tobacatastrophetheory File Lake Toba location.png thumb left Location of Lake Toba shown in red on map .... According to the Tobacatastrophetheory proposed by Stanley H. Ambrose of the University of Illinois ... eruption anywhere on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Tobacatastrophetheory , it had global consequences, killing most humans then alive and creating a population bottleneck ...Infobox lake lake name Lake Toba image lake Toba zoom.jpg caption lake Landsat photo image bathymetry ... reference ref name WorldLakes Lake Toba lang id Danau Toba is a lake and supervolcano . The lake ... Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred an estimated 69,000 to 77,000 years ago, ref http www.volcano.si.edu world volcano.cfm?vnum 0601 09 Global Volcanism Program page on Toba ... eruption of Toba, north Sumatra journal Nature publisher Nature Publishing Group issue 276 pages 574 ... publisher BBC date 2003 06 09 accessdate 2007 01 05 ref However, this theory is not widely accepted ... actualitzacio argo butlleti ccee geologia arxius 4Gathorne Hardy.pdf The super eruption of Toba, did ... accepted that the eruption of Toba led to a volcanic winter with a worldwide decline in temperatures .... Geology The Toba caldera complex in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia consists of four overlapping volcanic ... Toba tuff, was blasted from the youngest caldera during one of the largest single explosive volcanic eruptions in geologic history. Following the Youngest Toba tuff eruption , a typical resurgent ... volume 19 issue 3 pages 200 203 title Eruptive history of Earth s largest Quaternary caldera Toba ... world volcano.cfm?vnum 0601 09 &volpage synsub title Synonyms and Subfeatures Toba ... more details
Toba language may refer to ISO 639 3 codes in brackets Guaicuruan Toba Qom language tob Toba Sur spoken in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Pilag plg Pilaca includes dialects Toba Pilag Toba del Oeste, Sombrero Negro , Chaco Pilag Toba Sur , spoken in Argentina Mascoian Toba Maskoy tmf , Cabanatit, Machicui, Quilyilhrayrom, Toba of Paraguay spoken in Paraguay Austronesian Batak Toba bbc Indonesia disambig ... more details
Toba River may refer to Toba River British Columbia , a river in British Columbia, Canada Toba River Gifu , a river in Gifu Prefecture, Japan Toba River Fukui , a river in Fukui Prefecture , Japan disambiguation ... more details
Infobox City Japan Name Toba JapaneseName official name MapImage Toba in Mie Prefecture Ja.svg Region Kansai region Kansai Prefecture Mie Prefecture Mie District Area km2 107.99 PopDate February ... Bird Common Gull SymbolImage Flag of Toba Mie.JPG SymbolDescription Flag Mayor Kusuichi Kida CityHallPostalCode 517 0011 CityHallAddress 3 1 1 Toba, Toba shi, Mie ken CityHallPhone 81 0599 25 1112 CityHallLink http www.city.toba.mie.jp City of Toba Image Toba Mie overview.jpg thumb right 250px A view on a fragment of Toba from Ise Shima Skyline driveway. Image Kata jinja Toba 05.jpg thumb right 250px The shrine Kata jinja in Toba nihongo TobaToba shi is a cities of Japan city in Mie Prefecture , Japan . Toba is the site of the Toba Aquarium , which houses such animals as dugongs , West .... Toba is the hometown of Mikimoto K kichi , who developed a method to cultivate pearl s, and Tokushichi Mishima , who invented MKM steel . Kokichi Mikimoto s Memorial Hall is also located in Toba. It is known ..., he established Toba as his capital and built a castle there. In the Edo period of 17th to 19th century, Toba flourished in trade and as a connecting port between Osaka and Tokyo Edo . Coastal areas of this city ... Toba administers these islands in the Ise Bay Kami shima Kozukumi jima zukumi jima Suga shima T shi jima Sakate jima Mitsu jima Iruka jima Education Toba National College of Maritime Technology External links Commons category inline http www.city.toba.mie.jp Toba official website ja icon wikitravelpar Toba http www.seekjapan.jp article 1 917 A Day Tripper s Guide to Ise and Toba A Day Tripper s Guide to Ise and Toba Japanzine By Zack Davisson Mie Mie geo stub Category Cities in Mie Prefecture roa rup Toda de Toba Mie fa fr Toba ville gl Toba ko it Toba nl Toba stad ja pl Toba miasto pt Toba Mie ro Toba, Mie ru sv Toba stad tl Toba, Mie tg uk vi Toba, Mie war Toba, Mie zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2012 The Cosmic catastrophe is a thought experiment in which the sun were to instantaneously disappear. The question is what would then happen to the earth and the other planets orbit ing the sun. According to Isaac Newton s classical theory of gravity , the planets would immediately cease to move in circular motion, and due to inertia would start traveling in a straight line. Albert Einstein saw a deficiency in Newton s theory. Due to the finiteness of the speed of light , it would take a certain amount of time before the darkness from the sun s absence would reach the orbiting planet. Therefore, why would the planet instantaneously start traveling in a straight line before the information that the sun s disappearance has occurred. The Cosmic catastrophe thought experiment led Einstein to the invention of the General theory of relativity and the creation of the concept of spacetime . With the concept of spacetime, Einstein was able to fix the deficiency in Newton s theory. In Einstein s spacetime model, the disappearance of the sun would create gravitational wave s in the spacetime. The gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, and an orbiting planet would not react to the sun s disappearance until after the gravitational wave has reached it. Only after the gravitational wave has passed the planet, would the planet start traveling in a straight line. External links http www.pbs.org wgbh nova physics elegant universe einstein.html The elegant Universe , part 1 of a 3 part Nova TV series Nova mini series see details under the transcript tab . Based on a The Elegant Universe book of the same title by Brian Greene . Category Theory of relativity Category Spacetime PAGENAME Category Thought experiments in physics relativity stub ... more details
Toba Batak may refer to the Toba Batak people the Toba Batak language disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
their policyholders are charged in catastrophe prone areas. Insurance rating agencies such as A. M ... on catastrophe risk. Reinsurers and reinsurance brokers use cat modelling in the pricing and structuring ... use cat modeling in the pricing and structuring of catastrophe bond . Demand surge Some cat models ... catastrophe modeling Recently, an effort to create and disseminate open multi hazard cat risk modelling ... formats. See also HAZUS International Society of Catastrophe Managers Daily Mail and General Trust ... more details
The iron catastrophe was a major event early in the history of Earth . After accumulation of the Earth s material into a spherical mass, the material was mostly uniform in composition. While residual heat from the collision of the material that formed the Earth was significant, heating from radioactive materials in this mass further increased the temperature until a critical condition was reached, when the material was molten enough to allow movement. At this point, the denser iron and nickel evenly distributed throughout the mass, sank to the centre of the planet to form the core an important process of planetary differentiation . The gravitational potential energy released by the sinking of the dense NiFe globules increased the temperature of the protoplanet above the melting point resulting in a global silicate magma which accelerated the process. This event occurred at about 500 million years into the formation of the planet. ref Charles Frankel, 1996, Volcanoes of the Solar System, Cambridge University Press, p 7 8, ISBN 0521477700 ref This large spinning mass of super hot metal is responsible for the magnetosphere , which protects the Earth from solar wind and the most harmful components of solar radiation coming from our Sun . The magnetosphere protects both Earth s atmosphere and life to the present day and distinguishes our planet from a close celestial neighbour, Mars , which no longer has a significant magnetic field nor comparable atmosphere. Contrary to the implication of a catastrophe , this event was necessary for life to emerge and evolve on Earth for, without it, the atmosphere would have also been stripped from the Earth long before the present epoch. Another theory, however, suggests Mars did once experience its own iron catastrophe and was once shielded by a magnetosphere. By this theory Mars has simply cooled faster than the Earth and has solidified its spinning iron center into sync with its continental crust, gradually shutting down its magnetosphere ... more details
Other uses Toba disambiguation The Toba are an ethnic group in Argentina , Bolivia and Paraguay . They are part of a larger group of indigenous inhabitants of the Gran Chaco region, called the Guaycuru es . As of 2005, there are 47,951 Toba in Argentina, living in the provinces of Chaco Province Chaco , Formosa Province Formosa and Santa Fe Province Santa Fe . The Toba name themselves Qom lik , meaning simply people . The name toba is of Guaran language Guaran origin and means big forehead , which is also the name given to them by first Spanish settlers frentones . This is because the Toba cut ... in the north of Argentina and part of Paraguay was formerly covered with forests. The Toba were ... began a campaign to occupy new territories, defeating the last organized attempts by the Toba ... production, employing the Toba as a cheap seasonal workforce the conditions did not change substantially ... many Toba without jobs. The provincial government of Chaco resorted to pay a one way ticket to the Toba willing to human migration migrate south, into Santa Fe. The majority of the Toba migrants settled in Rosario , which is a large city in the south of Santa Fe and had seen a previous wave of Toba ... more available in an urban setting than in Chaco. An estimated 10,000 Toba came to Rosario in the 1990s ... right A peace pole in Toba. Language The Toba Qom language Toba language is a member of the Guaicuruan ... on Earth written in the Toba language and in Guaran language Guaran , as well as Spanish language ... the Toba immigrants from Chaco formed the largest community in the 1990s, and the other is located ... story.html United Nations page about the Toba language http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi programmes from our own correspondent 7014197.stm BBC Report 27 09 07 CathEncy wstitle Toba Indians Sources http ... Guaicuruan languages gn T va de Toba Volk es Toba fr Toba Argentine, peuple hr Toba it Toba etnia lt Tobai qu Qumlik stq Toba Foulk sk Tobovia ... more details
Infobox settlement official name La Toba, Spain nickname image flag image seal image map map caption subdivision type List of countries Country subdivision name Spain subdivision type1 Autonomous communities of Spain Autonomous community subdivision name1 Castile La Mancha subdivision type2 Provinces of Spain Province subdivision name2 Guadalajara province Guadalajara subdivision type3 List of municipalities in Guadalajara Municipality subdivision name3 La Toba leader title leader name area magnitude area total km2 36 area land km2 area water km2 elevation m population as of 2004 population note population total 114 population density km2 3.2 timezone Central European Time CET utc offset 1 timezone DST Central European Summer Time CEST utc offset DST 2 latitude longitude website footnotes La Toba is a municipality located in the Guadalajara province province of Guadalajara , Castile La Mancha , Spain . According to the 2004 census Instituto Nacional de Estad stica Spain INE , the municipality has a population of 114 inhabitants. Municipalities in Guadalajara Coord 41 00 15 N 2 58 55 W source cawiki region ES type city display title Category Municipalities in the Province of Guadalajara Category Populated places in the Province of Guadalajara CastileLaMancha geo stub an La Toba ca La Toba es La Toba Guadalajara eu La Toba ia La Toba it La Toba nl La Toba pt La Toba ru uk vi La Toba war La Toba ... more details
Image blackbody lg.png thumb 303px The Ultraviolet catastrophe is the error at short wavelengths in the Rayleigh Jeans law depicted as classical theory in the graph for the energy emitted by an ideal black body. The error, much more pronounced for short wavelengths, is the difference between the black curve the wrong curve predicted by the Rayleigh Jeans law and the blue curve the correct curve predicted by Planck s law . The ultraviolet catastrophe , also called the Rayleigh Jeans catastrophe , was a prediction of late 19th century early 20th century classical physics that an ideal black body at thermodynamic equilibrium thermal equilibrium will emit radiation with infinite power. The term ultraviolet catastrophe was first used in 1911 by Paul Ehrenfest , although the concept goes back to 1900 with the first derivation of the math lambda 4 math dependence of the Rayleigh Jeans law the word ultraviolet refers to the fact that the problem appears in the short wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum . Since the first appearance of the term, it has also been used for other predictions of a similar nature, as in quantum electrodynamics and such cases as ultraviolet divergence . Problem The ultraviolet catastrophe results from the equipartition theorem of classical statistical mechanics which states that all harmonic oscillator modes degrees of freedom of a system at equilibrium have an average energy of math kT math . An example, from Mason s A History of the Sciences , ref ... textbooks, present an incorrect version of the history of the ultraviolet catastrophe. In this version, the catastrophe was first noticed by Planck, who developed his formula in response. In fact ... title Black Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity 1894 1912 publisher Clarendon Press, Oxford year ... 16433 X pages 624&ndash 626 DEFAULTSORT Ultraviolet Catastrophe Category Foundational quantum physics ... es Cat strofe ultravioleta fr Catastrophe ultraviolette id Bencana ultraungu it Catastrofe ... more details
The Ultraviolet Catastrophe is a Space Tribe album published in 1998 by Spiritzone . Style Psychedelic Trance Goa Trance Release date 20 January 1998 Album listing All You Need Is Spirit And Nothing Live What U Love The Ultraviolet Catastrophe Know Your Dopefiend The Journey Is The Goal Nuclear Fission Chips The Source Energy External links http www.amazon.com exec obidos tg detail B000003SZ9 free demos wmv or real DEFAULTSORT Ultraviolet Catastrophe, The Category 1998 albums Category Space Tribe albums ... more details
Image JRC sangu line Toba station.jpg thumb Toba Station Nihongo Toba Station Toba eki is a train station in Toba, Mie Toba , Mie Prefecture , Japan . Lines File Toba Station No.0 Platform.jpg thumb No.0 Platform JR Central Sang Line No.0 to No.2 Kintetsu No.3 to No.6 Kintetsu Toba Line Toba Line Kintetsu Shima Line Shima Line Layout There is a platforms with 3 tracks for the JR Central Sangu Line, and 2 platforms with 4 tracks for the Kintetsu Line. Ja rail line first 2 pfn 0 name Sangu Line idx JR Central Sangu Line dir local trains for Ja stalink Iseshi , Ja stalink Taki , Ja stalink Matsusaka , Ja stalink Tsu and Ja stalink Kameyama Kameyama Mie col orange Ja rail line pfn 1 name Sangu Line idx JR Central Sangu Line dir rapid trains Mie for Ja stalink Iseshi , Ja stalink Taki , Ja stalink Matsusaka , Ja stalink Tsu and Ja stalink Nagoya col orange Ja rail line pfn 2 name Sangu Line idx JR Central Sangu Line dir rapid trains Mie for Iseshi, Taki, Matsusaka, Tsu and Nagoya 2 trains per day col orange Ja rail line pfn 3 name Kintetsu Toba Line idx mainly used for the Kintetsu Toba Line dir mainly used for trains starting from Toba for Ja stalink Kintetsu Nagoya Nagoya , Ja stalink ... Toba Line idx mainly used for the Kintetsu Toba Line dir for Ja stalink Kintetsu Nagoya Nagoya , Ja ... Matsushita col orange J route route Kintetsu Toba Shima Line col c03 f w J rserv service Local ... 2008 Surrounding area Mikimoto Pearl Island Toba Aquarium Toba Port and ferries to outlying islands Toba International Hotel External links Commons category Toba Station Ja icon http railway.jr central.co.jp station guide tokai toba index.html JR Central Toba Station Ja icon http www.kintetsu.co.jp station station info station19009.html Kintetsu Toba Station en icon http www.kintetsu.co.jp foreign english useful about stations 3 4 toba.html Kintetsu Layout of Toba Station Sang Line Kintetsu Yamada Line Toba Line Shima Line Coord 34.486467 136.8427849 type landmark display title Category Stations ... more details
A Malthusian catastrophe also phrased Malthusian check , Malthusian correction , Malthusian crisis , Malthusian disaster , Malthusian fallacy , Malthusian nightmare , or Malthusian theory of population ... of political economist Thomas Malthus 1766 1834 , theories of Malthusian catastrophe are very ... not subscribe to the notion that mankind was fated for a catastrophe due to population ecological overshoot .... Malthus, 1798, Chapter IV. Neo Malthusian theory This section is linked from Demographic transition Main World population Main Overpopulation Neo Malthusianism Neo Malthusian theory argues that unless ... in their beliefs and practices than others. According to neo Malthusian theory, these pro fertility ... Malthusian catastrophe. However, populations of most developed countries grew slowly enough to be outpaced ... than tripled during the same 40 years. The Malthusian catastrophe appears to have been averted in Spain, although the Neo Malthusian theory argues that the situation is only temporary on the other ... There is evidence that a catastrophe is underway as of at least the 1990s for example, by the year ..., New York 2006 ISBN 0 312 42581 3 ref These data suggest that, by the standard of misery, the catastrophe ... to 2300, indicating the potential for a Malthusian catastrophe. ref name UN The actual growth curve ... a Malthusian catastrophe over longer periods, the prosperity of a small fraction of the human ... low population growth rate, the Malthusian catastrophe can be avoided by either a shift in consumer ... catastrophe is not imminent. A 2002 study ref http www.fao.org english newsroom news 2002 7828 ... by M. King Hubbert in 1956. Another way of applying the Malthusian theory is to substitute other ... jump. Most of the criteria for applying the theory are still satisfied. Since energy consumption ..., the catastrophe appears more imminent, though perhaps not as certain, than when considering food and population ... . Julian Lincoln Simon Julian Simon was one of many economists who challenged the Malthusian catastrophe ... more details
Japanese name Toba Image Chouju sumou.jpg thumb right 200px Animals sumo wrestling on the first scroll of Ch j giga Image Bakemono Tobyo.jpg thumb right 200px Creature taken from Bakemono Dukushi Nihongo Toba S j 1053 1140 , also known as Nihongo Kakuy , was a Japan ese astronomer , an artist monk , and the son of Minamoto no Takakuni . Although he is frequently credited as the artist of the famous picture scroll Ch j giga , there is no conclusive proof of this claim. References K jien , 6th edition. Persondata NAME Toba S j ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1053 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1140 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Toba, Sojo Category 1053 births Category 1140 deaths Japan bio stub es Toba no S j ja ... more details
refimprove date December 2009 In drama , particularly the tragedies of classical antiquity , the catastrophe is the final resolution in a poem or narrative plot, which unravels the intrigue and brings the piece to a close. In comedies, this may be a marriage between main character s in tragedies, it may be the death of one or more main characters. It is the final part of a play, following the protasis , epitasis , and catastasis . The catastrophe is either simple or complex, for which also the fable and action are denominated. In a simple catastrophe, there is no change in the state of the main characters, nor any discovery or unravelling the plot being only a mere passage out of agitation, to quiet and repose. This catastrophe is rather accommodated to the nature of the Epic poetry epic poem, than of the tragedy. ref name cyclo 1728 ref In a complex catastrophe, the main character undergoes a change of fortune, sometimes by means of a discovery, and sometimes without. The qualifications of this change are that it be probable and necessary in order to be probable, it must be the natural result or effect of the foregoing actions, i.e. it must spring from the subject itself, or take its rise from the incidents, and not be introduced merely to serve a turn. ref name cyclo The discovery in a complex catastrophe must have the same qualifications as the catastrophe itself, of which it is a principal ... . ref name cyclo Among critics, it has long been debated whether the catastrophe should always end ... punished, in the catastrophe. Aristotle , for example, preferred a shocking catastrophe, rather ... critic, divides the catastrophe, at least with regards to epics, into the unravelling, or denouement ..., John Ronald Reuel Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien distinguished between what he called the catastrophe and the eucatastrophe . The eucatastrophe is a classical catastrophe with an unexpected positive outcome ... catastrophe to signify disaster which gave the term negative connotations in everyday usage . See also ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2008 The Catastrophe of Success is an essay by Tennessee Williams about art and the artist s role in society. It is often included in paper editions of The Glass Menagerie . A version of this essay first appeared in the New York Times , November 30, 1947, four days before the opening of A Streetcar Named Desire play A Streetcar Named Desire previously titled The Poker Night . Another version of this essay, titled A Streetcar Named Success is sometimes used as an introduction to A Streetcar Named Desire . External links cite web date 2009 09 10 title The Catastrophe of Success by Tennessee Williams work TrueGoodBeautiful.com url http truegoodbeautiful.com uncategorized the catastrophe of success by tennessee williams accessdate 2011 06 21 DEFAULTSORT Catastrophe of Success Category Essays by Tennessee Williams Category Works originally published in The New York Times Category 1947 essays Tennessee Williams essay stub ... more details
99 21 13374 Error catastrophe and antiviral strategy http www.i sis.org.uk meltdown.php Applications of error catastrophe to the persistence of GM crops http longevity science.org orgel.html The Orgel s Error CatastropheTheory of Aging and Longevity http jvi.asm.org cgi content full 80 1 20 Examining the theory of error catastrophe DEFAULTSORT Error Catastrophe Category Pathology Category Population ...Error catastrophe is a term used to describe the extinction of an organism often in the context of microorganism s such as viruses as a result of excessive RNA mutations. The term specifically refers to the predictions of mathematical models similar to that described below, and not to an observed phenomenon. Like every organism, viruses make mistakes or mutate during replication. The resulting mutations increase biodiversity among the population and help subvert the ability of a host s immune system to recognise it in a subsequent infection. The more mutations mistakes the virus makes during replication, the more likely it is to avoid recognition by the immune system and the more diverse its population will be see the article on biodiversity for an explanation of the selective advantages of this . However if it makes too many mutations it may lose some of its biological features which have evolved to its advantage, including its ability to reproduce at all. The question arises how many mutations can be made during each replication before the population of viruses begins to lose self identity? Basic mathematical model Consider a virus which has a genetic identity modeled by a string of ones and zeros eg 11010001011101.... . Suppose that the string has fixed length L and that during replication the virus copies each digit one by one, making a mistake with probability q independently ... of the theory Some viruses such as polio or hepatitis C operate very close to the critical mutation ... catastrophe threshold is breached and the viral population collapses. In this regard, in vitro studies ... more details
Infobox zoo zoo name Toba Aquarium image Toba Aquarium front view 2010.jpg image caption Toba Aquarium Front Entrance location Toba, Mie Toba , Mie Prefecture Mie , Japan date opened May 1955 num animals 20,000 num species 850 num habitats members Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums JAZA website http www.aquarium.co.jp english index.html Nihongo Toba Aquarium Toba suizokukan is a public aquarium , which is located in Toba, Mie , Japan . The aquarium houses 12 zones which reproduce various natural environment s, housing 850 species , and 20,000 animal s. The guests are free to tour the aquarium s grounds in any manner they please, as there is no fixed route. The total length of the aisle is about 1.5 kilometers. History Toba Aquarium opened May 1955 and is 26th oldest public aquarium. It was founded by Haruaki Nakamura , now he is the honorary president. It has received more than 50 million visitors, making it one of the most visited locations in Japan. The aquarium hosts scholarly investigations as an adult education institution in conjunction with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology officially specifying the Toba Aquarium as a museum . Toba Aquarium also emphasizes protection and breeding of rare marine creatures which are in danger of extinction. For example, a birth of Finless Porpoise , a birth of the second generation Sea otter for the first time in Japan, and the record of Dugong s breeding is notable. Facilities file Trichechus senegalensis.jpg thumb Manatee .... Others In NHK s music program Minna no Uta , Toba Aquarium s Sea otters make an appearance. Access ... Toba Station , because Nakanogo Station does not stop Limited Express. Ferry Near by Ise wan Ferry Toba Port. Car Pay as you stay type parking Aqua parking is next to Toba Aquarium. 400 cars can park there. External links http www.aquarium.co.jp Toba Aquarium Japanese, English, Chinese, Korean ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Catastrophe Ballet Type Album Artist Christian Death Cover Christian Death Catastrophe Ballet.jpg Released 1984 Recorded 1983 1984 Genre Deathrock br Gothic rock br New Romantic Length Eric Westfall & Valor Label Contempo Records Reviews Last album Only Theatre of Pain br 1982 This album Catastrophe Ballet br 1984 Next album Ashes br 1985 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic Allmusic class album id r3950 pure url yes link rev1Score rating 4 5 rev2 rev2Score Catastrophe Ballet is Christian Death s second studio album . This is the first album that featured Valor Kand . Besides Rozz, the lineup was completely different from Only Theatre of Pain . In addition, Rozz said that he got the idea for the bizarre looking album cover from a Psilocybin shroom experience . History Catastrophe Ballet featured a change in Williams vocal delivery. While Only Theatre of Pain and the Deathwish EP had Williams presenting a rhythmic spoken word style with an almost androgynous pitch to his voice, Catastrophe Ballet showed a richer, less harsh side to his vocal stylings, with more influence from David Bowie and Lou Reed . Rather than the occult oriented lyrics from the first album, the singer showed a new found interest in Surrealism and the Dada movement. Kand, Demone and Glass shared these interests, and the synergy between them helped cultivate the musical change from the old band s murky, dark punk rock punk to a more elegant, romantic strain of guitar driven rock, though a tribalistic drumming was also added into the mix. Track listing Arranged By Valor ... was re released in 1987 as A Catastrophe Ballet With Rhapsody of Youth and Rain with three bonus ... Recorded & Engineered By Eric Westfall External links http www.discogs.com Christian Death Catastrophe Ballet release 377276 Catastrophe Ballet at discogs Category 1984 albums Category Christian Death albums Category Season of Mist albums 1980s rock album stub it Catastrophe Ballet ... more details
Mitotic catastrophe is an event in which a cell is destroyed during mitosis . This is believed by some to occur as a result of an attempt at aberrant chromosome segregation early in mitosis, or as a result of DNA damage later. The term mitotic catastrophe is used to explain a mechanism of a delayed mitotic linked cell death, a sequence of events that results from premature or inappropriate entry of cells into mitosis that can be caused by chemical or physical stresses. It can be triggered with agents influencing the stability of microtubule, various anticancer drugs and mitotic failure caused by defective cell cycle checkpoints. Mitotic catastrophe is the main form of cell death induced by ionizing radiation Cells which fail to go through a mitotic catastrophe after a mitotic failure are likely to create aneuploidy aneuploid cells when they later reproduce, posing a risk of oncogenesis , potentially leading to cancer. External links cite journal author Castedo M, Perfettini JL, Roumier T, Andreau K, Medema R, Kroemer G. date 12 April 2004 title Cell death by mitotic catastrophe a molecular definition journal Oncogene journal Oncogene volume 23 issue 16 pages 2825 2837 issn 0950 9232 doi 10.1038 sj.onc.1207528 pmid 15077146 url http www.nature.com onc journal v23 n16 abs 1207528a.html Vakifahmetoglu H, Olsson M, Zhivotovsky B. Death through a tragedy mitotic catastrophe. Cell Death Differ 2008 15 1153 1162. url http www.apo sys.eu aposys Publications Publications2008 pdf Vakifahmetoglu tragedy.pdf Category Apoptosis Category Cell cycle Category Mitosis Category Programmed cell death ... more details
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