selfref For topics covered in Wikipedia, see Portal Contents Lists of topics Wiktionary topic topicality Topic or Topicality may refer to Topic linguistics , what is being talked about Topic chocolate bar , a brand of confectionery bar Topics Aristotle Topics Aristotle , a work by Aristotle Topical , a medication applied to body surfaces Topical song , a type of song that serves to comment on politics or society Topicality policy debate , a stock issue in policy debate Topic Records , a British record label Topic The Washington & Jefferson College Review , an academic journal People with the name Dado Topi , Croatian rock musician See also Subject disambiguation On topic Topical stamp collecting , the collecting of postage stamps relating to a particular subject or concept Topic Maps , a standard for the representation and interchange of knowledge disambig bar Topik de Topik fr Topique nl Topic pt Topic ru ... more details
dablink On topic redirects here. no footnotes date April 2010 In the context of mailing list s, discussion groups , internet forum discussion forums , bulletin board s, newsgroup s, and wiki s a contribution is off topic if it is not within the bounds of the current discussion, and on topic if it is. Even on very specialized forums and lists off topic posting is not necessarily frowned upon, ref http historymedren.about.com library weekly aa072399n.htm Members of more informal lists may be excited to learn you ve had a baby or landed a new job. Others may find such posts annoying and may even flame you. , Medieval Mailing Lists ref but a common netiquette convention is to mark a new off topic posting or email by beginning it with OT ref http tolkien.slimy.com faq Netiquette.html It is appreciated if articles that have absolutely nothing to do with Tolkien have subject lines beginning with OT Off Topic . . The Tolkien Newsgroups FAQ ref for example in a forum discussing the Linux operating system someone might post OT Wow, did you feel that earthquake? . Posting off topic messages to deliberately aggravate other members is a form of Internet trolls trolling . See also Netiquette References reflist http www.newsreaders.com guide netiquette.html http www.livinginternet.com i ia nq send.htm DEFAULTSORT Off Topic Category Internet forum terminology web stub cs Off Topic de Off Topic es Off topic it Off topic hu Offtopic nl Off topic pl Off topic pt Off topic ru sk Off topic uk ... more details
The News Topic formerly the Lenoir News Topic , which was a consolidation of the earlier Lenoir News and Lenoir Topic is a newspaper published in Lenoir, North Carolina and serving all of Caldwell County, North Carolina . It is owned by the Paxton Media Group , who purchased it from The New York Times Company in 1995. Nathan Key serves as Executive Editor. External links http www.newstopic.net NewsTopic.net NorthCarolina newspaper stub News Topic Category Newspapers published in North Carolina Category Caldwell County, North Carolina ... more details
Topic Maps is a standard for the representation and interchange of knowledge, with an emphasis on the findability of information. Topic maps were originally developed in the late 1990s as a way to represent ... thumb A topic map represents information using topics , representing any concept, from people, countries ... to a particular topic . Topic Maps are similar to concept map s and mind map s in many respects, though only Topic Maps are standardized. Topic Maps are a form of semantic web technology, and some ... standards and the International Organization for Standardization ISO s family of Topic Maps standards. The semantic expressive power expressivity of Topic Maps is, in many ways, equivalent to that of Resource Description Framework RDF , but the major differences are that Topic Maps i provide a higher ..., where the types must be defined by the one or more creators of the topic map s . The definitions of allowed types is known as the Ontology computer science ontology of the topic map. Topic Maps explicitly support the concept of merging of identity between multiple topics or topic maps. Furthermore, because ontologies are topic maps themselves, they can also be merged thus allowing for the automated integration of information from diverse sources into a coherent new topic map. Features such as subject ... to organise the various names given to a particular topic by different sources. Notation Image TopicMaps2Go.png thumb alt Topic Map Martian Notation summary Topic Maps Martian Notation example There are different ways of notating Topic Maps graphically, in addition to http www.isotopicmaps.org gtm GTM , listed below. One recently developed example is Topic Maps Martian Notation . TMMN its acronym is a simple graphical notation used to explain the Topic Maps data model, and map out both ontologies and representative instance data. ref http www.musicdna.info TMMN Topic Maps Martian Notation tutorial ... and basic elements of the Topic Maps model, namely Topics, Names, Associations & Roles , Scope, and Occurrences ... more details
Copy to Wiktionary A discourse topic , often referred to simply as topic, is defined as the central participant or idea of a stretch of connected discourse or dialogue roughly speaking, what the discourse is about. The notion is often confused with the related notion of sentence level Topic comment topic theme , which is frequently defined as what the sentence is about. ref Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York Harcourt, Brace. ref Discourse topics have been of considerable interest to linguists because of the relations between the topic of a discourse and various aspects of the grammatical structure of the sentence, including but not limited to strategies for referent tracking including the use of Grammatical voice voice , ref Giv n, Talmy Ed. 1994 , Voice and Inversion . Amsterdam John Benjamins. ref Inversion linguistics inversion , ref Z iga, Fernando 2006 Deixis and Alignment. Inverse systems in indigenous languages of the Americas. Amsterdam John Benjamins. ref switch reference markers, and Obviative obviation , topic chaining, and pronominalization. References Reflist Category Discourse analysis ... more details
dablink This article is about the sentence level category topic for the discourse level category see Discourse topictopic is also commonly referred to as theme for theme in generative grammar, see theta ... In linguistics , the topic or theme of a sentence is often defined as what is being talked ... constitutes a topic is controversial and depends on which particular grammatical theory is being employed. The difference between topic and Subject grammar grammatical subject is that topic is used ... to have sentences where the subject is not the topic, for example often the case in passive sentences. In some languages word order and other Syntax syntactic phenomena is determined largely by the Topic comment topic comment structure , rather than by the grammatical structure of the sentence, these languages are sometimes referred to as topic prominent language topic prominent languages , Chinese ... by Henri Weil in 1844. Georg von der Gabelentz distinguished psychological subject roughly topic and psychological object roughly focus . In the Prague school , the dichotomy, termed topic focus ... grammar Functional Grammar . Note that in some categorizations, topic refers only to the contrastive theme and comment to the noncontrastive theme rheme. Definitions The term topic can be defined in a number ... as the topic. For example, the topic is emphasized in italics in the following sentences 1 The dog kicked ... the little girl . In English it is also possible to use other sentence structures to show the topic ... must be made between the clause level topic and the discourse level topic . Suppose we are talking about ... level topic is established in the first sentence it is Mike s house . In the following sentence, a new local topic is established on the sentence level he Mike . But the discourse level topic is still Mike s house, which is why the last comment does not seem out of place. Realization of topic ... common means. The tendency to place topicalized constituents sentence initially topic fronting ... more details
A topic marker is a grammatical particle found in the Japanese language Japanese , Korean language Korean , and, to a limited extent, Classic Chinese languages used to mark the Topic linguistics topic of a sentence. This often overlaps with the Subject grammar subject of the sentence, causing confusion with learners, as most other languages lack it. However, it differs from a subject in that it puts more emphasis on the item and can be used with words in other roles as well. Japanese This section is linked from Japanese grammar The topic marker is one of the many Japanese particles . It is written with the hiragana Japanese grammar Topic.2C theme.2C and subject .E3.81.AF wa and .E3.81.8C ga , which is normally pronounced ha , but when used as a particle is pronounced wa . It is placed after whatever is to be marked as the topic. If what is to be the topic would have had ga , the subject marker, or w o , the direct object marker, as its particle, those are replaced by . Other particles ..., and it is marked as the topic. Notice how the that would normally be there to mark it as the subject has been replaced by . The topic normally goes at the beginning of the clause. class wikitable kuruma wa atarashii desu . car topic marker new is. colspan 4 align center The car is new ... as the topic for emphasis. class wikitable ima wa kuruma ga atarashii desu . now topic ..., wikt neun and wikt eun function similarly to the Japanese topic marker. neun is used after ... only when an author wants to emphasize the topic otherwise Zhe is usually omitted. This is different from Japanese, in which the topic marker is generally required. Example Chensheng zhe, yangcheng ... Chensheng name of a 3rd century B.C. rebel. Zhe Topic marker. Yangcheng name of a town. Ren person ... structure than to modern Chinese, where topic markers have been completely lost and are not used anywhere. See also Topic prominent language Topic linguistics Japanese grammar Japanese grammar Thematic ... more details
In machine learning and natural language processing , a topic model is a type of statistical model for discovering the abstract topics that occur in a collection of documents. An early topic model was described ... LDA , perhaps the most common topic model currently in use, is a generalization of PLSI developed ... first4 John ref Other topic models are generally extensions on LDA, such as Pachinko allocation ... which constitute topics. Although topic models were first described and implemented in the context ... studies Templeton s survey of work of topic modeling in the humanities grouped previous work into synchronic ..., Jockers used topic modelling to classify 177 bloggers writing on the 2010 Day of Digital ... use topic modeling on abstract from the journal PNAS to identify topics that rose or fell in popularity ... Revolutionary War . Yang, Torget and Mihalcea applied topic modeling methods to newspapers from 1829 2008. Blevins has been topic modeling Martha Ballard Martha Ballard s diary to identify thematic trends across the 27 year diary. Mimno used topic modelling with 24 journals on classical philology ... last1 Blei first1 David M. title Introduction to Probabilistic Topic Models journal Communications ... an algorithm based upon Nonnegative Matrix Factorization NMF . This last algorithm assumes that the topic ... generalizes to topic models that allow correlations among topics. ref Cite conference author Sanjeev Arora and Rong Ge and Ankur Moitra title Learning Topic Models Going beyond SVD. url http arxiv.org ... mimno topics.html Topic modeling bibliography maintained by David Mimno http mith.umd.edu topic modeling in the humanities an overview Topic Modeling in the Humanities An Overview by Clay Templeton ... Topic Models Applied to Online News and Reviews Video of a Google Tech Talk presentation by Alice Oh on topic modeling with Latent Dirichlet allocation LDA http www.youtube.com watch?v 8nBE5Qm8y6I Modeling Science Dynamic Topic Models of Scholarly Research Video of a Google Tech Talk presentation ... more details
for the eponymous Le Tigre song Hot Topic song Infobox company company name Hot Topic, Inc. company logo Image HotTopicLogoNew.gif 200px Hot Topic Logo company type Public company Public traded as nasdaq ... Topic, Inc. Reports 1st Quarter Financial Results ref key people Lisa Harper, CEO 2011 present Betsy ... wikinvest stock Hot Topic HOTT Data Income Statement Hot Topic HOTT annual SEC income ... wikinvest stock Hot Topic HOTT Data Balance Sheet Hot Topic HOTT annual SEC balance sheet filing ... Topic is an American retailing retail chain specializing in music and pop culture related clothing ... in regional shopping mall s. ref name 2007AR cite web title Hot Topic Annual Report 2007 publisher Hot Topic, Inc. url http media.corporate ir.net media files irol 12 120007 2007 annual report 2.pdf format pdf accessdate 2008 12 09 date 2008 04 28 ref The first Hot Topic store was opened in 1988 ... and began trading on NASDAQ in 1996. In 2006, Hot Topic was placed 53rd on Fortune 500 s Top Companies ... assortment and sales File Hot Topic, Universal CityWalk Hollywood.JPG thumb Hot Topic at Universal CityWalk in Hollywood, California . Approximately 30 of Hot Topic s revenue comes from sales of licensed band t shirts. ref name 2007AR Hot Topic often negotiates exclusive licensing arrangements with musical ... Alice in Wonderland , and Domo merchandise. Torrid division Main Torrid In 2001, Hot Topic launched ... In 2008, Hot Topic launched ShockHound , an online retailer and social networking music site. The site features music downloads , interviews and exclusive content. Hot Topic s original website, hottopic.com ... Topic made a public statement citing the shutdown of ShockHound. The site is no longer live, all merchandise ... event.php?evt 53 ref Hot Topic Foundation The Hot Topic Foundation was formed at the California ... the U.S. ref cite web title California Community Foundation Hot Topic Foundation url http www.calfund.org ... 2008 12 09 date 2008 02 29 ref ref name Charities cite web title Hot Topic Foundation Charities ... more details
Use dmy dates date June 2011 Infobox newspaper name Westmeath Topic image File Topic.png 240px caption The 16 June 2011 front page alt type Weekly newspaper format Compact newspaper Tabloid small Wednesday small br price Euro 2.00 small Wednesday small br foundation 1971 owners Topic Newspapers Ltd. headquarters 6 Dominic St., Mullingar, Westmeath , Ireland website http www.topic.ie www.topic.ie circulation c. 10,000 The Westmeath Topic is a weekly newspaper founded in Mullingar , Ireland in 1971. What began as a small A4 size magazine under the name TOPIC , the newspaper has gone from strength to strength, becoming one of the largest circulating newspapers in the Irish midlands. Along with less than a dozen newspapers on the island of Ireland, it is still printed, published and owned locally. Of the fifty plus newspapers in the province of Leinster , it is the only one which is locally printed, published and owned. External links Reflist http www.topic.ie topic.ie Category Newspapers published in the Republic of Ireland Category Media in County Westmeath Category Mullingar ... more details
Rquote right By the grammar of a language is meant either the relations born by the words of a sentence and by sentences themselves one to another, or the systematized exposition of these. Topic sentence of the Grammar article Encyclop dia Britannica 1911 Edition The topic sentence is a primarily prescriptive grammar grammatical term to describe the sentence in an expository paragraph which summarizes the main idea of that paragraph. ref http owl.english.purdue.edu owl resource 606 01 ref ref http www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca hypergrammar partopic.html ref It is usually the first sentence in a paragraph. The topic sentence acts as a kind of summary , and offers the reader an insightful view of the writer s main ideas for the following paragraph. ref http www.bartleby.com 141 strunk5.html ref More than just being a mere summary, however, a topic sentence often provides a claim or an insight directly or indirectly related to the Thesis statement thesis . It adds cohesion to a paper and helps organize ideas both within the paragraph and the whole body of work at large. ref http www.indiana.edu wts pamphlets paragraphs.shtml ref ref http www.brighthub.com education k 12 articles 15419.aspx ref ref http www.ccc.commnet.edu sensen part3 sixteen techniques topic.html ref Its use is considered standard in the American educational system and most venues of writing mainly because it increases reading accessibility. A topic sentence also known as a focus sentence encapsulates or organizes an entire paragraph. Although topic sentences may appear anywhere in a paragraph, in academic essays they often appear at the beginning. ref http www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca hypergrammar partopic.html ref See also Thesis statement Lead paragraph Paragraph References Reflist Refimprove date June 2010 Category Syntactic entities Lit stub Ling stub ... more details
1960s Topic Records separated from the Workers Music Association, but those involved still had ... the arrival of managing director Tony Engle, Topic released a series of albums by ground breaking ... like Eliza Carthy , Topic managed to gain both commercial and critical success. In the inaugural ... for Topic included Peggy Seeger , The Watersons , Shirley Collins , June Tabor and John Tams . ref name Broken2003 The breadth of the Topic catalogue was evident in the release of The Voice of the People ... www.mustrad.org.uk discos discog.htm Topic Records Discography Category Folk record labels Category British independent record labels Category Record labels established in 1939 nl Topic Records ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Table topics are topics on various subjects that are discussed by a group of people around a table . As practiced by Toastmasters International , the topics to be talked about are written on pieces of paper which are placed in a box in the middle of a table. The participants pick up one paper each and start talking about the topic written on the paper. Speech given by the persons are extempore or adlib . There is no preparation beforehand and participants are called upon to speak on their feet. Usually topics relating to politics, sex and religion are excluded. The purpose is to develop the speaking skills and thinking processes of a person. Many personality or public speaking clubs like the Toastmasters have a separate session in their meetings known as a table topic session. Citation needed date September 2009 There s no documentation that anyone but the toastmasters do it Time allotted to a person is two minutes. There will be a table topic master for each meeting, who will prepare questions beforehand and ask the participants questions one by one for which they are called upon to answer. Thus table topics play a vital role in the personality development. See also http www.tabletoptips.com Table Topics Templates Category Public speaking ... more details
In Search Of... may refer to In Search of... TV series In Search of... TV series , an American documentary television series. In Search of... N.E.R.D album In Search of... N.E.R.D album , a 2001 album by the band N.E.R.D. In Search Of... Fu Manchu album In Search Of... Fu Manchu album , a 1996 album by the band Fu Manchu. In Search Of film In Search Of film , a 2008 drama film See also Lookfrom In Search of disambiguation it In Search Of... more details
Other uses Infobox film name The Search image The Search poster.jpg caption director Fred Zinnemann producer Lazar Wechsler writer Richard Schweizer also story br David Wechsler also story br Paul Jarrico br Montgomery Clift br Betty Smith starring Montgomery Clift br Aline MacMahon br Jarmila Novotn br Wendell Corey br Ivan Jandl music Robert Blum cinematography Emil Berna editing Hermann Haller distributor Metro Goldwyn Mayer released Film date 1948 3 23 runtime 105 minutes country Cinema of the United States United States br Cinema of Switzerland Switzerland br language English budget gross The Search is a 1948 Swiss American film directed by Fred Zinnemann which tells the story of a young Auschwitz survivor and his mother who search for each other across post World War II Europe. It stars Montgomery Clift , Ivan Jandl , Jarmila Novotn and Aline MacMahon . One oft cited feature of this film is that many of the scenes were shot amidst the actual ruins of post war German cities, namely Ingolstadt , Nuremberg , and W rzburg . ref cite web url http www.imdb.com title tt0040765 locations title Filming locations for The Search 1948 publisher www.imdb.com ref Plot Trains bring homeless children Displaced Persons or DPs , who are taken by Mrs. Murray Aline MacMahon and other United Nations ... a while though, she resigns to resume her nearly hopeless search for Karel. That same day, Steve takes ... Special Juvenile Academy Awards Academy Award for the outstanding juvenile performance of 1948 in The Search ...&oref slogin title The Search publisher The New York Times movies.nytimes.com ... links Commons category The Search film The Search tcmdb title 938 IMDb title 0040765 Allmovie title 43357 Fred Zinnemann Films DEFAULTSORT Search Category 1948 films Category American films Category ... by Fred Zinnemann Category Films set in Germany ca The Search de Die Gezeichneten 1948 fr Les Anges marqu s it Odissea tragica nl The Search film ja pl Poszukiwania sk The Search ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name In Search of The Type box Artist Buckethead Cover Insearchofthe910.JPG Released February 21, 2007 Recorded 2006 2007 Citation needed date April 2009 Genre Experimental rock , hard rock , avant garde metal , funk metal , jazz fusion Length I 44 19 br N 44 49 br S 43 27 br E 42 30 br A 42 27 br R 45 00 br C 41 13 br H 41 37 br O 42 39 br F 42 31 br T 42 29 br H 49 44 br E 45 01 br Total 9 27 37 Label TDRS Music Producer Buckethead Citation needed date April 2009 Reviews Last album Crime Slunk Scene br 2006 This album In Search of The br 2007 Next album Pepper s Ghost Buckethead album Pepper s Ghost br 2007 NOTOC In Search of The is a set of thirteen albums by Buckethead , released on February 21, 2007. Each was initially personally numbered and monogrammed by Buckethead himself. No two sets were the same, as the covers were hand drawn and unique from one another. It is considered a special release, making it the first of Buckethead s albums to be referred to as such. According to Travis Dickerson ref cite web url http www.tdrsmusic.com cgi bin yabb YaBB.cgi?board TDRS action display num 1171410339 start 15 title Travis Dickerson Recording Studios Forum Index publisher Tdrsmusic.com date accessdate 2011 11 11 ref ref cite web url http www.nme.com news guns n roses 26570 title Guns N Roses man to release 13 new albums & 124 News publisher Nme.Com date 2007 02 20 accessdate 2011 11 11 ref cquote ...this is not a regular CD. It s hand made, hand burned. The cover is whatever is deemed to be written on it. This is not a manufactured ... E which is one unbroken 45 minute track. Buckethead drew the covers on each set of In Search of The until ... title In Search Of The publisher Travisdickersonmusic.com date accessdate 2011 11 11 ... kit drums , piano , beatbox References reflist Buckethead DEFAULTSORT In Search Of The Category Buckethead albums Category Box set albums Category 2007 compilation albums es In Search of The sv In Search ... more details
Topic Sensitive PageRank commonly referred to as TSPR is a context sensitive ranking algorithm for web search developed by Taher Haveliwala while at Stanford University, ref cite journal last Haveliwala first Taher title Topic Sensitive PageRank journal Proceedings of the Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference location Honolulu, Hawaii year 2002 url http infolab.stanford.edu taherh papers topic sensitive pagerank.pdf ref ref cite journal last Haveliwala first Taher title Topic Sensitive PageRank A Context Sensitive Ranking Algorithm for Web Search journal IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering date 2003 url http infolab.stanford.edu taherh papers topic sensitive pagerank tkde.pdf ref and thought to be used by Google for the purpose of indexing and ranking search results in the search engine results page s, although no evidence has been shown of it in practice. Fact date January 2009 Algorithm Topic Sensitive PageRank is based on the PageRank algorithm, and provides a scalable approach for personalizing search rankings using Network theory Link analysis Link analysis . Related Resources Taher Haveliwala s http infolab.stanford.edu taherh papers slides tspr slides.pdf slides describing the Topic Sensitive PageRank algorithm See also PageRank References references Further reading cite journal last Haveliwala first Taher coauthors Jeh, Glen and Kamvar, Sepandar title An Analytical Comparison of Approaches to Personalizing PageRank journal Stanford University Technical Report date 2003 url http infolab.stanford.edu taherh papers comparison.pdf Category Internet search engines Category Link analysis searchengine website stub ... more details
Image Topic chocolate bar .jpg right 300px Topic wrapper File Topic Bar Split.jpg thumb right 290px A Topic bar split Topic is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated in France and sold throughout Europe and the United States . It contains hazelnut s, nougat and caramel . The fictional character Arnold Rimmer from the British TV sci fi comedy Red Dwarf mentioned that he was the only person ever to buy a Topic bar with no hazelnuts in it at all. This was a joke based on the bar s 1980s advertising slogan which claimed there was a hazelnut in every bite . In another episode, when Rimmer is trying to chat with Lister to distract him from thinking about food, he states that he can t think of another topic prompting the response don t talk about Topics, they re food Fact date February 2009 The chocolate bar was promoted in a series of radio advertisements broadcast in 2002 with the strapline A joy to eat, but a bitch to make . ref http www.ofcom.org.uk static archive rau publications archive adobe pdf regulation quart bulletins QtrBull45.pdf OFCOM ruling ref These adverts featured actors Simon Pegg and Mark Heap who both appeared in the cult British TV comedy Spaced . The Topic was removed from boxes of Celebrations in 2006, along with Twix . It has been speculated that the Topic was the least popular chocolate in the box, although others believe that its withdrawal was down to its similarity to the Snickers bar. References reflist Mars confectionery products Category Candy bars Category British confectionery Category Mars confectionery brands confection stub fr Topic chocolat ... more details
Topic based authoring is a Modularity modular content creation approach popular in the technical publications and documentation arenas that supports XML content reuse , content management , and makes the dynamic assembly of personalized information possible. A topic is a discrete piece of content that is about a specific subject , has an identifiable purpose, and can stand alone does not need to be presented in context for the end user to make sense of the content . Topics are also Reuse reusable . They can, when constructed properly without reliance on other content for its meaning , be reused in any context anywhere needed. The Darwin Information Typing Architecture DITA is a standard designed to help authors create topic based content. The standard is managed by the http www.oasis open.org Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards OASIS DITA Technical Committee. External links http dita.xml.org OASIS DITA Focus Area the official OASIS DITA community. http www.ditausers.org DITA Users a member organization helping people get started with topic based structured writing . http www.ditatoo.com DITAToo DITA based content sharing tool Category Technical communication ... more details
context date March 2012 Dynamic topic models are generative model s that can be used to analyze the evolution of unobserved topics of a collection of documents over time. This family of models was proposed by David Blei and John Lafferty and is an extension to Latent Dirichlet Allocation LDA that can ... D title Dynamic topic models journal Proceedings of the ICML year 2006 pages 113 120 series ICML ... Finetti s theorem exchangeable , in a dynamic topic model the order of the documents plays a fundamental .... Topics Similarly to Latent Dirichlet allocation LDA and pLSA , in a dynamic topic model, each document is viewed as a mixture of unobserved topics. Furthermore, each topic defines a multinomial distribution over a set of terms. Thus, for each word of each document, a topic is drawn from the mixture and a term is subsequently drawn from the multinomial distribution corresponding to that topic. The topics, however, evolve over time. For instance, the two most likely terms of a topic at time math ... be Zipf and percolation in descending order . Model Define math alpha t math as the per document topic distribution at time t . math beta t,k math as the word distribution of topic k at time t . math theta t,d math as the topic distribution for document d in time t , math z t,d,n math as the topic ... in the context of dynamic topic models. The former representation has some disadvantages due ..., the dynamics of the topic model are given by math beta t,k beta t 1,k sim N beta t 1,k ... Draw math eta t,d sim N alpha t,a 2 I math For each word Draw topic math Z t,d,n sim textrm ... i frac exp x i sum i exp x i math . Inference In the dynamic topic model, only math W t,d,n math is observable .... Application In the original paper, a dynamic topic model is applied to the corpus of Science articles ... documents is able to fit documents of an incoming year better than LDA. A continuous dynamic topic ... last Wang first Chong coauthors Blei, David and Heckerman, David title Continuous Time Dynamic Topic ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 A topic prominent language is a language that organizes its syntax to emphasize the topic comment structure of the sentence. The term is best known in American linguistics from Charles N. Li and Sandra Thompson, who distinguished topic prominent languages, like Japanese and Korean, from subject prominent languages, like English. In Li and Thompson s 1976 view, topic prominent languages have morphology or syntax that highlights the distinction between the topic linguistics topic and the comment what is said about the topic . Topic comment structure may be independent ... limit limit 2 Common features of topic prominent languages Ref improve section date April 2009 Many topic prominent languages share several syntactic features that have arisen because, in these languages ... to be the topic by default. They usually don t have Syntactic expletive expletive s or dummy ... sentences with so called double subjects , actually a topic plus a subject. For example, the following sentence patterns are common in topic prominent languages small Japanese small Sono yashi wa happa ga ookii. That palm tree topic leaves subject are big. small Mandarin small Zh ge r n g zi h n g o . This person topic height subject tall. They do not have article ... described as highly topic prominent, ref name Li & Thompson cite book last Li first Charles N. last2 Thompson first2 Sandra A. chapter Subject and Topic A New Typology of Language title Subject and Topic ... Rosen has demonstrated that while every clause has an identifiable topic, it is often impossible ... in the following example ref name Li & Thompson l thyu nya n kh a Gloss people topic ... them. Examples Examples of topic prominent languages include East Asian language s such as the Chinese ... are also topic prominent. American Sign Language is also considered to be topic prominent. ref ... books?id M2kmXbCfIWYC&pg PA36&lpg PA36&dq ASL topic prominent&source web&ots 9vuDqTLi &sig jF77GE7c5y26Xs52Mf9NMdOH9aQ ... more details
infobox Book name Topic Continuity in Discourse title orig translator image image caption author Talmy Giv n illustrator cover artist country language English series Typological Studies in Language subject pragmatics genre nonfiction publisher John Benjamins pub date 1983 english pub date media type pages 492 isbn 9027228671 congress P302 .T66x 1983 oclc 10313658 preceded by followed by Topic Continuity in Discourse subtitled A Quantitative Cross Language Study is a book edited by Talmy Giv n , with contributions by himself and other experts in various languages. It is part of the series Typological Studies in Language a supplement series to the academic journal Studies in Language and was published by John Benjamins in 1983. The book presents a cross linguistic hierarchy of natural language Syntax syntactic coding of topic comment topic accessibility including, for example, discourse participant prominence . ref name Giv n 1983 17 Giv n 1983 17. ref Giv n describes the aim of the research, documented in the book, as the rather ambitious goal ... to define, in a preliminary but cross linguistically stable fashion, the basic principles of iconicity underlying the syntactic coding of the topic identification domain. ref Giv n 1983 18, emphasis original. ref Giv n s starting point was his previously published 1978, 1979, 1981 and 1982 one dimensional scale. As listed by him, from most continuous accessible topic to most discontinuous inaccessible topic this was as follows ref name Giv n 1983 17 zero Anaphora linguistics anaphora unstressed Bound variable pronoun bound pronoun s and grammatical agreement stressed independent pronouns right dislocated Definiteness definite noun ... Talmy Giv n Giv n, Talmy . http books.google.com books?id qTNiAAAAMAAJ Topic Continuity in Discourse ... , 1983. External links http www.benjamins.nl cgi bin t bookview.cgi?bookid TSL 203 Topic Continuity in Discourse overview of book provided by publisher DEFAULTSORT Topic Continuity In Discourse ... more details
A vertical search engine, as distinct from a general web search engine , focuses on a specific segment of online content. The vertical content area may be based on topicality, media type, or genre of content. Common verticals include shopping, the automotive industry, legal information, medical information, and travel. In contrast to general Web search engines, which attempt to search engine indexing index large portions of the World Wide Web using a web crawler , vertical search engines typically use a focused crawler that attempts to index only Web pages that are relevant to a pre defined topic or set of topics. Some vertical search sites focus on individual verticals, while other sites include multiple vertical searches within one search engine. Vertical search offers several potential benefits over general search engines Greater precision due to limited scope Leverage domain knowledge including Taxonomy taxonomies and ontologies Support specific unique user tasks Domain specific search Domain specific verticals focus on a specific topic. John Battelle describes this in his book, The Search blockquote Domain specific search solutions focus on one area of knowledge, creating customized search experiences, that because of the domain s limited corpus and clear relationships between concepts, provide extremely relevant results for searchers. ref cite book last Battelle first John title The Search How Google and its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture publisher Portfolio location New York year 2005 ref blockquote References Reflist Category Searching Category Internet search Category Internet search engines de Vertikale Suchmaschine es Buscador vertical it Vertical search nl Verticale zoekmachine ro C utare pe vertical ru ta tr Dikey arama ... more details
Wikify date May 2011 Yandex Search is a web search engine owned by Russian corporation Yandex . It is the core product of Yandex. In 2010, Yandex Search generated 64 of all search traffic in Russia. ref name YandexToday http company.yandex.com general info yandex today.xml Yandex Today . Yandex corporate site. Retrieved 2011 04 30. ref About The search technology provides local search results in more than 1,400 cities. Yandex Search also features parallel search that presents results from both main web index and specialized information resources, including news, shopping, blogs, images and videos on a single page. Yandex Search is responsive to real time queries, recognizing when a query requires the most current information, such as breaking news or the most recent post on Twitter on a particular topic. It also contains some additional features Wizard Answer, which provides additional information ... non Russian language search. ref name GoesGlobal Matt McGee, Search Engine Land. http searchengineland.com russias yandex search engine goes global 42381 Russia s Yandex Search Engine Goes Global . Retrieved 2011 04 30. ref The search product can be accessed from personal computers, mobile phones, tablets and other digital devices. In addition to web search, Yandex provides wide range of specialized search services. Yandex Search uses proprietary algorithms to provide relevant results. In 2009, Yandex ... of search results. It allows the Yandex search engine to take into account a very large number of factors when it makes the decision about relevancy of search results. ref name Spectrum http company.yandex.com technologies matrixnet.xml MatrixNet New Level of Search Quality . Retrieved 2011 04 30 ... matching search results. The system automatically analyses users searches and identifies objects like personal names, films or cars. Proportions of the search results responding to different user ... search engines Category Yandex ... more details
The Search Bloc Bloque de B squeda was a Special Operations unit of the National Police of Colombia Polic a Nacional de Colombia . History The Search Bloc was created in 1992 by then President of Colombia Cesar Gaviria . Search Bloc officers were assembled with the sole objective of the arrest apprehension of drug lord Pablo Escobar and his associates. Its original commander was Colonel Hugo Martinez. The members of Search Bloc received training from the Special Forces United States Army U.S. Army s Special Forces and were specially selected for being impervious to police corruption from the drug cartels. Throughout its mission, Search Bloc faced many obstacles such as a spy within the group, allegations of collaboration with the anti Escobar vigilante groups such as Los Pepes , which would have included vigilantism within Search Bloc pertaining to suspicious deaths of Escobar s subordinates. Escobar was killed on December 2, 1993 in a shootout with members of Search Bloc. After dismantling the Medellin Cartel , Search Bloc was transferred to Cali to find and shut down the structure of the Cali Cartel . Search Bloc was revived in 2004 to root out cocaine and heroin traffickers in the southwest of Colombia. The mission of the new Search Bloc was to take apart the Norte del Valle Cartel Norte del Valle cartel and arrest its leader, Diego Le n Montoya S nchez . See also Pablo Escobar La Catedral Los Pepes References Mark Bowden , Killing Pablo book Killing Pablo a copy of Bowden s serial articles in the Philadelphia Enquirer is available here http www.freedomtoexhale.com kp.htm http www.janes.com articles Janes Terrorism And Security Monitor 2004 COLOMBIA COLOMBIA has revived its cartel busting Search Bloc police unit.html Jane s Jane s Terrorism & Security Monitor Mar 01, 2004 commons category Police of Colombia South America topic Law enforcement in Colombia conflict Colombia topics state uncollapsed Category Colombian National Police Search Bloc law enforcement agency ... more details
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